Lesson 6 Flashcards
Upper GI tract
comprises the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach
Lower GI tract
consists of the small intestine and large intestine
accessory organs of the digestive system
consist of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
An/o
Anus, ring
Chol/e
Bile, gall
Cholecyst/o
Gallbladder
Cirrh/o
Orange-yellow
Col/o, Colon/o
Colon, large intestine
Duoden/o
Duodenum
Enter/o
Small intestine
Hepat/o
Liver
Ile/o
Ileum
Lapar/o
Abdomen
Lingu/o
Tongue
Lith/o
Stone, calculus
Or/o
Mouth
Odont/o
Teeth
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
Pept/o
Digestion
Proct/o
Rectum and anus
Rect/o
Rectum
Sigmoid/o
Sigmoid colon
Stomat/o
Mouth
-al
Pertaining to
-cele
Hernia
-eal
Pertaining to
-emesis
Vomiting
-lithiasis
Presence of stones
-paresis
Partial paralysis
-pepsia
Digestion
-phagia
Eating, swallowing
Anastomosis
Surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures
Bariatrics
The field of medicine dealing with the treatment of obesity
Deglutition
Swallowing
Dentition
Condition of the teeth
Emesis
The act of vomiting
Eructation
Belching or burping
Fissure
Crack-like sore of the skin
Hernia
The protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues that normally contain it
Ligation
The tying off of blood vessels
Mastication
Chewing
Occult blood
Blood that is not visible and can be detected only by lab testing
Parenteral
Outside of or bypassing the digestive system
Prolapse
The slipping or dropping down of an organ or body part from its normal position
Reflux
Stomach contents flowing backward into the esophagus
Sphincter
A ring of muscles that function to close a body opening
Stricture
Abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage
Transverse
Across
Ulcer
Open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane
Varices
Enlarged and swollen veins
antiemetic
a medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
ascites
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
borborygmus
the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
cachexia
a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS
cheilitis
an inflammation of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth
cholangiography
a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium
cholecystectomy
the surgical removal of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile
cholelithiasis
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
cirrhosis
a chronic degenerative disease of the liver
colostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
Crohn’s disease
a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract but is most commonly found in the ileum and colon
diverticula
sacs formed in weak spots of the colon wall
diverticulitis
the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the colon
diverticulosis
the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula
dyspepsia
also called indigestion, is pain or discomfort during the digestion process
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine
eructation
act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
esophageal varices
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the interior of the esophagus
gastroesophageal reflux disease
also known as GERD, is the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus
gastroparesis
a condition in which gastric motility slows down, causing delayed gastric emptying
hepatitis
an inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection
ileus
the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine
leukoplakia
an abnormal white sore that develops on the tongue or inside of the cheek
melena
the passage of stools with a black and tar-like appearance caused by the presence of digested blood
nasogastric intubation
the placement of a tube through the nose and into the stomach
peristalsis
a series of wave-like contractions of smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food through the digestive system
polyp
a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane
sigmoidoscopy
the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon
ulcerative colitis
a chronic condition of repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine that causes ulcers and irritation
volvulus
the twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction
xerostomia
the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands
BM
Bowel movement
C. diff
Clostridium difficile
E. coli
Escherichia coli
EGD
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
Gastrointestinal
IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease
IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome
PUD
Peptic ulcer disease
TPN
Total parenteral nutrition
UC
Ulcerative colitis
Mouth (Oral Cavity)
Food begins its journey through the digestive system in the mouth. Other organs of the oral cavity also aid in the digestion of food: lips, tongue, palate (roof of the mouth), teeth, and salivary glands. The lips hold the food in the mouth while the teeth chop it into small pieces. The food is moistened by saliva before the tongue pushes it into the throat. The soft palate prevents food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity during swallowing.
Pharynx (Throat)
The pharynx allows the chewed food to pass from the mouth to the esophagus. A flap of tissue, known as the epiglottis, closes off the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing.
Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube that carries food and liquids from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus walls propel food to the stomach by rhythmic waves of muscular contractions called peristalsis.
