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Exercise Physiology 2230 > LESSON 11 - pulmonary ventilation and gas diffusion > Flashcards

LESSON 11 - pulmonary ventilation and gas diffusion Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three parts of the oxygen cascade ?

A

lungs, heart blood and muscle

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2
Q

what is air flow ?

A

flow of air or any other fluid is caused by a pressure differential between two points

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3
Q

where does air flow originate and how does pressure move ?

A

flow will originate from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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4
Q

what are the anatomical parts of the pulmonary structures ?

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • primary bronchi
  • bronchiole
  • lung
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5
Q

within the capillaries what do we have ?

A

pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries

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6
Q

where is the alveolus located ?

A

scan of air that exists at the terminal endpoints of our bronchioles

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7
Q

what is the alveolus ?

A

capillary network location of gas exchange / air transfer

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8
Q

between the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins; which is deoxygenated/oxygenated ?

A

pulmonary veins = oxygenated
pulmonary arteries = deoxygenated

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9
Q

what are the two mechanics of ventilation ?

A

inspiration and expiration

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10
Q

what happens to the diaphragm during inspiration ?

A

diaphragm contracts, flattens out, moves downwards

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11
Q

what happens to pressure during inspiration ?

A

air in lungs expands, reducing its pressure

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12
Q

what happens to the diaphragm during expiration ?

A

sternum and ribs swing down, diaphragm moves towards thoracic cavity

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13
Q

what happens to pressure during expiration ?

A

air in lungs compresses, increasing its pressure

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14
Q

when does the diaphragm moves up ?

A

expiration

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15
Q

when does the diaphragm move down ?

A

inspiration

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16
Q

when do ribs rise ?

A

inspiration

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17
Q

when do ribs lower ?

A

expiration

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18
Q

what are the two pressures we talk about within the respiratory cycle ?

A

intrapleural and intrapulmonary

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19
Q

where is intrapleural pressure located ?

A

space between lung and thoracic wall

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20
Q

what is the intrapleural pressure ?

A

756 mmHg

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21
Q

where is intrapulmonary pressure located ?

A

within the lungs itself

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22
Q

what is the intrapulmonary pressure ?

A

760 mmHg

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23
Q

why is the intrapulmonary pressure higher ?

A

to prevent the lungs from collapsing

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24
Q

what is ventilation ?

A

the movement of air in and out of the lungs

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25
Q

what is minute ventilate (Vᴇ) ?

A

total volume of expired gas per minute

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26
Q

what is the formula for Vᴇ?

A

Vᴇ = respiratory rate (RR) x tidal volume (Vᴛ)

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27
Q

what is tidal volume ?

A

volume of our breath

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28
Q

what is respiratory rate ?

A

how many breaths we take in a minute

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29
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

peak ventilation, during incremental exercise (VO2 max) is around _______ L/min

A

180 L/min

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30
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

Vᴇ at rest is around _______ L/min

A

5 L/min

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31
Q

RR x Vᴛ =

A

Vᴇ

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32
Q

what is alveolar ventilation ?

A

volume of gas per minute that participates in gas exchange

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33
Q

the air that reaches alveoli is referred as …

A

alveolar ventilation

34
Q

what is dead space ventilation ?

A

areas where we cannot do gas exchange

35
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

increase Vᴅ means an increase Vᴇ is needed to maintain VA for adequate CO2 removal and O ________

A

uptake

36
Q

what is the formula for Va =

A

alveolar ventilation = Vᴇ - Vᴅ

37
Q

what is another way to calculate Va =

A

RR x ( Vᴛ - Vᴅ )

38
Q

what are the three distributions of Vᴛ in a healthy person at rest ?

A
  • alveolar air
  • physiologic dead space
  • anatomic dead space
39
Q

whats physiological dead space ?

A

can’t transmit or transport gasses into the tissue

40
Q

whats anatomic dead space ?

A

doesn’t participate in gas exchange

41
Q

what is maximal inspiratory volume ?

