Lesson 2.1 - Cell Structures Flashcards
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
An organelle that stores starch, and in some plants functions as a gravity-sensing orgnaelle. Found in the cytosol, in plant cells.
Amyloplasts
What is a membrane-bound organelle that is involved in photosynthesis and storage in plants and algae known as?
Plastid
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A whiplike tail that is used in propulsion of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Found on the exterior of animal cells.
Flagella
Define Cilia
Tiny hairlike structures that move water and mucus in eukaryotes; used for movement of prokaryotic cells.
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A coating that is added to a plant cell wall; it is more rigid and often thicker than the primary cell wall. Found on the primary wall of plant cells.
Secondary Wall
What are the various roles of plastids? How can knowing the oclour of a plastid reveal something about its function?
Plastids are used to make food in the form of sugars (chloroplasts), to store food (amyloplasts), and to make and store pigments (chromoplasts). Green plastids perform photosynthesis. Colourful chromoplasts provide colour for fruits and colourless amyloplasts are used for storage of starches.
Define Vesicle
A small, membrane-bound organelle that may transport, store, or digest substances within a cell.
What is the outer barrier of a plant cell that surrounds the plasma membrane and gives structure to the plant known as?
Cell Wall
The _____ isolates and protects most of the cell’s DNA.
The nucleus isolates and protects most of the cell’s DNA.
Describe the relationship between the following cellular structures and contents.
Ribosomes and the Nucleolus
The subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus.
What is an organelle with two membranes that is the site of most ATP synthesis during aerobic cellular respiration known as?
Mitochondrion
What is a coating that is added to a plant cell wall which is more rigid and often thicker than the primary cell wall known as?
Secondary Wall
Define Cell Junction
A structure that allows cells to interact with each other and the surrounding environment.
Define Microfilament
A fibre structure that is made from actin, which is part of the cytoskeleton and is located in the cytosol of cells.
Structurally, how are chloroplasts and mitchondria well adapted for energy transfer? Explain your answer for each organelle.
They both have an increased internal surface area. In chloroplasts it allows for maximum light absorption (thylakoids) and in mitochondria it allows for maximum electron transport chain activity (cristae).
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
Helps to protect exposed surfaces of soft parts of the plant and limits water loss on hot, dry days. Found on the secondary wall of plant cells.
Cuticle
_____ cells have an extensive and dynamic framework called a cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is used for cell _____, internal _____, movement, and cell _____.
Eukaryotic cells have an extensive and dynamic framework called a cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is used for cell shape, internal structure, movement, and cell division.
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
The two-layer membrane that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. Found around the nucleus, in the center of the cell, in plant and animal cells.
Nuclear Envelope
Define Mitochondrion
An organelle with two membranes; the site of most ATP synthesis during aerobic cellular respiration.
What is a small, membrane-bound organelle that may transport, store, or digest substances within a cell known as?
Vesicle
Compare and contrast the structure and the functions of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum are composed of delicate membranes and are found next to the nuclear membrane and in the cytosol. They form a network of sacs and tubes throughout the cell. The rough ER has ribosomes attached to the outer surface of its membrane while the smooth ER does not. The rough ER is involved in the folding and storage of proteins made in the ribosomes. The smooth ER is also involved in lipid synthesis.
Define Smooth ER
Areas of the endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes.
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A long, hollow cylinder that consists of subunits of the protein tubulin which forms a dynamic scaffolding for many cellular processes. Found in the cytosol, in plant and animal cells.
Microtubule
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
Temporary irregular lobes that bulge outward to move the cell and engulf a target, such as prey. Found on the exterior of animal cells.
Pseudopods
Define Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
A molecular system that supports and protects a cell; a cell’s environment.
What is the endomembrane system?
The endomembrane system is a series of organelles located in the cytosol that interact with each other.
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A small, membrane-bound organelle that may transport, store, or digest substances within a cell. Found in the cytosol, in plant and animal cells.
Vesicle
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A cellulose coating that surrounds a plant cell (part of the cell wall). Found surrounding the plasma membrane of plant cells.
Primary Wall
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A molecular system that supports and protects a cell; a cell’s environment. Found outside plant and animal cells.
Extracellular Matrix
What are areas of the endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes known as?
Smooth ER
What important roles are played by microtubules and microfilaments?
Microtubules and microfilaments play an important role in cell structure and cell movement. Microtubules form a dynamic scaffolding in cells, which is important in cell division to separate duplicated chromosomes. Microtubules also stabilize cilia and flagella used in cell transport. Microfilaments are responsible for muscle contraction and the formation of pseudopods.
