Lesson 10 Flashcards
Albin/o
White
Blephar/o
Eyelid
Cry/o
Cold
Cutane/o & Derm/o, dermat/o
Skin
Erythr/o
Red
Hidr/o
Sweat glands
Hirsut/o
Hairy, rough
Kerat/o & Scler/o
Hard
Lip/o
Fat, lipid
Onych/o
Fingernail or toenail
Pil/i, pil/o
Hair
Py/o
Pus
Rhytid/o
wrinkle
Seb/o
Sebum
Ungu/o
Fingernail or toenail
Urtic/o
Rash, hives
Xer/o
Dry
-derma
Skin
-ia
Abnormal condition
-lysis
Destruction
Circumscribed
Occurring in a well-defined area
Comedones
Pores that are plugged with sebum (oil) and dead skin cells
Decubitus ulcer
Bedsore
Ecchymosis
Bruise
Erythematous
Abnormal redness of the skin
Exudate
Fluid that leaks out of an infected wound
Nevus
Mole
Pruritus
Itching
Purulent
Containing pus
Sebum
Oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands
Serous (serum) drainage
Wound drainage of plasma that is thin, clear, and watery
Suppurative
Producing pus
Urticaria
Hives
Verruca
Wart
actinic keratosis
a precancerous skin growth that occurs on sun-damaged skin
bulla
a large blister that is usually more than 0.5 cm in diameter
carbuncle
a cluster of connected furuncles
cellulitis
an acute, rapidly spreading infection within the connective tissues that is characterized by malaise, swelling, warmth, and red streaks
comedo
a noninfected lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle
debridement
the removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and to promote healing
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
dysplastic nevi
atypical moles that can develop into skin cancer
ecchymosis
a large, irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin, also called a bruise
erythema
redness of the skin due to capillary dilation
erythroderma
abnormal redness of the entire skin surface
folliculitis
an inflammation of the hair follicles
furuncles
large, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands
hematoma
swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues
impetigo
highly contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
keratosis
any skin growth, such as a wart or a callus, in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the skin
lipedema
a chronic abnormal condition in women that is characterized by the accumulation of fat and fluid in the tissues just under the skin of the hips and legs
lipoma
a benign, slow-growing fatty tumor located between the skin and the muscle layer
macule
a discolored flat spot that is less than 1 cm in diameter
malignant melanoma
a type of skin cancer that occurs in the melanocytes
necrotizing fasciitis
also known as flesh-eating bacteria, is an infection of tissues caused by Group A streptococci, that can destroy body tissue, and may be fatal
papilloma
a benign, superficial, wart-like growth on the epithelial tissue or elsewhere in the body, such as in the bladder
papule
a small, raised red lesion on the skin that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter and does not contain pus
pediculosis
an infestation with lice
petechiae
very small, pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin that are less than 2 mm in diameter
pruritus
also known as itching, is associated with most forms of dermatitis
purpura
the appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin
purulent
producing or containing pus
rhytidectomy
also known as a facelift, is the surgical removal of excess skin and fat for the elimination of wrinkles
scabies
a skin infection caused by an infestation with the itch mite
squamous cell carcinoma
originates as a malignant tumor of the thin scaly squamous cells of the epithelium; however, it can quickly spread to other body systems
tinea
known as ringworm, is a fungal infection that can grow on the skin, hair, or nails
urticaria
also known as hives, are wheals caused by an allergic reaction
wheal
a small bump that itches and often appears as a symptom of an allergic reaction
xeroderma
excessively dry skin
BCC
Basal cell carcinoma
Bx
Biopsy
I&D
Incision and drainage
SC, subcu, Sub-Q
Subcutaneous
SCC
Squamous cell carcinoma
SLE
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Subcutaneous layer
not actually part of the skin, but it helps to anchor the skin to the underlying structures. This layer also guards against heat loss and provides insulation.
The subcutaneous layer is primarily composed of adipose tissue (fat tissue), comprised of lipocytes or fat cells. The location and thickness of subcutaneous tissue differ by gender. Men tend to accumulate more around the abdomen and the shoulders, while women accumulate it around the thighs, the hips, and the buttocks.
Stratum basale (basal cell layer)
The cells in this layer are constantly dividing and being pushed toward the surface. This layer is also home to melanocytes that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.
Stratum spinosum (squamous cell layer)
This is the thickest layer of the epidermis. Keratinocytes here produce keratin, which is a protective protein that makes up skin, nails, and hair.
Stratum granulosum
This layer is made up of keratinocytes that have moved up from the squamous layer. As these cells move closer to the skin’s surface, they flatten, eventually dying out.
Stratum lucidem
This layer only exists on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Stratum corneum
This is the outermost layer of the epidermis. It consists of dead keratinocytes that are constantly being shed. The complete cell turnover from basal cell to stratum corneum takes about four weeks.
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Most sweat glands are “eccrine” sweat glands, which are found in large numbers on the soles of the feet, the palms, the forehead and cheeks, and in the armpits. Eccrine glands open directly onto the surface of the skin. Eccrine glands secrete an odorless, clear fluid that helps the body to control its temperature by promoting heat loss through evaporation.
Apocrine Sweat Glands
open into hair follicles in the scalp, armpits, and genital region, leading to the surface of the skin. They produce a thick fluid. When this fluid comes in contact with bacteria on the skin’s surface, it produces a characteristic “body odor.”
