Lesson 1.5 - Proteins and Nucleic Acids Flashcards by Hunter Murdoch

Define Amino Acid

A molecule that contains a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer subunit of proteins.

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Does the statement below refer to DNA, RNA or both?

A, T, G, and C are it’s nitrogenous bases.

DNA

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Which function belongs to signal protein?

framework support
infection fighters
messenger
transport of materials
cellular markers
catalyst
movement

Messenger

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Does the statement below refer to DNA, RNA or both?

Involved in protein synthesis.

RNA

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Many proteins are composed of two or more polypeptides, when this is so, they form a [_____] (4°) structure (multiple polypeptides are organized together).

Many proteins are composed of two or more polypeptides, when this is so, they form a [quaternary] (4°) structure (multiple polypeptides are organized together).

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Which of the examples listed below is an example of signal protein?

antibodies
hemoglobin
amylase
actin and myosin
major histocompatibility complex
hair, tendons, and ligaments
hormones

Hormones

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What groups of atoms are found in all amino acids?

All amino acids contain an amino group, carboxyl group, and an R group.

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Define Nucleic Acid

A blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells; stores hereditary information.

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Purines: These are _____ ringed structures, adenine and guanine.

Purines: These are double ringed structures, adenine and guanine.

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Nucleic acids consist of chains of nucleotides called _____.

Nucleic acids consist of chains of nucleotides called polynucleotide chains.

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The amino acids come together through _____ reactions. Peptide bonds form between the -_____ group of one amino acid [and] the -_____ group of a second amino acid.

The amino acids come together through dehydration reactions. Peptide bonds form between the -NH₂/amino group of one amino acid [and] the -COOH/carboxyl group of a second amino acid.

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The two general types of nitrogenous bases are _____ (uracil, thymine, and cytosine) and _____ (adenine and guanine).

The two general types of nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines (uracil, thymine, and cytosine) and purines (adenine and guanine).

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The same _____ reactions that hold the 3-D shape for the 3° structure are used to hold the 4° structure together as well.

The same intermolecular reactions that hold the 3-D shape for the 3° structure are used to hold the 4° structure together as well.

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What is a chain of amino acid subunits, which are connected by peptide bonds, known as?

Peptide

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Which function belongs to carrier protein?

framework support
infection fighters
messenger
transport of materials
cellular markers
catalyst
movement

Transport of Materials

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Does the statement below refer to DNA, RNA or both?

Stores hereditary information (codes for proteins).

Both

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[Proteins] are polymers, made up of monomers called _____.

[Proteins] are polymers, made up of monomers called amino acids.

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Bases on opposite strands of DNA _____ to one another to form a double stranded molecule.

Bases on opposite strands of DNA hydrogen bond to one another to form a double stranded molecule.

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Which function belongs to defensive protein?

framework support
infection fighters
messenger
transport of materials
cellular markers
catalyst
movement

Infection Fighters

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Does the statement below refer to DNA, RNA or both?

Found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and many viruses.

DNA

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Pyrimidines: They are _____ ringed structures, uracil, thymine, cytosine.

Pyrimidines: They are single ringed structures, uracil, thymine, cytosine.

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What is the loss of both the structure and function of a protein known as?

Denaturation

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G forms _____ H-bonds with C. A forms _____ H-bonds with T.

G forms 3 H-bonds with C. A forms 2 H-bonds with T.

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What is a blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells that also stores hereditary information known as?

Nucleic Acid

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Amino acids are brought together through \_\_\_\_\_.

Amino acids are brought together through **peptide bonds**.

Some proteins require non-protein components, called _____ groups, to function properly.

Some proteins require non-protein components, called **prosthetic** groups, to function properly.

Your biology teacher tells you that nucleic acids, fatty acids, and amino acids can increase the H⁺ concentration of a solution. Explain how this is possible.

When nucleotides contain at least one phosphate group and they break down, they produce phosphoric acid. Fatty acids break down and produce ketone bodies that are acidic. Amino acids containing sulfur in their R group will produce sulfuric acid when they break down. In each case, there is change in the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.

Which of the examples listed below is an example of defensive protein? * antibodies * hemoglobin * amylase * actin and myosin * major histocompatibility complex * hair, tendons, and ligaments * hormones

Antibodies

Define Polypeptide

A peptide with more than 50 amino acids.

Define Peptide Bond

A covalent bond that links amino acids.

Which of the examples listed below is an example of enzyme protein? * antibodies * hemoglobin * amylase * actin and myosin * major histocompatibility complex * hair, tendons, and ligaments * hormones

Amylase

What is a molecule that contains a carboxyl group and an amino group that serves as the monomer subunit of proteins known as?

