Lesson 2 Flashcards
Ankyl/o
Crooked, bent, stiff
Burs/o
Bursa
Chondr/o
Cartilage
Cost/o
Rib
Crani/o
Skull
Fasci/
Fascia
Fibr/o
Fibrous tissue
Kines/o, kinesi/o
Movement
Kyph/o
Bent, hump
Lord/o
Curve
Lumb/o
Lumbar, lower back
Muscul/o
Muscle
Myel/o
Bone marrow, spinal cord
My/o
Muscle
Orth/o
Straight, normal
Oste/o
Bone
Ped/o & Pod/o
Foot
Phalang/o
Bones of the fingers and toes
Radicul/o
Nerve or root
Scoli/o
Curved, bent
Spondyl/o
Vertebrae, vertebral column
Synovi/o
Synovial membrane or fluid
Ten/o, Tendin/o
Tendon
Vertebr/o
Vertebra
-desis
Fixation of a bone or joint, bind together, fuse
-ectomy
Surgical excision (removal)
-listhesis
Slipping
-lysis
Loosening or setting free
-malacia
Abnormal softening
-necrosis
Tissue death
-oma
Tumor
-osis
Condition
-penia
Deficiency
-plasty
Surgical repair
-plegia
Paralysis
-porosis
Porous condition
-rrhaphy
Surgical suturing
-rrhexis
Rupture
-scopy
Visual examination
-tomy
Cutting into the organ or area
-ium/-ia
Abnormal condition, disease
-ic
Pertaining to
ACL
Anterior cruciate ligament (of the knee)
ADLs
Activities of daily living (dressing, bathing, feeding, toileting)
AKA
Above-the-knee amputation
BDT
Bone density testing
BKA
Below-the knee amputation
C1–C7
Cervical vertebrae
C-spine
Cervical spine
CFS
Chronic fatigue syndrome
CTS
Carpal tunnel syndrome
DJD
Degenerative joint disease
EMG
Electromyography
Fx
Fracture
L1–L5
Lumbar vertebrae
LBP
Low back pain
MD
Muscular dystrophy
MG
Myasthenia gravis
NSAID
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OA
Osteoarthritis
OP
Osteoporosis
ORIF
Open reduction internal fixation
Ortho
Orthopedics
OT
Occupational therapy
PT
Physical therapy
RA
Rheumatoid arthritis
RICE
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
ROM
Range of motion
RSD
Repetitive stress disorder
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus
T1–T12
Thoracic vertebrae
TKR
Total knee replacement
TMJ
Temporomandibular joint
arthrodesis
a surgical procedure to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder.
arthroscopy
visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
comminuted fracture
one in which the bone is splintered or crushed.
compression fracture
a broken bone that occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself.
crepitation
the crackling sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together.
dual x-ray absorptiometry
a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density.
hemarthrosis
blood within a joint
hemopoietic
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
kyphosis
an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side.
lordosis
an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine.
lumbago
the lumbar region of the spine, also known as low back pain.
orthotic
a mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function.
osteoclasis
the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity.
osteopenia
thinner than average bone density.
osteoporosis
a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging.
Paget’s disease
a bone disease of unknown cause that is characterized by excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation.
prosthesis
an artificial substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated.
scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
spina bifida
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it.
abduction
movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.`
adduction
the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
adhesion
band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.
atrophy
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures.
circumduction
circular movement at the far end of a limb.
electromyography
a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation.
hemiparesis
slight paralysis of one side of the body.
hemiplegia
the total paralysis of one side of the body.
myasthenia gravis
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of the voluntary muscles.
myoparesis
a weakness or slight paralysis of the muscle.
paraplegia
paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.
pronation
act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremities.
sarcopenia
age-related reduction in skeletal muscle mass in the elderly.
tenodesis
surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone.
tenolysis
freeing a tendon from adhesions.
Bones
Bone is a living tissue that can grow and repair itself. Bone is made mostly of collagen and calcium. Collagen is a protein that provides a soft framework, and calcium is a mineral that adds strength and hardness. This combination of collagen and calcium makes bone flexible and strong enough to withstand stress.
Joints
A joint is the point at which two or more bones are connected.
Cartilage
Cartilage is a lining that keeps the bones from grinding against each other. It is softer and more flexible than bone and is found in many other body parts, such as the rib cage, external ear, tip of the nose, and intervertebral disks.
Ligaments
Ligaments are strong, elastic bands of tissue that join bones to other bones.
Bursae
A bursa is a fluid-filled sac that cushions areas subject to friction, such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints.
axial skeleton
protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs and is organized into three main parts: the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.
Axial skeleton: skull
The bones of the skull can be divided into two groups: those of the cranium and those of the face. The eight bones that form the cranium protect the brain. There are 14 bones that form the face. The auditory ossicles are the three tiny bones located in each middle ear.
Axial skeleton: Rib cage
The rib cage protects the heart and lungs. It consists of 24 ribs, a sternum (breastbone), and 12 thoracic vertebrae of the spinal column.
Axial skeleton: Vertebral column
Also known as the spinal column, the vertebral column supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord. The bony structures of the spinal column are called vertebrae. There are 26 vertebrae: seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, one sacrum, and one coccyx. Intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers that separate and cushion the vertebrae.
Axial skeleton: hyoid bone
The hyoid bone is located on the throat between the chin and the thyroid gland. It is the only bone in the body that is not connected to any other nearby bones. Instead, the hyoid bone is an attachment point for muscles of the tongue, mouth, larynx, pharynx, and epiglottis.
Axial skeleton: ossicles
The ossicles are three tiny bones located in the middle ear. Their function is to transmit vibrations from sound waves in the air to the cochlea within the ear.
appendicular skeleton
attached to the axial skeleton through joints and muscles
appendicular skeleton: bones of the upper extremities
include the bones of the shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, hands, and finger
appendicular skeleton: shoulder girdle
pectoral girdle, is a set of bones that connects to the arms on each side. These bones are highly mobile to enhance the range of upper limb movements.
appendicular skeleton: bones of the lower extremities
include the bones of the hips, legs, thighs, ankles, feet, and toes
appendicular skeleton: pelvic girdle
a largely immobile, bony, weight-bearing structure that provides a strong foundation for the upper body as it rests on top of the mobile lower limbs.
muscle
a band of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contract
Skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones and help limbs and other body parts move. These muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control. They are also known as striated muscles because, under a microscope, the dark and light bands in the muscle fibers create a striped appearance. Striated means striped.
Smooth muscles
Smooth muscles (named because they do not have striations) make up the walls of hollow organs (intestine, stomach, urinary bladder, uterus), blood vessels, and internal muscles of the eye. These muscles are under involuntary control, which means they are not consciously directed.
Myocardial muscles
Myocardial, or cardiac, muscles make up the wall of the heart and are responsible for the forceful contractions of the heart. The action of these muscles is also involuntary.
Fascia
the densely woven sheath of connective tissue that supports muscles, bones, nerves, arteries, and veins and surrounds virtually every internal organ of the human body, including the heart, lungs, brain, and spinal cord.
- is one continuous structure that exists uninterrupted from head to toe
- determines the shape of the body and has the appearance of the human form
- collagen is the major component of fascia
- is completely flexible to allow muscle movement
Tendons
tough cords of tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones
pathological fracture
bone breaks in area that is weakened by disease
stress fracture
common among athletes - small crack due to overuse and/or repetitive activity
closed vs open fracture
not breaking the skin vs breaking the skin
greenstick fracture
bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into pieces
comminuted fracture
bone is splintered or crushed into small pieces
spiral fracture
at least one part of the bone has been twisted
oblique fracture
break occurs at an angle across the bone
transverse fracture
break occurs straight across the bone
colles’ fracture
break of the radius bone close to the wrist that results from a fall onto an outstretched hand
hairline fracture
bone is broken in a thin crack
allogeneic transplants
the cells or tissues come from another person
autologous transplants
the cells come from the patient, perhaps having been removed and treated prior to being placed back into the body
arthrodesis
surgical fusion of joint
Plantar fasciitis
inflammation of the fascia (fibrous band of tissue) on the sole of the foot that connects the heel bone to the base of the toes
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
occurs when this passageway becomes swollen and puts pressure on the median nerve, resulting in pain and numbness in the hand
Fibromyalgia
a chronic condition with a wide range of symptoms, including diffuse (widespread) muscle pain and fatigue
Distal aspect
End of the toe – closer to the nail
Ecchymosis
Bruising
Ambulate
Walk
Phalanx
Toe
Fractures were reduced
Bone was set or fixed
myofascial release
manipulation of soft tissue to reduce pain
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
the use of a device to deliver small electrical impulses across the skin to relieve pain
fasciotomy
cutting into the fascia to relieve tension or pressure that can damage tissues
Tenodesis
the surgical suturing of a tendon to a bone
Tenolysis
remove adhesions from a tendon
Tenotomy
the surgical cutting of a tendon to either provide release or allow for lengthening
Myorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of a muscle
Myotomy
the surgical incision into a muscle