Sebaceous Glands
microscopic organs in the skin that are connected to hair follicles. They secrete an oily substance called sebum that is released through ducts opening into the hair follicles. The sebum then moves onto the surface and lubricates and waterproofs the skin.
macule
a circumscribed area of change in skin color without elevation or depression that is less than 1 cm in diameter. A freckle is an example of a macule.
papule
a superficial, elevated, solid lesion, generally less than 0.5 cm in diameter. An insect bite is an example of a papule.
plaque
a plateau-like elevation above the skin surface formed by closely spaced papules. Plaques from psoriasis are examples.
nodule
a palpable, solid lesion larger than a papule and may involve the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The depth of involvement and the size differentiates a nodule from a papule. Some patients with rheumatoid arthritis develop nodules under the skin, usually near joints.
wheal
also known as a welt, is a rounded pale red papule that itches. It usually disappears within 24 to 48 hours. Hives from an allergic reaction are an example.
crust
develops when serum, blood, or pus dries on the skin’s surface. A scab is an example of a crust.
scar
the fibrous tissue replacement after damage to the skin from a wound or injury. Since skin cannot regenerate, the collagen in scar tissue reconnects the broken skin. Scar tissue is less strong and less elastic than the tissue it is replacing, and sweat glands and hair follicles are not present in scar tissue.
ulcer
an open skin defect that extends into the dermis and always heals with scar formation. A bedsore is an example of an ulcer.
Vesicle/bulla
circumscribed, elevated, superficial cavity containing fluid. A vesicle is less than 0.5 cm, and a bulla is more than 0.5 cm. Often the roof of the vesicle/bulla is so thin that it is transparent, and the clear fluid (serum) in the cavity can be seen. The blisters that occur with poison ivy are vesicles.
Pustule
a circumscribed lesion of the skin that contains pus. Pustules thus differ from vesicles in that they do not have clear content. An acne pimple is an example of a pustule.
Abscess
presents initially as a tender red nodule and, in time, pus collects within a central space. An abscess is commonly caused by a bacterium, usually Staph aureus, that has penetrated an open area of the skin.
Cyst
a closed pocket containing liquid or semisolid material and may be superficial or deep. When skin cysts enlarge or become inflamed, they may need to be opened and drained. Cystic acne is the most severe form of acne.
Cellulitis
an acute bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci. Symptoms and signs are pain, warmth, rapidly spreading erythema, and edema. Fever may occur, and regional lymph nodes may enlarge in more serious infections. Antibiotics are the treatment of choice. The prognosis is excellent with timely treatment.
Basal cell carcinoma (about 80%)
arises from keratinocytes near the basal layer of the epidermis. BCC is very slow-growing, and there is no tendency to metastasize. Treatment usually involves surgical excision.
Squamous cell carcinoma (about 16%)
arises when keratinocytes in the epidermis invade the dermis. Metastases can occur in advanced stages. Treatment usually involves surgical excision.
Malignant melanoma (about 4%)
arises from melanocytes and causes the most skin cancer deaths because of its propensity to invade and metastasize. Treatment of melanoma involves wide surgical excision. Metastatic melanoma is treated with immunotherapy or molecular-targeted therapy.
Superficial Skin Burns
Previously called first-degree burns, they involve only the top layer of skin and are painful, dry, and red. Superficial burns generally heal without scarring. Non-blistering sunburns are an example of a superficial skin burn.
Superficial Partial-Thickness Skin Burns
Previously called second-degree burns involve the top two layers of skin, are painful, seep fluid, red, and usually form blisters. The burned area may permanently become darker or lighter in color, but a scar does not usually form. Sunburns that blister after several hours are good examples of superficial partial-thickness burns.
Deep Partial-Thickness Skin Burns
Previously called third-degree burns, they extend deeper into the skin, are painful, and almost always form blisters. Deep partial-thickness burns develop a scar, which may be severe. Burns that blister immediately are deep partial-thickness burns.
Full-Thickness Burns
Previously called fourth-degree burns, they extend through all layers of the skin, completely destroying the skin. The burned area usually does not hurt, is a waxy white or charred black color, and the skin is dry. Full-thickness burns cannot heal without surgical treatment; scarring is usually severe.
Fluorouracil
Topical chemotherapy cream for basic cell carcinoma and actinic keratoses
Retinoids
Used to improve epithelial cell growth, but make the skin burn ore easily
Topical steroids
Treat various skin disorders and diseases, reduce inflammation, but may cause thinning of the skin
Cauterization
Destruction of tissue by burning.
Cryosurgery
Destruction of tissue by freezing
Debridement
Removal of dirt, foreign objectives, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and promote healing
Dermabrasion
Use of a revolving wire brush or sandpaper to remove acne and chickenpox scars and provide facial skin rejuvenation
Photodynamic therapy
Used to treat damaged and precancerous skin, along with certain types of cancer
Also called blue-light therapy
Blepharoplasty
Surgical reduction of upper and lower eyelids by removing sagging skin
Also called a lid lift
Electrolysis
Permanent removal of unwanted hair by using electric current to destroy hair follicles
Lipectomy
Removal of fat beneath the skin
Rhytidectomy
Surgical removal of excess skin and fat to eliminate wrinkles
Also called a facelift
