Lesson 1.4 - Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
1
Q
Define Unsaturated Fat
A
A lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.
2
Q
In alpha-glucose, is the OH group on the same side of the ring or the opposite side of the ring as C-6.
A
Opposite
3
Q
What are three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule known as?
A
Triglyceride
4
Q
Define Isomer
A
A molecule that has the same composition as another, but a different arrangement of atoms.
5
Q
[_____ are] phosphate-containing lipids.
A
[Phospholipids are] phosphate-containing lipids.
6
Q
[Lipids are] stored by _____, and [are] used as an _____ source.
A
[Lipids are] stored by cells, and [are] used as an energy source.
7
Q
[Fats are] made from different combinations of two types of molecules: _____ and _____.
A
[Fats are] made from different combinations of two types of molecules: fatty acids and glycerol.
8
Q
Define Triglyceride
A
A fat; three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule.
9
Q
What is a molecule that is comprised of hundred to thousands of monosaccharides linked together known as?
A
Complex Carbohydrate
10
Q
[_____] form cell membranes and [are] used to insulate and protect body/organs.
A
[Lipids] form cell membranes and [are] used to insulate and protect body/organs.
11
Q
The structural backbone of most lipids is derived from _____.
A
The structural backbone of most lipids is derived from fatty acids.
12
Q
Define Phospholipid
A
A lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol.
13
Q
What is a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions known as?
A
Amphipathic
14
Q
_____ are simple and complex sugar molecules. They are the most abundant macromolecules found in living things on Earth.
A
Carbohydrates are simple and complex sugar molecules. They are the most abundant macromolecules found in living things on Earth.
15
Q
[Lipids are] _____ than complex carbs, therefore some do not consider them macromolecules and not really polymers of defined monomeric subunits.
A
[Lipids are] smaller than complex carbs, therefore some do not consider them macromolecules and not really polymers of defined monomeric subunits.
16
Q
Which two monosaccharides make up lactose?
A
Alpha-Glucose + Galactose
17
Q
What is C5H10O5 known as?
A
Pentose
18
Q
What is a lipid that is composed of four carbon rings known as?
A
Steroid
19
Q
Is the glucose molecule pictured below an alpha or beta glucose molecule?
A
Alpha
20
Q
What is C3H6O3 known as?
A
Triose
21
Q
_____ are the main component of all plasma membranes. They are formed from a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and an ionic phosphate-containing group.
A
Phospholipids are the main component of all plasma membranes. They are formed from a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and an ionic phosphate-containing group.
22
Q
[Polysaccharides] are very polar and therefore very _____, but so big, they attract water but cannot dissolve.
A
[Polysaccharides] are very polar and therefore very hydrophilic, but so big, they attract water but cannot dissolve.
23
Q
Define Monomer
A
A small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules.
24
Q
Define Polymerization
A
A process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule.
25
What is a large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemically in a chain known as?
Polymer
26
What is a molecule that consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain known as?
Fatty Acid
27
What is a molecule that contains many linked monosaccharides known as?
Polysaccharide Molecule
28
What is a biomolecule that consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen known as?
Carbohydrate
29
Lipids are non-polar, so, do they dissolve in water and why/why not?
No because water is polar and "like dissolves like" so water can only dissolve polar molecules.
30
We call [carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids] macromolecules or _____ because they are large molecules which are composed of smaller subunits which we call \_\_\_\_\_.
We call [carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids] macromolecules or **polymers** because they are large molecules which are composed of smaller subunits which we call **monomers**.
31
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Straight chains fit tightly together meaning stronger intermolecular bonds.
Saturated Fats
32
Relate the chemical structure of carbohydrates to their physical properties and uses.
Carbohydrates are hydrocarbons that are dependent on their length, structure, and functional groups to determine their solubility. They are useful sources of structural materials and energy for living organisms.
33
Distinguish between a fatty acid and a fat.
A fatty acid is a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group on its end. Fat is composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule.
34
Why are steroids important, even though they tend to have a bad reputation?
