Lesson 1.4 - Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
Define Unsaturated Fat
A lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.
In alpha-glucose, is the OH group on the same side of the ring or the opposite side of the ring as C-6.
Opposite
What are three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule known as?
Triglyceride
Define Isomer
A molecule that has the same composition as another, but a different arrangement of atoms.
[_____ are] phosphate-containing lipids.
[Phospholipids are] phosphate-containing lipids.
[Lipids are] stored by _____, and [are] used as an _____ source.
[Lipids are] stored by cells, and [are] used as an energy source.
[Fats are] made from different combinations of two types of molecules: _____ and _____.
[Fats are] made from different combinations of two types of molecules: fatty acids and glycerol.
Define Triglyceride
A fat; three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule.
What is a molecule that is comprised of hundred to thousands of monosaccharides linked together known as?
Complex Carbohydrate
[_____] form cell membranes and [are] used to insulate and protect body/organs.
[Lipids] form cell membranes and [are] used to insulate and protect body/organs.
The structural backbone of most lipids is derived from _____.
The structural backbone of most lipids is derived from fatty acids.
Define Phospholipid
A lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol.
What is a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions known as?
Amphipathic
_____ are simple and complex sugar molecules. They are the most abundant macromolecules found in living things on Earth.
Carbohydrates are simple and complex sugar molecules. They are the most abundant macromolecules found in living things on Earth.
[Lipids are] _____ than complex carbs, therefore some do not consider them macromolecules and not really polymers of defined monomeric subunits.
[Lipids are] smaller than complex carbs, therefore some do not consider them macromolecules and not really polymers of defined monomeric subunits.
Which two monosaccharides make up lactose?
Alpha-Glucose + Galactose
What is C5H10O5 known as?
Pentose
What is a lipid that is composed of four carbon rings known as?
Steroid
Is the glucose molecule pictured below an alpha or beta glucose molecule?
Alpha
What is C3H6O3 known as?
Triose
_____ are the main component of all plasma membranes. They are formed from a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and an ionic phosphate-containing group.
Phospholipids are the main component of all plasma membranes. They are formed from a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and an ionic phosphate-containing group.
[Polysaccharides] are very polar and therefore very _____, but so big, they attract water but cannot dissolve.
[Polysaccharides] are very polar and therefore very hydrophilic, but so big, they attract water but cannot dissolve.
Define Monomer
A small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules.
Define Polymerization
A process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule.
What is a large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemically in a chain known as?
Polymer
What is a molecule that consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain known as?
Fatty Acid
What is a molecule that contains many linked monosaccharides known as?
Polysaccharide Molecule
What is a biomolecule that consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen known as?
Carbohydrate
Lipids are non-polar, so, do they dissolve in water and why/why not?
No because water is polar and “like dissolves like” so water can only dissolve polar molecules.
We call [carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids] macromolecules or _____ because they are large molecules which are composed of smaller subunits which we call _____.
We call [carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids] macromolecules or polymers because they are large molecules which are composed of smaller subunits which we call monomers.
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Straight chains fit tightly together meaning stronger intermolecular bonds.
Saturated Fats
Relate the chemical structure of carbohydrates to their physical properties and uses.
Carbohydrates are hydrocarbons that are dependent on their length, structure, and functional groups to determine their solubility. They are useful sources of structural materials and energy for living organisms.
Distinguish between a fatty acid and a fat.
A fatty acid is a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group on its end. Fat is composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule.
Why are steroids important, even though they tend to have a bad reputation?
Steroids are important for normal growth, maintenance of the plasma membrane, hormonal signalling and development, even though some athletes abuse them.
Why are most polysaccharides insoluble in water?
Most polysaccharides are insoluble in water because they are too large to dissolve.
_____ are single sugar molecules that have a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O.
Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules that have a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O.
Define Amphipathic
A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
What is a molecule that has the same composition as another, but a different arrangement of atoms known as?
Isomer
_____ are long chains of sugar monomers.
Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar monomers.
Carbohydrates are polar molecules. They are _____ in water, unless they are very large.
Carbohydrates are polar molecules. They are soluble in water, unless they are very large.
What type of glucose (alpha or beta) makes up cellulose?
Beta-Glucose
What is a carbohydrate molecule that is made from two monosaccharide units known as?
Disaccharide
What is a small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules known as?
Monomer
What is the process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule known as?
Polymerization
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Contains the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.
Saturated Fats
Define Steroid
A lipid that is composed of four carbon rings.
What is the simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar unit, that is a building block for more complex carbohydrates known as?
Monosaccharide
Ok, so you’re going to have to use your imagination on this one, but what does the diagram of alpha-glucose look like?
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Each carbon does not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to it.