A

maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following a resting state

42
Q

what is vital capacity ?

A

It is equal to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

43
Q

what is tidal volume ?

A

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

44
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume ?

A

the amount of extra air exhaled during a forceful breath out

45
Q

what is residual volume ?

A

the amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling

46
Q

spirometry of a person at rest shows :

A
  • tidal volume
  • max expiration to residual volume
  • max inspiration to total lung capacity
47
Q

why do we breathe ?

A

to take up oxygen and release carbons dioxide

48
Q

where does gas exchange occur ?

A

at the alveolar - pulmonary capillary interface

49
Q

how does gas exchange occur ?

A

through the process of pulmonary diffusion

50
Q

how do we know that gasses are exchanging properly ?

A

by the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood

51
Q

what determines proper gas exchange ?

A

arteriole ventilation / Q (perfusion) matching and diffusion capacity

52
Q

what does Q stand for ?

A

perfusion

53
Q

what are the two laws of basic concept of diffusion ?

A

daltons and henrys law

54
Q

who’s law is of partial pressure ?

A

daltons law

55
Q

who’s law is of diffusion between gases and liquids ?

A

henrys law

56
Q

describe daltons law of partial pressure :

A
  • individual gases in a mixture exert pressure proportional to the abundance
57
Q

more molecules in a given space =

A

greater partial pressure

58
Q

sum of partial pressures =

A

total pressure

59
Q

describe henry’s law of diffusion between gases and liquids :

A
  • amount of gas dissolved in fluid depends on pressure differential between gas above fluid and dissolved in it and solubility of gas in fluid
60
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

in regards to henry’s law, without gradient, gases are in equilibrium - meaning _________

A

no diffusion

61
Q

which law is from one fluid to another ?

A

henrys law

62
Q

what is gas concentration ?

A

amount of gas in a given volume determines by product of gas partial pressure and solubility

63
Q

what is gas pressure ?

A

force exterted by gas molecules agains surfaces they encounter (mmHg)

64
Q

what is partial pressure ?

A

percentage concentration (F) x total pressure of gas mixture (P)

65
Q

what is ambient dry air ?

A

total pressure around 760 mmHg

66
Q

what is tracheal humidified air ?

A

total pressure around 760 mmHg - 47 mmHg (vaporized water) = 713 mmHg

67
Q

what is alveolar-capillary interface ?

A

site of pulmonary diffusion

68
Q

what is the alveolar-capillary interface made up of ?

A

alveolar wall + capillary all + respective basement

69
Q

describe air inflow in regards to gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries ?

A

bronchial tree to alveoli

70
Q

describe blood inflow in regards to gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries ?

A

right ventricle to pulmonary arteries to pulmonary capillaries (deoxygenated blood)

71
Q

what are alveoli surrounded by ?

A

capillaries

72
Q

what are the two major functions of alveolar-capillary interface ?

A
  • replenishes blood oxygen supply
  • removed carbon dioxide from blood
73
Q

what is atmospheric PO2 =

A

149 mmHg

74
Q

what is arterial blood PO2 =

A

100 mmHg

75
Q

what is skeletal muscle PO2 =

A

40 mmHg

76
Q

what is fick’s law of diffusion ?

A

describes the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration

77
Q

what does increased SA mean for diffusion ?

A

more easy to move

78
Q

what is ficks law of diffusion directly proportional to ?

A
  • surface area
  • differential in partial pressure of gas on both sides of membrane
  • diffusion constant ; determined by gas solubility and molecular weight
79
Q

what is ficks law inversely proportional to ?

A
  • thickness of tissue thru which gas must diffuse
80
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

in general, having a Va/Q mismatch will mean you need to ________ to satisfy gas exchange requirements

A

increase Vᴇ

81
Q

what does Vᴇ stand for ?

A

ventilation

82
Q

what does Vᴅ stand for ?

A

dead space ventilation

Exercise Physiology 2230 (21 decks)

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