Steroids are important for normal growth, maintenance of the plasma membrane, hormonal signalling and development, even though some athletes abuse them.
35
Why are most polysaccharides insoluble in water?
Most polysaccharides are insoluble in water because they are too large to dissolve.
36
\_\_\_\_\_ are single sugar molecules that have a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O.
**Monosaccharides** are single sugar molecules that have a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O.
37
Define Amphipathic
A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
38
What is a molecule that has the same composition as another, but a different arrangement of atoms known as?
Isomer
39
\_\_\_\_\_ are long chains of sugar monomers.
**Polysaccharides** are long chains of sugar monomers.
40
Carbohydrates are polar molecules. They are _____ in water, unless they are very large.
Carbohydrates are polar molecules. They are **soluble** in water, unless they are very large.
41
What type of glucose (alpha or beta) makes up cellulose?
Beta-Glucose
42
What is a carbohydrate molecule that is made from two monosaccharide units known as?
Disaccharide
43
What is a small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules known as?
Monomer
44
What is the process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule known as?
Polymerization
45
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Contains the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.
Saturated Fats
46
Define Steroid
A lipid that is composed of four carbon rings.
47
What is the simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar unit, that is a building block for more complex carbohydrates known as?
Monosaccharide
48
Ok, so you're going to have to use your imagination on this one, but what does the diagram of alpha-glucose look like?
49
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Each carbon does not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to it.
Unsaturated Fats
50
Is the head of a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic
51
[\_\_\_\_\_] are large lipid molecules that are made of long fatty acid chains linked to alcohols or carbon rings. They are hydrophobic, extremely non-polar, and soft solids over a wide range of temperatures.
[**Waxes**] are large lipid molecules that are made of long fatty acid chains linked to alcohols or carbon rings. They are hydrophobic, extremely non-polar, and soft solids over a wide range of temperatures.
52
Monosaccharides acn occur in linear form, but the [ones with five or more carbon atoms] are formed in water [and] form a \_\_\_\_\_.
Monosaccharides acn occur in linear form, but the [ones with five or more carbon atoms] are formed in water [and] form a **ring**.
53
Which two monosaccharides make up sucrose?
Alpha-Glucose + Fructose
54
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Chains are kinked, therefore they do not fit tightly together meaning they don't have strong intermolecular bonds.
Unsaturated Fats
55
The hydroxyl (OH) groups of two monosaccharides interact during a dehydration synthesis reaction, to produce a _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
The hydroxyl (OH) groups of two monosaccharides interact during a dehydration synthesis reaction, to produce a **disaccharide** and **water**.
56
Fatty acids and triglycerides are primarily energy-storage molecules. Triglycerides consist of three _____ linked to \_\_\_\_\_.
Fatty acids and triglycerides are primarily energy-storage molecules. Triglycerides consist of three **fatty acid chains** linked to **glycerol**.
57
Cholesterol, a steroid, is an important component of the _____ cell's plasm membrane. _____ hormones, such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, are also steroids.
Cholesterol, a steroid, is an important component of the **animal** cell's plasm membrane. **Sex** hormones, such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, are also steroids.
58
Define Carbohydrate
A biomolecule that consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
59
Is the tail of a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
60
Which of the following polysaccharides is used for energy storage in animals?
* amylose
* glycogen
* cellulose
* chitin
Glycogen
61
Define Polysaccharide Molecule
A molecule that contains many linked monosaccharides.
62
What is a lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain known as?
Saturated Fat
63
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Solid at room temperature.
Saturated Fats
64
Define Glycosidic Bond
A bond between two monosaccharides.
65
Define Monosaccharide
The simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar unit; a building block for more complex carbohydrates.
66
Small differences in the side groups that are attached to the rings distinguish one _____ from another.
Small differences in the side groups that are attached to the rings distinguish one **steroid** from another.
67
[Polysaccharides are] formed by _____ reactions, the process in which identical or variable subunits (\_\_\_\_\_) link together in a long chain to form a larger molecule.
[Polysaccharides are] formed by **polymerization** reactions, the process in which identical or variable subunits (**monomers**) link together in a long chain to form a larger molecule.