Unsaturated Fats
Is the head of a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic
[_____] are large lipid molecules that are made of long fatty acid chains linked to alcohols or carbon rings. They are hydrophobic, extremely non-polar, and soft solids over a wide range of temperatures.
[Waxes] are large lipid molecules that are made of long fatty acid chains linked to alcohols or carbon rings. They are hydrophobic, extremely non-polar, and soft solids over a wide range of temperatures.
Monosaccharides acn occur in linear form, but the [ones with five or more carbon atoms] are formed in water [and] form a _____.
Monosaccharides acn occur in linear form, but the [ones with five or more carbon atoms] are formed in water [and] form a ring.
Which two monosaccharides make up sucrose?
Alpha-Glucose + Fructose
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Chains are kinked, therefore they do not fit tightly together meaning they don’t have strong intermolecular bonds.
Unsaturated Fats
The hydroxyl (OH) groups of two monosaccharides interact during a dehydration synthesis reaction, to produce a _____ and _____.
The hydroxyl (OH) groups of two monosaccharides interact during a dehydration synthesis reaction, to produce a disaccharide and water.
Fatty acids and triglycerides are primarily energy-storage molecules. Triglycerides consist of three _____ linked to _____.
Fatty acids and triglycerides are primarily energy-storage molecules. Triglycerides consist of three fatty acid chains linked to glycerol.
Cholesterol, a steroid, is an important component of the _____ cell’s plasm membrane. _____ hormones, such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, are also steroids.
Cholesterol, a steroid, is an important component of the animal cell’s plasm membrane. Sex hormones, such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, are also steroids.
Define Carbohydrate
A biomolecule that consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Is the tail of a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
Which of the following polysaccharides is used for energy storage in animals?
- amylose
- glycogen
- cellulose
- chitin
Glycogen
Define Polysaccharide Molecule
A molecule that contains many linked monosaccharides.
What is a lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain known as?
Saturated Fat
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Solid at room temperature.
Saturated Fats
Define Glycosidic Bond
A bond between two monosaccharides.
Define Monosaccharide
The simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar unit; a building block for more complex carbohydrates.
Small differences in the side groups that are attached to the rings distinguish one _____ from another.
Small differences in the side groups that are attached to the rings distinguish one steroid from another.
[Polysaccharides are] formed by _____ reactions, the process in which identical or variable subunits (_____) link together in a long chain to form a larger molecule.
[Polysaccharides are] formed by polymerization reactions, the process in which identical or variable subunits (monomers) link together in a long chain to form a larger molecule.
What happens to the acidic properties of a fatty acid when a fat is formed?
Acidic properties of fatty acids come from carboxylic acid functional groups and this quality does not exist in fat.
_____ is produced by certain plant cells to form a water-resistant coating on the surfaces of stems, leaves, and fruit. [It] enables plants to conserve water, and acts as [a] barrier to infections.
Cutin is produced by certain plant cells to form a water-resistant coating on the surfaces of stems, leaves, and fruit. [It] enables plants to conserve water, and acts as [a] barrier to infections.
Which of the following polysaccharides is the main component of cell walls?
- amylose
- glycogen
- cellulose
- chitin
Cellulose
[Phospholipids contain a] _____ bonded to two _____ acids and a _____ group (with polar or charged group attached).
[Phospholipids contain a] glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group (with polar or charged group attached).
Compare the polarity of carbohydrates and lipids. How does their polarity relate to their physical properties?
Carbohydrates are polar and lipids are non-polar. Polar carbohydrates are very hydrophilic and dissolve in water if they are small enough. Lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. These properties make lipids useful in cell membranes and as water proofing molecules.
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Each carbon has two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
Saturated Fats
Which of the following polysaccharides is used by insects and crustaceans to produce hard exoskeletons?
- amylose
- glycogen
- cellulose
- chitin
Chitin
Define Wax
A lipid that is formed when long fatty acid chains are joined to alcohols or carbon rings.
The “H” from 1-carbon of an alpha-glucose is removed and the “OH” from the 4-carbon of the other alpha-glucose is removed. The left over “O” from the hydroxyl group forms a bridge between the two molecules and the bond is called a _____. This results in the disaccharide _____.
The “H” from 1-carbon of an alpha-glucose is removed and the “OH” from the 4-carbon of the other alpha-glucose is removed. The left over “O” from the hydroxyl group forms a bridge between the two molecules and the bond is called a glycosidic bond. This results in the disaccharide maltose.
What are the five main categories of lipids?
Fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
Define Fatty Acid
A molecule that consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain.
What is a lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain known as?
Unsaturated Fat
[_____ are the] simplest type of carbohydrate, [they] contain a single sugar.
[Monosaccharides are the] simplest type of carbohydrate, [they] contain a single sugar.
If they had many polar functional groups attached, would monosaccharides be soluble or insoluble in water and why?
And, would we call them hydrophilic or hydrophobic and why?