Stomach
The stomach is a hollow sac that serves as a storage area for food. It also mixes the food with acid and enzymes, so it is more easily digested. Mucus coats the cells of the stomach lining to protect them from damage by the acid and enzymes.
Small Intestine
The stomach releases food into the small intestine. This coiled organ takes up most of the space in the abdominal cavity and consists of three sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Ultimately, by the time food leaves the small intestines, about 90% of the nutrients have been absorbed into the bloodstream.
Large Intestine
The large intestine wraps around the top and sides of the small intestine. Here, the waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion from the body. The many bacteria that inhabit the large intestine can further digest some material. The major parts of the large intestine are the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.
Liver
The liver is the largest internal organ in the body. The liver has many different functions, but its primary function in digestion is to produce bile and secrete it into the small intestine. Bile is a greenish-yellow fluid that is necessary for the digestion of fat.
Gallbladder
The gallbladder stores bile for later use.
Pancreas
The pancreas is a glandular organ in the upper abdomen. It secretes pancreatic juices (water, salt, sodium bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes) to aid in digestion and help neutralize stomach acids.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
a condition described by the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus. At the lower end of the esophagus, where it joins the stomach, is a circular ring of muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter. After swallowing, the sphincter relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach and then contracts to prevent the backup of food and acid into the esophagus. Acid reflux happens when this sphincter doesn’t tighten or close properly, allowing digestive juices and other contents from the stomach to rise up into the esophagus.
Hiatal Hernia
occurs when a portion of the stomach protrudes upward, through the diaphragm, and into the chest. This is usually due to an anatomical abnormality. The word hiatal comes from the root hiat/o, meaning opening, and the suffix -al, meaning pertaining to. A hiatal hernia may be the cause of GERD.
Gastric Inflammation
an inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the stomach and intestines
Peptic Ulcers
sores within the lining of the mucous membrane of the digestive system. Helicobacter pylori infections often cause peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcers may occur in the stomach, called gastric ulcers. They may occur in the upper part of the small intestine, called duodenal ulcers. If a peptic ulcer erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall, it is called a perforated ulcer.
Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
an inflammatory bowel disease. With UC, the person’s immune system identifies the lining of the colon as foreign and attacks it, leading to inflammation. This inflammation causes the lining to develop ulcers and bleed. The cause is unknown, and the condition cannot be cured. However, it can usually be controlled with medication. For most people, ulcerative colitis has a frustrating pattern of flares (condition worsens) and remissions (symptoms are absent).
Crohn’s Disease
an inflammatory bowel disease. Like ulcerative colitis, the body’s immune system identifies the lining of the digestive tract as foreign and attacks it, causing inflammation. The disease also follows a repeating cycle of intermittent flares and periods of remission. There is no cure for Crohn’s disease, but medicines can help to keep the disease under control. If medicine does not control symptoms, surgery might be an option to remove the diseased part of the intestines.
Diverticulosis
Diverticula are small, bulging pouches that are most commonly located in the colon. A single pouch is called a diverticulum. These pouches occur when the inner layer of the digestive tract pushes through weak spots in the outer layer. Most people with this condition, called diverticulosis, are unaware because it usually does not cause symptoms. Most doctors believe this condition is due to a diet low in fiber. A low-fiber diet leads to constipation, which increases pressure within the digestive tract with straining during bowel movements. The combination of pressure and straining over many years likely leads to the development of diverticula.
Diverticulitis
Diverticulosis may lead to diverticulitis, which occurs when bacteria are trapped in the diverticula, infecting them. This condition usually produces localized abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and fever. Treatment includes antibiotics to treat the infection and a liquid diet to allow the bowel to heal. Repeated attacks of diverticulitis may require surgery to remove the affected portion of the colon.
Cholangiography
uses contrast medium to take radiographs of the bile ducts. It is used to determine if there are obstructions in the ducts that may slow or block the flow of bile.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
the use of an endoscope to visualize the upper GI tract.
Palatoplasty
the surgical repair of a cleft palate or cleft lip.
Gastroduodenostomy
a surgical procedure to create an anastomosis between the upper part of the stomach and the duodenum
Anastomosis
a surgical connection between two hollow structures