68
What happens to the acidic properties of a fatty acid when a fat is formed?
Acidic properties of fatty acids come from carboxylic acid functional groups and this quality does not exist in fat.
69
\_\_\_\_\_ is produced by certain plant cells to form a water-resistant coating on the surfaces of stems, leaves, and fruit. [It] enables plants to conserve water, and acts as [a] barrier to infections.
**Cutin** is produced by certain plant cells to form a water-resistant coating on the surfaces of stems, leaves, and fruit. [It] enables plants to conserve water, and acts as [a] barrier to infections.
70
Which of the following polysaccharides is the main component of cell walls?
* amylose
* glycogen
* cellulose
* chitin
Cellulose
71
[Phospholipids contain a] _____ bonded to two _____ acids and a _____ group (with polar or charged group attached).
[Phospholipids contain a] **glycerol** bonded to two **fatty** acids and a **phosphate** group (with polar or charged group attached).
72
Compare the polarity of carbohydrates and lipids. How does their polarity relate to their physical properties?
Carbohydrates are polar and lipids are non-polar. Polar carbohydrates are very hydrophilic and dissolve in water if they are small enough. Lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. These properties make lipids useful in cell membranes and as water proofing molecules.
73
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Each carbon has two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
Saturated Fats
74
Which of the following polysaccharides is used by insects and crustaceans to produce hard exoskeletons?
* amylose
* glycogen
* cellulose
* chitin
Chitin
75
Define Wax
A lipid that is formed when long fatty acid chains are joined to alcohols or carbon rings.
76
The "H" from 1-carbon of an alpha-glucose is removed and the "OH" from the 4-carbon of the other alpha-glucose is removed. The left over "O" from the hydroxyl group forms a bridge between the two molecules and the bond is called a \_\_\_\_\_. This results in the disaccharide \_\_\_\_\_.
The "H" from 1-carbon of an alpha-glucose is removed and the "OH" from the 4-carbon of the other alpha-glucose is removed. The left over "O" from the hydroxyl group forms a bridge between the two molecules and the bond is called a **glycosidic bond**. This results in the disaccharide **maltose**.
77
What are the five main categories of lipids?
Fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
78
Define Fatty Acid
A molecule that consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain.
79
What is a lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain known as?
Unsaturated Fat
80
[\_\_\_\_\_ are the] simplest type of carbohydrate, [they] contain a single sugar.
[**Monosaccharides** are the] simplest type of carbohydrate, [they] contain a single sugar.
81
If they had many polar functional groups attached, would monosaccharides be soluble or insoluble in water and why?
And, would we call them hydrophilic or hydrophobic and why?
They would be soluble because water is also polar and "like dissolves like".
They would be hydrophilic because it means water-loving.
82
What is a lipid that is formed when long fatty acid chains are joined to alcohols or carbon rings known as?
Wax
83
[Lipids are] mostly composed of \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and lesser amounts of \_\_\_\_\_.
[Lipids are] mostly composed of **hydrogen**, **carbon**, and lesser amounts of **oxygen**.
84
Define Saturated Fat
A lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.
85
Ok, so you're going to have to use your imagination on this one, but what does the diagram of beta-glucose look like?
86
Which of the following polysaccharides makes up the soluble component of starch?
* amylose
* glycogen
* cellulose
* chitin
Amylose
87
Are saturated fats or unsaturated fats better for you and why?
Unsaturated fats are better for you because of the way they are stored and travel in the body.
88
What is C6H12O6 known as?
Hexose
89
Define Lipid
A non-polar compound that is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen.
90
What is a bond between two monosaccharides known as?
Glycosidic Bond
91
Lipids are generally non-polar molecules that do not readily _____ in water.
Lipids are generally non-polar molecules that do not readily **dissolve** in water.
92
Define Complex Carbohydrate
A molecule that is comprised of hundred to thousands of monosaccharides linked together; an essential part of nutrition and a valuable energy source.