How do lysosomes and peroxisomes differ functionally?
Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion while peroxisomes inactivate toxins like hydrogen peroxide.
Plant cells and animal cells have many of the same organelles. Plant cells also have a cell _____, plastids, and a large central _____.
Plant cells and animal cells have many of the same organelles. Plant cells also have a cell wall, plastids, and a large central vacuole.
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
Areas of the endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes. Found in the cytosol, outside the nucleus, in plant and animal cells.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is an organelle that makes and stores pigments other than chlorophyll known as?
Chromoplast
Define Chloroplast
A double-membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and pigments, which are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells.
The _____ system produces lipids, enzymes, and other proteins that are secreted out of the cell or become part of the cell membrane.
The endomembrane system produces lipids, enzymes, and other proteins that are secreted out of the cell or become part of the cell membrane.
What is a liquid-filled organelle that stores waste and aids in cellular metabolism and water balance known as?
Vacuole
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
An organelle that makes and stores pigments other than chlorophyll. Found in the cytosol, in plant cells.
Chromoplasts
What is a dynamic barrier that surrounds the cytosol of the cell known as?
Plasma Membrane
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
Areas of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to the surface. Found in the cytosol, outside the nucleus, in plant and animal cells.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is a membrane-bound organelle that is folded into flattened sacs and tubes, and is often an outgrowth of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cell known as?
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Define Chromoplast
An organelle that makes and stores pigments other than chlorophyll.
Define Endomembrane System
A group of interacting organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
Define Rough ER
Areas of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to the surface.
Compare and contrast the functions of vesicles to vacuoles.
Both are hollow compartments used for storage. Vesicles can digest substances within a cell and transport substances from one organelle to another. Vacuoles can aid in cellular metabolism and water balance.
What is a two-layer membrane that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell known as?
Nuclear Envelope
Define Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A membrane-bound organelle that is folded into flattened sacs and tubes, and is often an outgrowth of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cell.
Define Amyloplast
An organelle that stores starch.
What is a cellulose coating that surrounds a plant cell known as?
Primary Wall
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
The outer barrier of a plant cell; it surrounds the plasma membrane and gives structure to the plant. Found surrounding the plasma membrane in plant cells.
Cell Wall
Describe the relationship between the following cellular structures and contents.
Plastids and Pigments
Many plastids like chloroplasts and chromoplasts contain pigments.
What is an organelle with folded membranes where the final packaging of proteins occurs known as?
Golgi Body
What is a dynamic system of filaments that provides cell structure, helps with cell division, and enables the cell and inner organelles to move around known as?
Cytoskeleton
Describe the structure of mitochondria.
Mitochondria are between 1 and 4 µm in length, have two lipid membranes: one highly folded in the other, creating two compartments. They have their own DNA, can divide independently of the cell, and have their own ribosomes.
The nuclear envelope is much more than a simple capsule that contains chromosomes. Describe the structure and function of this dynamic component of a cell.
The nuclear envelope is a double-layered membrane that contains pores and many other specialized proteins—some are receptors and others are transporters. These membrane proteins work with the lipid bilayer to transport molecules across the membrane. Other membrane proteins sit on the inner surface and help to anchor and organize DNA molecules. The outer layer of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Define Cell Wall
The outer barrier of a plant cell; the cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane and gives structure to the plant.
What is the main difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells? Why is this difference significant?
The main difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not. Membrane-bound organelles can maintain their own structure and function while simultaneously being able to integrate their function with other organelles within the cell.
What is a whiplike tail that is used in propulsion of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells known as?
Flagellum
What is a structure that allows cells to interact with each other and the surrounding environment known as?
Cell Junction
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A small, membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes, which aid in waste disposal. Found in the cytosol, in plant and animal cells.
Lysosomes
What are mitochondria?
Mitochondria are organelles that specialize in making ATP.
What is a small, membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes, which aid in waste disposal known as?
Lysosome
What is an internal functional structure that is located within the cytosol of a cell known as?
Organelle
What is an organelle that stores starch known as?
Amyloplast
Describe the relationship between the following cellular structures and contents.
Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Nuclear Envelope
The endoplasmic reticulum is an extension of the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
What is a double-membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and pigments, which are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells, known as?