Amino Acid

A researcher studying a newly discovered small protein finds that when dissolved in water, the solution has a pH above 7, What type of amino acids would you predict to be abundant in this protein? Why? What type of amino acids would you predict to be uncommon in this protein? Why?

Since the pH of the solution is greater than 7, the solution is basic. The protein would be abundant in positively charged (basic) polar amino acids (lysine, arginine, and histidine). The protein would have few negatively charged (acidic) polar amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid.

Proteins are complex polymers. They have \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and _____ levels of structure, which contribute to their functions.

Proteins are complex polymers. They have **primary**, **secondary**, **tertiary**, and **quaternary** levels of structure, which contribute to their functions.

Which of the examples listed below is an example of carrier protein? * antibodies * hemoglobin * amylase * actin and myosin * major histocompatibility complex * hair, tendons, and ligaments * hormones

Hemoglobin

Changing even a single _____ in the primary structure could alter the overall structure of the protein, therefore destroying the biological function.

Changing even a single **amino acid** in the primary structure could alter the overall structure of the protein, therefore destroying the biological function.

Does the statement below refer to DNA, RNA or both? Found in some viruses.

RNA

The arrangement of the alternating sugar and phosphate groups forms the backbone of a nucleic acid chain (called \_\_\_\_\_). The nitrogenous bases of the _____ project from this backbone.

The arrangement of the alternating sugar and phosphate groups forms the backbone of a nucleic acid chain (called **sugar-phosphate backbone**). The **nitrogenous** bases of the nucleotides project from this backbone.

Define Peptide

A chain of amino acid subunits, which are connected by peptide bonds.

Define Antiparallel

Oriented in opposite directions.

Which of the examples listed below is an example of structural protein? * antibodies * hemoglobin * amylase * actin and myosin * major histocompatibility complex * hair, tendons, and ligaments * hormones

Hair, Tendons, and Ligaments

Does the statement below refer to DNA, RNA or both? It's double stranded.

DNA

How does the function of nucleic acids differ from other types of macromolecules?

Other macromolecules have a large number of structures and functions. Nucleic acids have only one function – working together to make proteins.

All nucleotides consist of three parts: a _____ base, a 5-\_\_\_\_\_ sugar, and one to three \_\_\_\_\_.

All nucleotides consist of three parts: a **nitrogenous** base, a 5-**carbon** sugar, and one to three **phosphates**.

It is in the tertiary structure that the _____ reaction of the R groups determine the 3-D shape of the _____ chain. These intermolecular reactions include: hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges, and ionic bonds.

It is in the tertiary structure that the **intermolecular** reaction of the R groups determine the 3-D shape of the **polypeptide** chain. These intermolecular reactions include: hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges, and ionic bonds.

Amino acids are the monomer building blocks of proteins. There are _____ different amino acids. They all contain an _____ group, a _____ group, and an _____ group. The _____ group gives each amino acid its unique characteristics.

Amino acids are the monomer building blocks of proteins. There are **20** different amino acids. They all contain an **amino** group, a **carboxyl** group, and an **R** group. The **R** group gives each amino acid its unique characteristics.

Describe the difference between the primary and secondary protein structures.

Primary protein structure is linear sequence of order of amino acids. Secondary protein structure is the result of hydrogen bonding between different parts of the same amino acid backbone.

Which function belongs to motile protein? * framework support * infection fighters * messenger * transport of materials * cellular markers * catalyst * movement

movement

[Secondary (2°) structure] is a result of the _____ bonding between different parts of the same amino acid backbone (H bonded to electronegative nitrogen and oxygen atoms).

Secondary (2°) structure is a result of the **hydrogen** bonding between different parts of the same amino acid backbone (H bonded to electronegative nitrogen and oxygen atoms).

\_\_\_\_\_ are the monomers of nucleic acids. Amino acids are the monomers of \_\_\_\_\_.

**Nucleotides** are the monomers of nucleic acids. Amino acids are the monomers of **p****roteins**.

The two strands of DNA run _____ to each other (are oriented in the opposite direction relative to the sugar-phosphate backbone).

The two strands of DNA run **antiparallel** to each other (are oriented in the opposite direction relative to the sugar-phosphate backbone).

What is a large molecule that consists of many amino acid subunits, which are joined together by peptide bonds folded into a specific three-dimensional shape known as?

Protein

Does the statement below refer to DNA, RNA or both? A, U, G, and C are it's nitrogenous bases.

RNA

DNA and RNA are polymers of \_\_\_\_\_.

DNA and RNA are polymers of **nucleotides**.

What are the four main intermolecular reactions of the R-group that are responsible for the tertiary structure of a protein?

Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges.