93
[\_\_\_\_\_ are made of] 1 to 3 fatty acid chains joined to a single glycerol molecule through dehydration synthesis between _____ (OH) groups on the glycerol molecule and _____ (COOH) groups on the fatty acids.
[**Fats** are made of] 1 to 3 fatty acid chains joined to a single glycerol molecule through dehydration synthesis between **hydroxyl** (OH) groups on the glycerol molecule and **carboxyl** (COOH) groups on the fatty acids.
94
Steroids are small lipids with a \_\_\_\_\_-carbon ring structure.
Steroids are small lipids with a **four**-carbon ring structure.
95
What type of glucose (alpha or beta) makes up starch?
Alpha-Glucose
96
Define Polymer
A large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemically in a chain.
97
\_\_\_\_\_ consist of two single sugar subunits, which are linked through a dehydration synthesis reaction.
**Disaccharides** consist of two single sugar subunits, which are linked through a dehydration synthesis reaction.
98
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Contains carbon to carbon double bounds.
Unsaturated Fats
99
[Monosaccharides have a] ratio of: _____ carbon : _____ hydrogen : _____ oxygen.
[Monosaccharides have a] ratio of: **1** carbon : **2** hydrogen : **1** oxygen.
100
In beta-glucose, is the OH group on the same side of the ring or the opposite side of the ring as C-6.
Same
101
\_\_\_\_\_ are long fatty acid chains linked to alcohol or ring structures. They function primarily as waterproofing compounds.
**Waxes** are long fatty acid chains linked to alcohol or ring structures. They function primarily as waterproofing compounds.
102
What is a lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol known as?
Phospholipid
103
[\_\_\_\_\_ are the] primary lipids of the cell membrane (lipid bilayer).
[**Phospholipids** are the] primary lipids of the cell membrane (lipid bilayer).
104
Which two monosaccharides make up maltose?
Alpha-Glucose + Alpha-Glucose
105
What is a non-polar compound that is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen known as?
Lipid
106
Humans use carbohydrates in many ways. How do humans use monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
Monosaccharides are the primary fuel source for human cells. They are broken down during energy production or polymerized to form disaccharide or polysaccharide chains. Disaccahrides are mainly food in human food sources and lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. Polysaccharides are used for structural purposes and for glucose storage.
107
Is the following statement referring to saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
Liquid at room temperature.
Unsaturated Fats.
108
Most abundant steroids, the \_\_\_\_\_, have a single polar OH (\_\_\_\_\_) group at one end of the ring framework and a complex non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other end, thererfore they are amphipathic as well.
Most abundant steroids, the **sterols**, have a single polar OH (**hydroxyl**) group at one end of the ring framework and a complex non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other end, thererfore they are amphipathic as well.
109
[A _____ is] a chain of monosaccharides with many subunits joined by glycosidic linkages.
[A **polysaccharide** is] a chain of monosaccharides with many subunits joined by glycosidic linkages.
110
\_\_\_\_\_ are the most well-known [fat.] Different organisms usually have distinctive combinations of fatty acids in their \_\_\_\_\_. _____ function widely as stored energy, gram for gram, they yield more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates.
**Triglycerides** are the most well-known [fat.] Different organisms usually have distinctive combinations of fatty acids in their **triglycerides**. **Triglycerides** function widely as stored energy, gram for gram, they yield more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates.
111
[Steroids have a] framework based on _____ fused carbon rings.
[Steroids have a] framework based on **four** fused carbon rings.
112
Is the glucose molecule pictured below an alpha or beta glucose molecule?
Beta
113
How can cholesterol be harmful?
It can be harmful because we can make it in our bodies by ourselves already.
114
[A fatty acid] consists of a single hydrocarbon chain with a _____ function group (-COOH) at one end.
[A fatty acid] consists of a single hydrocarbon chain with a **carboxyl** function group (-COOH) at one end.
115
Define Disaccharide
A carbohydrate molecule that is made from two monosaccharide units.
116
[\_\_\_\_\_] serve as hormones that regulate cellular activities and [serve] as vitamins.
[**Lipids**] serve as hormones that regulate cellular activities and [serve] as vitamins.