They would be soluble because water is also polar and “like dissolves like”.
They would be hydrophilic because it means water-loving.
What is a lipid that is formed when long fatty acid chains are joined to alcohols or carbon rings known as?
Wax
[Lipids are] mostly composed of _____, _____, and lesser amounts of _____.
[Lipids are] mostly composed of hydrogen, carbon, and lesser amounts of oxygen.
Define Saturated Fat
A lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.
Ok, so you’re going to have to use your imagination on this one, but what does the diagram of beta-glucose look like?
Which of the following polysaccharides makes up the soluble component of starch?
- amylose
- glycogen
- cellulose
- chitin
Amylose
Are saturated fats or unsaturated fats better for you and why?
Unsaturated fats are better for you because of the way they are stored and travel in the body.
What is C6H12O6 known as?
Hexose
Define Lipid
A non-polar compound that is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen.
What is a bond between two monosaccharides known as?
Glycosidic Bond
Lipids are generally non-polar molecules that do not readily _____ in water.
Lipids are generally non-polar molecules that do not readily dissolve in water.
Define Complex Carbohydrate
A molecule that is comprised of hundred to thousands of monosaccharides linked together; an essential part of nutrition and a valuable energy source.
[_____ are made of] 1 to 3 fatty acid chains joined to a single glycerol molecule through dehydration synthesis between _____ (OH) groups on the glycerol molecule and _____ (COOH) groups on the fatty acids.
[Fats are made of] 1 to 3 fatty acid chains joined to a single glycerol molecule through dehydration synthesis between hydroxyl (OH) groups on the glycerol molecule and carboxyl (COOH) groups on the fatty acids.
Steroids are small lipids with a _____-carbon ring structure.
Steroids are small lipids with a four-carbon ring structure.
What type of glucose (alpha or beta) makes up starch?
Alpha-Glucose
Define Polymer
A large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemically in a chain.
_____ consist of two single sugar subunits, which are linked through a dehydration synthesis reaction.
Disaccharides consist of two single sugar subunits, which are linked through a dehydration synthesis reaction.
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Contains carbon to carbon double bounds.
Unsaturated Fats
[Monosaccharides have a] ratio of: _____ carbon : _____ hydrogen : _____ oxygen.
[Monosaccharides have a] ratio of: 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen.
In beta-glucose, is the OH group on the same side of the ring or the opposite side of the ring as C-6.
Same
_____ are long fatty acid chains linked to alcohol or ring structures. They function primarily as waterproofing compounds.
Waxes are long fatty acid chains linked to alcohol or ring structures. They function primarily as waterproofing compounds.
What is a lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol known as?
Phospholipid
[_____ are the] primary lipids of the cell membrane (lipid bilayer).
[Phospholipids are the] primary lipids of the cell membrane (lipid bilayer).
Which two monosaccharides make up maltose?
Alpha-Glucose + Alpha-Glucose
What is a non-polar compound that is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen known as?
Lipid
Humans use carbohydrates in many ways. How do humans use monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
Monosaccharides are the primary fuel source for human cells. They are broken down during energy production or polymerized to form disaccharide or polysaccharide chains. Disaccahrides are mainly food in human food sources and lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. Polysaccharides are used for structural purposes and for glucose storage.
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Liquid at room temperature.
Unsaturated Fats.
Most abundant steroids, the _____, have a single polar OH (_____) group at one end of the ring framework and a complex non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other end, thererfore they are amphipathic as well.
Most abundant steroids, the sterols, have a single polar OH (hydroxyl) group at one end of the ring framework and a complex non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other end, thererfore they are amphipathic as well.
[A _____ is] a chain of monosaccharides with many subunits joined by glycosidic linkages.
[A polysaccharide is] a chain of monosaccharides with many subunits joined by glycosidic linkages.
_____ are the most well-known [fat.] Different organisms usually have distinctive combinations of fatty acids in their _____. _____ function widely as stored energy, gram for gram, they yield more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates.
Triglycerides are the most well-known [fat.] Different organisms usually have distinctive combinations of fatty acids in their triglycerides. Triglycerides function widely as stored energy, gram for gram, they yield more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates.
[Steroids have a] framework based on _____ fused carbon rings.
[Steroids have a] framework based on four fused carbon rings.
Is the glucose molecule pictured below an alpha or beta glucose molecule?
Beta
How can cholesterol be harmful?
It can be harmful because we can make it in our bodies by ourselves already.
[A fatty acid] consists of a single hydrocarbon chain with a _____ function group (-COOH) at one end.
[A fatty acid] consists of a single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl function group (-COOH) at one end.
Define Disaccharide
A carbohydrate molecule that is made from two monosaccharide units.
[_____] serve as hormones that regulate cellular activities and [serve] as vitamins.
[Lipids] serve as hormones that regulate cellular activities and [serve] as vitamins.