Which of the examples listed below is an example of motile protein? * antibodies * hemoglobin * amylase * actin and myosin * major histocompatibility complex * hair, tendons, and ligaments * hormones

Actin and Myosin

Sometimes proteins also require non-protein components called _____ groups.

Sometimes proteins also require non-protein components called **prosthetic** groups.

Explain the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is a double stranded molecule and RNA is a single stranded molecule. Nitrogenous bases in DNA are G (guanine), A (adenine), T (thymine), C (cytosine) Nitrogenous bases in RNA are G, A, U (uracil), and C. DNA almost always forms a double helix while RNA can take on a variety of configurations.

What is a link that is formed between nucleotides by a phosphate bridge known as?

Phosphodiester Bond

What is a peptide with more than 50 amino acids known as?

Polypeptide

There are _____ different amino acids; all have the same basic structure (excecpt proline).

There are **20** different amino acids; all have the same basic structure (excecpt proline).

Which function belongs to structural protein? * framework support * infection fighters * messenger * transport of materials * cellular markers * catalyst * movement

Framework Support

Does the statement below refer to DNA, RNA or both? It's single stranded.

RNA

What is the role of the sugar and phosphate groups in the structure of nucleic acids?

Sugar and phosphate groups form the backbone of a nucleic acid molecule.

For a chain of amino acids, one end has a -NH₂ group (we call this end \_\_\_\_\_) and the other end has a -COOH (we call this end \_\_\_\_\_).

For a chain of amino acids, one end has a -NH₂ group (we call this end N-terminal) and the other end has a -COOH (we call this end C-terminal).

[\_\_\_\_\_ (3°) structure] is the overall 3-D shape of a protein due to a range of bonding interactions among the amino acid R groups.

[**Tertiary** (3°) structure] is the overall 3-D shape of a protein due to a range of bonding interactions among the amino acid R groups.

[\_\_\_\_\_ (1°) structure] is the unique linear sequence of its amino acids in each polypeptide.

**Primary** (1°) Structure is the unique linear sequence of its amino acids in each polypeptide.

Describe the two main secondary protein structures.

Beta-pleated Sheet - a side-by-side alignment of the amino acid chain that looks like a pleated sheat (hence the name). Alpha-helix - delicate coil that is held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid.

Which function belongs to enzyme protein? * framework support * infection fighters * messenger * transport of materials * cellular markers * catalyst * movement

Catalyst

What is the building block of nucleic acids that consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one to three phosphate groups known as?

Nucleotide

Explain why it is necessary for a protein to adopt specific tertiary and quaternary arrangements.

For proteins to function properly, they need to fold into very specific three-dimensional shapes (tertiary structure) and may require the assembly of multiple polypeptides (quaternary structure).

[The] end with [the] phosphate group is called \_\_\_\_\_' end. [The] end with the deoxyribose sugar is called \_\_\_\_\_' end.

[The] end with [the] phosphate group is called **5**' end. [The] end with the deoxyribose sugar is called **3**' end.

Does the statement below refer to DNA, RNA or both? Has three types: messenger, transfer, and ribosomal.

RNA

Define Nucleotide

The building block of nucleic acids; consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one to three phosphate groups.

Define Phosphodiester Bond

A link that is formed between nucleotides by a phosphate bridge.

Which of the examples listed below is an example of recognition and receptor protein? * antibodies * hemoglobin * amylase * actin and myosin * major histocompatibility complex * hair, tendons, and ligaments * hormones

Major Histocompatibility Complex

What is a covalent bond that links amino acids known as?

Peptide Bond

Define Denaturation

The loss of both the structure and function of a protein.

One nucleotide is linked to the next by a single bridging phosphate group between the 5'-carbon of one sugar and the 3'-carbon of the next sugar in line. The linkage is called a \_\_\_\_\_.

One nucleotide is linked to the next by a single bridging phosphate group between the 5'-carbon of one sugar and the 3'-carbon of the next sugar in line. The linkage is called a **phosphodiester bond**.

There are three parts to the nucleotide which are _____ bonded together: 1. sugar (\_\_\_\_\_ for DNA and _____ for RNA) 2. 1 to 3 _____ groups 3. _____ containing base (U, T, C, A, G)

There are three parts to the nucleotide which are **covalently** bonded together: 1. sugar (**deoxyribose** for DNA and **ribose** for RNA) 2. 1 to 3 **phosphate** groups 3. **nitrogen** containing base (U, T, C, A, G)

Define Protein

A large molecule that consists of many amino acid subunits, which are joined together by peptide bonds folded into a specific three-dimensional shape.

Which function belongs to recognition and receptor protein? * framework support * infection fighters * messenger * transport of materials * cellular markers * catalyst * movement

Cellular Markers