Chloroplast
Eukaryotic cells have many different internal components, called _____. Each _____ has a specific role in cellular activities.
Eukaryotic cells have many different internal components, called organelles. Each organelle has a specific role in cellular activities.
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
An organelle with folded membranes where the final packaging of protein occurs. Found in the cytosol of plant and animal cells.
Golgi Bodies
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A dense irregularly shaped region where sub-units of ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA. Found inside the nucleus in nucleoplasm, in plant and animal cells.
Nucleolus
Define Vacuole
A liquid-filled organelle that stores waste and aids in cellular metabolism and water balance.
Define Cytoskeleton
A dynamic system of filaments that provides cell structure, helps with cell division, and enables the cell and inner organelles to move around.
Describe the relationship between the following cellular structures and contents.
The Centriole and Microfilaments
The centriole is the structure where microtubules are assembled.
Define Secondary Wall
A coating that is added to a plant cell wall; it is more rigid and often thicker than the primary cell wall.
Define Golgi Body
An organelle with folded membranes where the final packaging of proteins occurs.
What are tiny hairlike structures that move water and mucus in eukaryotes and are used for movement of prokaryotic cells known as?
Cilia
Define Organelle
An internal functional structure that is located within the cytosol of a cell.
Define Nuclear Envelope
A two-layer membrane that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
Why are mitochondria sometimes referred to as the “power plants” of cells?
Mitochondria are sometimes referred to as “power plants” of the cell because they are the site of most ATP synthesis during aerobic cellular respiration. All work that is done by the cell relies on ATP for energy.
Many cells are surrounded by and supported by a complex _____ matrix and are able to interact with adjacent cells and the environment via _____ junctions.
Many cells are surrounded by and supported by a complex extracellular matrix and are able to interact with adjacent cells and the environment via cell junctions.
Mitochondria produce _____.
Mitochondria produce ATP.
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A dynamic system of filaments that provides cell structure, helps with cell division, and enables the cell and inner organelles to move around. Found in the cytosol, in plant and animal cells.
Cytoskeleton
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A structure that allows cells to interact with each other and the surrounding environment. Found outside plant and animal cells.
Cell Junction
What is a group of interacting organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane known as?
Endomembrane System
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A dynamic barrier that surrounds the cytosol of the cell. Found around the cell, in plant and animal cells.
Plasma Membrane
What are areas of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to the surface known as?
Rough ER
What is a fibre structure that is made from actin, which is part of the cytoskeleton and is located in the cytosol of cells known as?
Microfilament
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A double-membrane-bound organelle that contains enzyme and pigments, which are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. Found in the cytosol, in plant and animal cells.
Chloroplasts
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A fibre structure that is made from actin, which is part of the cytoskeleton. Found in the cytosol, in plant and animal cells.
Microfilament
What organelles does the endomembrane system include?
The endomembrane system varies among different types of cells. It commonly includes the endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles (including transport vesicles, peroxisomes, vacuoles, and lysosomes), and Golgi bodies.
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
A liquid-filled organelle that stores waste and aids in cellular metabolism and water balance. Found in the cytosol, in plant and animal cells.
Vacuole
Define Lysosome
A small, membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes, which aid in waste disposal.
What is a molecular system that supports and protects a cell known as?
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
Tiny hairlike structures that move water and mucus un eukaryotes; used for moevment of prokaryotic cells. Found on the outside of animal cells.
Cilia
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
The liquid portion of the cell. Found in the plasma membrane, in plant and animal cells.
Cytosol
Define Plastid
A membrane-bound organelle that is involved in photosynthesis and storage in plants and algae.
Define Primary Wall
A cellulose coating that surrounds a plant cell.
Your lab partner is looking at a micrograph of an organelle and is trying to identify it. Your partner tells you that is has a folded membrane that looks like a stack of pancakes. What organelle are they observing and what is the function of this organelle?
They are observing a Golgi body. The Golgi body’s function is to modify new polypeptide chains and to sort and transport proteins and lipids.
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
An organelle with two membranes; the site of most ATP synthesis during aerobic cellular respiration. Found in the cytosol, in plant and animal cells.
Mitochondrion
Define Flagellum
A whiplike tail that is used in propulsion of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Define Plasma Membrane
A dynamic barrier that surrounds the cytosol of the cell.
Which cell structure best matches the following description?
An organelle that contains almost all the DNA in a eukaryotic cell. Found in the nuclear envelope, in the center of the cell, in plant and animal cells.
Nucleus
