Lesson 1.3 - The Carbon Chemistry of Life (and Functional Groups) Flashcards
Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are both processes that rearrange molecules in organic substances. Dehydration synthesis connects smaller molecules to form larger organic compounds. Water is lost during the process. In hydrolysis, water is added and larger compounds are broken down into smaller units.
Which functional group is pictured below?
Carbonyl
What does the phosphate functional group look like?
Methane, CH4, is the simplest _____.
Methane, CH4, is the simplest hydrocarbon.
Functional groups have _____ or _____ qualities that influence how they interact with water and other molecules.
Functional groups have polar or ionic qualities that influence how they interact with water and other molecules.
Which of the following major classes of molecule is the carbonyl functional group associated with?
- alcohols
- organic acids
- nucleotides, nucleic acids, many other cellular molecules
- aldehydes
- amino acids
- ketones
- many cellular molecules
Aldehydes & Ketones
The functional groups are usually attached to a hydrocarbon chain which is _____.
The functional groups are usually attached to a hydrocarbon chain which is non-polar.
Is the following reaction an example of dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis? Explain your answer.
C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
This is an example of hydrolysis because the products are smaller than the reactants and water is added.
What role does oxygen play in most functional groups?
In many functional groups, oxygen helps establish the polarity of the molecule. In some groups, oxygen acts as a reducing agent by losing electrons from compounds while in other groups, it acts as an oxidizing agent by gaining electrons to form a bond.
What does the hydroxyl functional group look like?
Which of the following major classes of molecule is the hydroxyl functional group associated with?
- alcohols
- organic acids
- nucleotides, nucleic acids, many other cellular molecules
- aldehydes
- amino acids
- ketones
- many cellular molecules
Alcohols
What is the primary purpose of functional groups that are found in organic molecules?
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within organic molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of.
Which of the following major classes of molecule is the phosphate functional group associated with?
- alcohols
- organic acids
- nucleotides, nucleic acids, many other cellular molecules
- aldehydes
- amino acids
- ketones
- many cellular molecules
Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, Many Other Cellular Molecules
Considering the functional groups you have studied, why do you think that compounds with similar structures often have similar uses?
Compounds with similar structures often have similar uses. Their use is dependent on the properties of the compounds and the properties are dependent on structures of the compounds.
Explain how the electron arrangement in carbon atoms enables them to form straight and branching chains and ring structures.
Carbon has four unpaired valence electrons allowing it to form four covalent bonds. Carbon can bond with one or two other carbons to form straight chains. When carbon bonds with three or four other carbons, each secondary carbon can form a chain resulting in a branched chain. Due to electron repulsion, the bonds form a tetrahedral structure. The angles between the bonds allow chains of carbon to bend around and form ring structures.
What does the carbonyl functional group look like?
Which of the following major classes of molecule is the sulfhydryl functional group associated with?
- alcohols
- organic acids
- nucleotides, nucleic acids, many other cellular molecules
- aldehydes
- amino acids
- ketones
- many cellular molecules
Many Cellular Molecules
During a _____ reaction, water is removed from subunits as they combine to form a larger molecule.
During a dehydration reaction, water is removed from subunits as they combine to form a larger molecule.
Which functional group is pictured below?
Hydroxyl
[_____] are either ionic or strongly polar, which makes them attracted to ionic or polar molecules.
[Functional groups] are either ionic or strongly polar, which makes them attracted to ionic or polar molecules.
Which functional group is pictured below?
Sulfhydryl
During a _____ reaction, larger molecules react with water and break down into smaller subunits.
During a hydrolysis reaction, larger molecules react with water and break down into smaller subunits.
Carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms are called _____.
Carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms are called hydrocarbons.
Define Functional Group
A group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in chemical reactions.
What is a group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in chemical reactions known as?
Function Group
_____ atoms can form chains that branch, ring structures, or double or triple bonds.
Carbon atoms can form chains that branch, ring structures, or double or triple bonds.
Which functional group is pictured below?
Carboxyl
Which of the following major classes of molecule is the carboxyl functional group associated with?
- alcohols
- organic acids
- nucleotides, nucleic acids, many other cellular molecules
- aldehydes
- amino acids
- ketones
- many cellular molecules
Organic Acids
What does the amino functional group look like?
What does the sulfhydryl functional group look like?
Which functional group is pictured below?
Phosphate
_____ atoms make up the base of every organic molecule, which arises from it’s bonding properties.
Carbon atoms make up the base of every organic molecule, which arises from it’s bonding properties.
Explain how functional groups influence solubility and the forces of attractions between molecules.
Functional groups help determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar. This property determines the types of solvents and molecules that it is attracted to. For example, polar solvents dissolve polar and ionic compounds and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar compounds.
What does the carboxyl functional group look like?
_____ atoms form the backbone of biological molecules. They can link together to form chains, branched structures, and rings.
Carbon atoms form the backbone of biological molecules. They can link together to form chains, branched structures, and rings.
[When a function group is attached to a hydrocarbon chain,] the over-all molecule would be _____ since at one side it has a non-polar hydrocarbon chain but at the other it has a polar functional group.
[When a function group is attached to a hydrocarbon chain,] the over-all molecule would be polar since at one side it has a non-polar hydrocarbon chain but at the other it has a polar functional group.
Which of the following major classes of molecule is the amino functional group associated with?
- alcohols
- organic acids
- nucleotides, nucleic acids, many other cellular molecules
- aldehydes
- amino acids
- ketones
- many cellular molecules
Amino Acids
Which functional group is pictured below?
Amino
[Function groups] affect the function of the molecule by participating in _____.
[Function groups] affect the function of the molecule by participating in chemical reactions.
[Carbon] has _____ electrons in its valence shell, therefore each carbon is capable of forming _____ covalent bonds with other atoms.
[Carbon] has four electrons in its valence shell, therefore each carbon is capable of forming four covalent bonds with other atoms.
When would a cell use the dehydration and hydrolysis reactions of polysaccharides?
Dehydration could be used to form longer and more complex polysaccharides for cell function. Hydrolysis could be used to reduce polysaccharides into simple more easily utilized sugars.
