Lesson 11 Flashcards
Acr/o
Extremities (hands, feet), top, extreme point
Crin/o
To secrete
Gonad/o
Sex glands
Parathyroid/o
Parathyroid
Pineal/o
Pineal gland
Pituitar/o
Pituitary gland
Somat/o
Body
Thym/o
Thymus gland
Thyr/o, Thyroid/o
Thyroid gland
-crine
To secrete
-dipsia
Thirst
-emia
Blood condition
-ism
Condition, state of
-phagia
Eating
-tropin
To stimulate
a.c.
before meals
p.c.
after meals
DKA
Diabetic ketoacidosis
DM
Diabetes mellitus
Epi
Epinephrine
FBS
Fasting blood sugar
GTT
Glucose tolerance test
Hb, Hgb
Hemoglobin
HCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
IDDM
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
NIDDM
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
acromegalya
a rare hormonal disorder characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hands and feet) caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
Insulin resistance disorder
a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys
calcitonin
a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth
corticosteroids
the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
cortisol
also known as hydrocortisone, is a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action.
Cushing’s syndrome
a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
diabetes insipidus
a condition caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the kidneys’ inability to respond to the antidiuretic hormone
diabetes mellitus
the most common endocrine system disease, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body’s production of insulin (type 1) or its ability to use it properly (type 2)
diabetic ketoacidosis
a life-threatening diabetes complication caused by a buildup of acids (called ketones) in the blood
diabetic retinopathy
occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina
electrolytes
minerals such as sodium and potassium that are normally found in the blood
epinephrine
also known as adrenaline, a norepinephrine, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
exophthalmos
an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
gestational diabetes mellitus
the form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies
glucagon
the hormone that increases the amount of available glucose by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream
glucose
a sugar that is the basic form of energy used by the body, also known as blood sugar
Graves’ disease
an autoimmune disorder that is a form of hyperthyroidism characterized by goiter, exophthalmos, or both
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks thyroid tissue
leptin
a hormone secreted by fat cells
myxedema
a condition caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion
norepinephrine
both a hormone and a neurohormone. It is released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system
oxytocin
a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyphagia
excessive hunger
polyuria
excessive urination
progesterone
the female hormone that functions to complete the preparations for pregnancy
testosterone
the hormone secreted by the testicles that stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Parathyroid Glands
four small glands with the sole purpose of secreting parathyroid hormone to regulate the body’s calcium level. Though located near each other, the parathyroid glands are unrelated to the thyroid gland.
Thyroid Gland
a butterfly-shaped gland located in front of the trachea in the neck. It is comprised of two halves, known as lobes, attached by a band of thyroid tissue called the isthmus.
The thyroid’s main role in the endocrine system is to regulate the body’s metabolism. Metabolism describes all the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients, including the rate at which they are used.
Pineal Gland
Located near the center of the brain, the pineal gland is a very small organ shaped like a pinecone (which is where it gets its name).
The pineal gland secretes a single hormone: melatonin. Melatonin helps control your circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is the body’s internal clock characterized by sleep-wake cycles. Darkness and daylight help dictate your circadian rhythm. Melatonin stays elevated for most of the night, and light exposure stops the release of melatonin.
Thymus Gland
located behind the sternum and between the lungs.
The thymus secretes thymosin, an instrumental hormone in the production and maturation of T-lymphocytes, or T cells. T cells are a specific type of white blood cell that circulates in the body, scanning for cellular abnormalities and foreign invaders. T cells can kill cells infected with viruses and bacteria, eradicate cancer cells, and help the body protect itself against autoimmunity (when the immune system turns against itself).
Adrenal Glands
- two of them sit on top of the kidneys
- primary functions of the adrenal glands is to control the body’s electrolyte levels
- comprised of two distinct structures. The outer part is called the adrenal cortex. The inner region is known as the adrenal medulla.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones: Cortisol
Helps regulate metabolism and also has anti-inflammatory action
Adrenal Cortex Hormones: Aldosterone
Keeps the electrolyte balance within normal limits
Adrenal Cortex Hormones: Androgens
Releases small amounts of male and female sex hormones
Adrenal Medulla Hormones: Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Helps you deal with physical and emotional stress
Adrenal Medulla Hormones: Norepinephrine
Works with epinephrine in responding to stress
Pituitary Gland
the endocrine system’s “master gland” because its hormones send signals to other endocrine glands to stimulate or inhibit their own hormone production
- consists of an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe
Anterior Lobe Hormones: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the adrenal glands to produce hormones
Anterior Lobe Hormones: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Ensures normal functioning of the ovaries and testes
Anterior Lobe Hormones: Growth hormone (GH)
Aids the growth of healthy bone and muscle mass
Anterior Lobe Hormones: Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Works with FSH to ensure normal functioning of the ovaries and testes
Anterior Lobe Hormones: Prolactin
Stimulates production of breast milk after childbirth
Anterior Lobe Hormones: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones
Anterior Lobe Hormones: Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Increases the production of melanin, causing darkening of the skin pigmentation
Posterior Lobe Hormones: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Helps control blood pressure by prompting the kidneys to reduce the amount of water excreted
Posterior Lobe Hormones: Oxytocin
Stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and stimulates breast milk production
Hypothalamus (brain)
Heart rate and blood pressure
Body temperature
Fluid and electrolyte balance, thirst
Appetite and weight
Glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines
Sleep-wake cycle
Sex drive
Pancreas
belongs to both the endocrine and digestive systems, with most of its cells (more than 90%) working on the digestive side. However, the pancreas performs the vital duty of producing hormones, most notably insulin, to maintain the balance of blood glucose (sugar) and salt in the body. Without this balance, your body is susceptible to serious complications, such as diabetes.
Hormones of the Pancreas: Insulin
Moves glucose from the blood into the cells for energy. This drops blood glucose levels.
Hormones of the Pancreas: Glucagon
Works in the opposite way of insulin by stimulating the cells to release glucose. This raises blood glucose levels.
Ovaries
produce and release two groups of sex hormones: progesterone and estrogen. Progesterone and estrogen are necessary to prepare the uterus for pregnancy, and the hypothalamus triggers their release.
Testes
secrete testosterone, which is necessary for proper physical development in boys. During puberty, testosterone is involved in the development of male secondary sex characteristics, including the maturation of male sex organs, growth of facial and body hair, lowering of the voice, and increase in height and muscle mass.
Gigantism
Abnormal growth of the entire body caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
Contrast with acromegaly
Diabetes insipidus
An imbalance of fluids in the body, leading to extreme thirst and frequent urination that is caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone
Not related to diabetes mellitus
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
Bloating and water retention that can dilute the blood, causing electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyponatremia, caused by overproduction of the anti-diuretic hormone ADH
Pinealoma
A tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin, causing insomnia
Myxedema
An extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion
Goiter (thyromegaly)
An abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland
Thyroid storm (thyrotoxic crisis)
A relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Insulin resistance disorder
Aldosteronism
Abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone
Hypergonadism
The condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands
Hypogonadism
Deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands
Gynecomastia
Excessive mammary development in the male
Thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
A diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of TSH
Thyroid scan
A form of nuclear medicine that measures thyroid function
Hemoglobin A1C
Blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous three to four months
Hypophysectomy
Surgical removal of the pituitary gland
Thyroid lobectomy
Surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland
Thyroid replacement therapy
The use of oral synthetic thyroid hormones to replace lost thyroid function
Parathyroidectomy
Surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands
Thymectomy
Surgical removal of the thymus gland
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both of the adrenal glands
Cortisone
Synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands
