Lesson 1.1 - The Fundamental Chemistry Of Life Flashcards
1
Q
What parts of the body do PET scans commonly evaluate?
A
PET scans are often used to evaluate nearly the entire body. They work well with anything from the base of the skull to the mid-thighs.
2
Q
Can a reduction reaction occur independently of an oxidation reaction, or vice versa? Why or why not?
A
The reduction or oxidation of one molecule always implies the oxidation or reduction of another molecule; they cannot occur independently.
3
Q
There are four types of chemical bonds in biochemistry: _____, _____, _____, and _____.
A
There are four types of chemical bonds in biochemistry: ionic, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and weak van der Waals forces.
4
Q
[Ionic bonds] form between two ions (which are atoms that lost or gained electrons), specifically between a _____ (positively charged ion) and an _____ (a negatively charged ion).
A
[Ionic bonds] form between two ions (which are atoms that lost or gained electrons), specifically between a cation (positively charged ion) and an anion (a negatively charged ion).
5
Q
For all three isotopes of carbon, what is the same?
A
Protons & Electrons
6
Q
[Covalent bonds] form when atoms _____ one or more pairs of valence electrons.
A
[Covalent bonds] form when atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.
7
Q
Define Intermolecular Force
A
Force of attraction between two molecules.
8
Q
The radiation [from radioactive decay] may damage molecules in living cells, however, some are useful in _____ process to determine the age of organic material or in _____applications.
A
The radiation [from radioactive decay] may damage molecules in living cells, however, some are useful in geological process to determine the age of organic material or in medical applications.
9
Q
What is a form of an element that differs in its number of neutrons known as?
A
Isotope
10
Q
[Non-polar covalent bonds are] formed between atoms that have similar _____ (electrons are equally shared).
A
[Non-polar covalent bonds are] formed between atoms that have similar electronegativities (electrons are equally shared).
11
Q
What will patients requiring a PET scan do after they are injected with a glucose solution?
A
The patient will wait as the injected glucose has to spread through the body through regular metabolic activity of the body. They will rest quietly and avoid muscle movement or talking so that all muscles and the vocal chords will appear normal on the scans.
12
Q
As 14C decays, one neutron splits into a _____ and a _____.
A
As C14 decays, one neutron splits into a high-energy electron and a proton.
13
Q
What harmful growth will show up on a PET scan?
A
Malignant Tumour (due to rapid cell division using up glucose)
14
Q
For all three isotopes of carbon, what is different?
A
Neutrons
15
Q
Define Hydrolysis Reaction
A
A chemical reaction in which water is used as a reactant to split a larger molecule into smaller subunits.
16
Q
An atom has no net charge because the number of _____ is equal to the number of _____.
A
An atom has no net charge because the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
17
Q
What does X represent in standard atomic notation?
A
Chemical symbol for the element.
18
Q
An atom has eight electrons and six of these electrons are valence electrons. What is the name of the element?
A
Oxygen
19
Q
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces _____ molecules.
A
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
20
Q
Atoms with energy shells that are not completely filled are chemically _____.
A
Atoms with energy shells that are not completely filled are chemically reactive.
21
Q
Define Dehydration Reaction
A
A chemical reaction in which subunits of a larger molecule are joined by the removal of water. Also called a condensation reaction.
22
Q
What is an attractive force between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom, and a partially negatively charged atom in another molecule known as?
A
Hydrogen Bond
23
Q
Compare ionic bonds with covalent bonds.
A
Ionic bonds form when an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the resulting ions are attracted to each other. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to fill their valence shell.
24
Q
The rest of the elements [that make up the weight of a living organism] are found in such small amount (<0.1%) that they are called _____. (ex. iodine and iron)
A
The rest of the elements [that make up the weight of a living organism] are found in such small amount (<0.1%) that they are called trace elements. (ex. iodine and iron)
25
Electron orbitals are grouped into _____ or _____ and are numbered 1, 2, 3, etc., indicating their relative distance from the nucleus.
Electron orbitals are grouped into **energy levels** or **energy shells** and are numbered 1, 2, 3, etc., indicating their relative distance from the nucleus.
26
What is the measure of an atom's attraction to shared electrons known as?
Electronegativity
27
In a bond between nitrogen (with an electronegativity of 3.0) and hydrogen (with an electronegativity of 2.2), which atom will the electrons be closer to? Explain your reasoning.
Nitrogen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, so the electrons will be closer to the nitrogen atom
28
The strength of a covalent bond depends on the _____ (the measure of an atom's attraction for additional electrons) of the atoms involved.
The strength of a covalent bond depends on the **electronegativity** (the measure of an atom's attraction for additional electrons) of the atoms involved.
29
Oxidation is the _____ of electrons, and reduction is the _____ of electrons. The oxidation of one molecule or atom is always linked to the reduction of another molecule or atom. This is called a _____ reaction.
Oxidation is the **loss** of electrons, and reduction is the **gain** of electrons. The oxidation of one molecule or atom is always linked to the reduction of another molecule or atom. This is called a **redox** reaction.
30
How does radiocarbon dating work?
Measures the amount of 14C left in the object by using a device to measure the amount of ß particles given off as the 14C decays.
31
How do bonding arrangements in a molecule affect the shape of the molecule?
Although answers may vary, one sample answer is: To minimize their energy, electron pairs in atoms move as far away from each other as possible, which causes the bonds to be at different angles from one another.
32
List the three common isotopes of hydrogen.
The three common isotopes of hydrogen are 1H (protium or hydrogen), 2H (deuterium), and 3H (tritium).
33
Describe reduction and oxidation.
Reduction is the gain of electrons by a molecule and oxidation is the loss of electrons by a molecule.
34
The decay process transforms an unstable, radioactive isotope (called \_\_\_\_\_) into an atom of another element.
The decay process transforms an unstable, radioactive isotope (called **radioisotope**) into an atom of another element.
35
\_\_\_\_\_ are the electrons in the outermost electron shell of an atom.
**Valence electrons** are the electrons in the outermost electron shell of an atom.
36
Define Ionic Bond
A bond that results from the attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules.
37
\_\_\_\_\_ is composed of elements.
**Matter** is composed of elements.
38
\_\_\_\_\_ is the removal of -OH and -H from two reactant molecules to form a _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
**Dehydration** is the removal of -OH and -H from two reactant molecules to form a **larger molecule** and **water**.
39
What is a partial positive or negative charge at the ends of a molecule known as?
Polarity
40
How are radioisotopes used in scientific research and medicine?
Radioisotopes are used as tracer molecules for medical diagnostics and for scientific studies involving transportation of metabolism of molecules of interest.
41
Because isotopes of the same element have the same number of _____ and \_\_\_\_\_, they behave exactly the same in a chemical reaction.
Because isotopes of the same element have the same number of **protons** and **electrons**, they behave exactly the same in a chemical reaction.
42
What does a CT scan get an image of?
An image of the body's internal anatomy.
43
\_\_\_\_\_ is a measure of an atom's attraction for electrons. Differences in _____ results in bond polarity.
**Electronegativity** is a measure of an atom's attraction for electrons. Differences in **electronegativitiy** results in bond polarity.
44
[Radiopharmaceuticals] emit _____ that can be detected externally by special types of cameras; these cameras work in conjunction with computer systems to convert the _____ into images and information about the area of the body being examined.
[Radiopharmaceuticals] emit **gamma rays** that can be detected externally by special types of cameras; these cameras work in conjunction with computer systems to convert the **gamma rays** into images and information about the area of the body being examined.
45
What is an electron in the outermost energy level or shell of an atom known as?
Valence Electron
46
What happens when patients first arrive for their PET scan?
Patients go early and have an injection (usually into the hands) of a glucose solution with a radioactive tracer.
47
Define Cation
An ion that has a positive charge.
48
Define Anion
An ion that has a negative charge.
49
What is a region of space that is occupied by electrons located around the nucleus of an atom known as?
Orbital
50
What is the atomic number and mass number of Carbon-14?
Atomic Number - 6
Mass Number - 14
51
Define Polarity
Partial positive or negative charge at the ends of a molecule.
52
One atom has 6 protons and a mass number of 13. Another atom has 6 protons and a mass number of 15. Explain why there is a difference in the mass numbers.
The difference in the mass numbers is because one atom has 2 more neutrons in its nucleus than the other.
53
Define Neutralization Reaction
A reaction in which an acid and a base combine to create a salt and water.
54
What is the force of attraction between two molecules known as?
Intermolecular Force
55
When two atoms with significantly different electronegativities share electrons, the electrons are more attracted to the atom with the higher electronegativity, therefore they are more likely to be found near the one side (\_\_\_\_\_).
When two atoms with significantly different electronegativities share electrons, the electrons are more attracted to the atom with the higher electronegativity, therefore they are more likely to be found near the one side (**unequal sharing**).
56
What does A represent in standard atomic notation?
The mass number.
A = number of protons + number of neutrons
57
\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when a bond in a large molecule is broken, and water is added to the resulting subunits.
**Hydrolysis** occurs when a bond in a large molecule is broken, and water is added to the resulting subunits.
58
[In polar covalent bonds, the] atom with higher electronegativity has a partial _____ charge and the atom with lower electronegativity has a partial _____ charge.
[In polar covalent bonds, the] atom with higher electronegativity has a partial **negative** charge and the atom with lower electronegativity has a partial **positive** charge.
59
[\_\_\_\_\_ forces are] momentary attractions of the electrons of one molecule to the nuclei of another molecule.
[**Van der Waals** forces are] momentary attractions of the electrons of one molecule to the nuclei of another molecule.
60
What is an ion that has a positive charge known as?
Cation
61
What carbon isotope comes from N in the atmosphere being hit by cosmic rays?
Carbon-14
62
How does 14C get into the body of living things?
Some CO2 has 14C as the carbon atom, through photosynthesis, this carbon enters the body of living things.
63
There are about 21 other elements found in living organisms, but these four [main] elements [of organic compounds] make up \_\_\_\_\_% of the weight of a living organism.
There are about 21 other elements found in living organisms, but these four [main] elements [of organic compounds] make up **96**% of the weight of a living organism.
64
What carbon isotope makes up about 99% of all naturally occuring carbon?
Carbon-12
65
What type of scans are PET scans commonly combined with? Why?
CT (computerized tomography) Scan
When combined, it more precisely aligns the activity (PET) to where in the body it is happening (CT).
66
All organic (\_\_\_\_\_ containing) compounds in living organisms are composed primarily of three elements: \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_. As well, they often include \_\_\_\_\_.
All organic (**carbon** containing) compounds in living organisms are composed primarily of three elements: **carbon**, **hydrogen**, and **oxygen**. As well, they often include **nitrogen**.
67
What is a bond that results from the attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules known as?
Ionic Bond
68
Ions are very strongly attracted to water molecules and tend to dissociate and dissolve in water, forming \_\_\_\_\_.
Ions are very strongly attracted to water molecules and tend to dissociate and dissolve in water, forming **hydrated ions**.
69
Define Isotope
A form of an element that differs in its number of neutrons.
70
Define Polar Covalent Bond
A bond between two atoms, made up of enequally shared electrons
71
What carbon isotope makes up almost 1% of all naturally occuring carbon?
Carbon-13
72
What is an electron transfer reaction known as?
Redox Reaction
73
What is an ion that has a negative charge known as?
Anion
74
All atoms of the same element have the same number of _____ (and therefore defines its elemental identity), but they may have different numbers of _____ in the nucleus. This means that atoms with the same atomic number can have different atomic masses, we call these \_\_\_\_\_.
All atoms of the same element have the same number of **protons** (and therefore defines its elemental identity), but they may have different numbers of **electrons** in the nucleus. This means that atoms with the same atomic number can have different atomic masses, we call these **isotopes**.
75
How do hydrogen bonds influence the physical properties of water?
Hydrogen bonds give water a high heat capacity, high melting and boiling points, and high surface tension, cohesion and adhesion.
76
\_\_\_\_\_ are different forms of the same element, with different numbers of neutrons. A _____ is an unstable _____ that decays to release particles.
**Isotopes** are different forms of the same element, with different numbers of neutrons. A **radioisotope** is an unstable **isotope** that decays to release particles.
77
One atom has 6 protons and a mass number of 13. Another atom has 6 protons and a mass number of 15. Identify each of the atoms.
Both atoms are isotopes of carbon: 13C and 15C
78
What are the very weak attractions between two molecules, or parts of molecules when they are close together, known as?
Van Der Waals Forces
79
What are radioisotopes?
Radioisotopes are unstable forms of an atom that decay into other atoms by releasing energy and particles.
80
Describe dehydration and hydrolysis. How are these two types of reactions related?
Dehydration is the removal of –OH and –H from two reactant molecules, which allows the reactant molecules to form a bond, as well as creating water. Hydrolysis is the breaking of a bond between two subunits and the addition of water in the form of –OH and –H to the subunits. Dehydration is the reverse of hydrolysis, and vice versa.
81
\_\_\_\_\_ are the electrons in an atom's outermost energy shell (or valence shell).
**Valence electrons** are the electrons in an atom's outermost energy shell (or valence shell).
82
Atoms of _____ elements, such as helium, neon, and argon, occur naturally in single atom form.
Atoms of **inert** elements, such as helium, neon, and argon, occur naturally in single atom form.
83
\_\_\_\_\_ makes up everything in the universe, including all living things.
**Matter** makes up everything in the universe, including all living things.
84
Define Valence Electron
An electron in the outermost energy level or shell of an atom.
85
Atoms of reactive elements combine with each other to form _____ through stable attractions called chemical bonds.
Atoms of reactive elements combine with each other to form **compounds** through stable attractions called chemical bonds.
86
What is a chemical reaction in which subunits of a larger molecule are joined by the removal of water known as?
Dehydration Reaction (Condensation Reaction)
87
How do polar covalent bonds and non-polar covalent bonds differ?
Electrons are not shared equally in a polar covalent bond while electrons are shared relatively equally in non-polar covalent bonds.
88
Define Radioisotope
A radioactive isotope of an element.
89
What is the atomic number and mass number of Carbon-13?
Atomic Number - 6
Mass Number - 13
90
Define Hydrogen Bond
Attractive force between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom, and a partially negatively charged atom in another molecule.
91
What organs show up fluorescent on a PET scan?
The heart, kidneys, bladder and brain show up bright on the scan.
92
What is a chemical reaction in which water is used as a reactant to split a larger molecule into smaller subunits known as?
Hydrolysis Reaction
93
Atoms with completely filled outermost energy shells are chemically \_\_\_\_\_.
Atoms with completely filled outermost energy shells are chemically **non-reactive**.
94
In what ways do hydrogen bonds produce attractive forces between molecules?
Hydrogen bonds produce attractive forces by lining up partially positively charged hydrogen atoms with a partially negative charged atoms of different molecules.
95
Define Orbital
A region of space that is occupied by electrons located around the nucleus of an atom.
96
What does Z represent in standard atomic notation?
The atomic number (number of protons).
97
Electrons move around the atomic nucleus in specific regions called \_\_\_\_\_, which is a region of space that one or two electrons (two electrons are more stable) can occupy.
Electrons move around the atomic nucleus in specific regions called **orbitals**, which is a region of space that one or two electrons (two electrons are more stable) can occupy.
98
What does PET stand for?
Positron Emission Tomography
99
What is a bond between two atoms, made up of enequally shared electron known as?
Polar Covalent Bond
100
The nuclei of some isotopes of an element are unstable and tend to break down, or \_\_\_\_\_, giving particles of matter that can be detected as \_\_\_\_\_.
The nuclei of some isotopes of an element are unstable and tend to break down, or **decay**, giving particles of matter that can be detected as **radioactivity**.
101
Radioactive decay continues at a \_\_\_\_\_, with a constant proportion of _____ atoms breaking down during a given time interval.
Radioactive decay continues at a **steady rate**, with a constant proportion of **radioisotope** atoms breaking down during a given time interval.
102
Define Van Der Waals Forces
Very weak attractions between two molecules, or parts of molecules when they are close together.
103
Why is radiocarbon dating not accurate for objects that died from 1950 or later?
Humans started doing nuclear testing in the 50's and therefore changed the known concentration of 14C in the atmosphere.
104
[\_\_\_\_\_ are formed when there is an] attractive force between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom, and a partially negatively charged atom in another molecule. [They are] represented by a dotted line to distinguish it from the stronger covalent bond.
[**Hydrogen bonds** are formed when there is an] attractive force between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom, and a partially negatively charged atom in another molecule. [They are] represented by a dotted line to distinguish it from the stronger covalent bond.
105
Define Electronegativity
The measure of an atom's attraction to shared electrons.
106
What does a PET scan get an image of?
An image of metabolic or biochemical activity.
107
What is an element?
An element is a pure substance that can't be broken down into simpler substances using ordinary chemical or physical techniques.
108
What do we use radiocarbon dating for?
We use it to determine the relative age of a living things.
109
Define Redox Reaction
An electron transfer reaction.
110
What is a reaction in which an acid and a base combine to create a salt and water known as?
Neutralization Reaction
111
What is a radioactive isotope of an element known as?
Radioisotope
112
What is the atomic number and mass number of Carbon-12?
Atomic Number - 6
Mass Number - 12
113
Oxygen plays a major role in biological molecules. Explain how oxygen plays a role in polarity, bond shape, and redox reactions.
Oxygen has a very high electronegativity, so it strongly attracts electrons of other elements and forms polar bonds. Oxygen has two pairs of non-bonding electrons in its out orbital and therefore forms two bonds that are not aligned—oxygen produces “bent” molecules. Oxygen also plays a role in redox reactions. It is frequently the oxidizing reagent because of its strong electronegativity in a reaction.
114
Most of the other \_\_\_\_\_% [of the weight of a living organism] is composed of only seven other elements: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium.
Most of the other **4**% [of the weight of a living organism] is composed of only seven other elements: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium.
115
How can the atomic composition and shape of a molecule affect its polarity?
For a molecule to be polar is must contain atoms that differ in electronegativity and the resulting electronegative bonds must be arranged asymmetrically in the molecule. The asymmetrical shape of a molecule containing polar bonds can result in an overall unbalanced distribution of charge, making the molecule as a whole polar.
116
[Nuclear medicine] uses substances called _____ (radioactive atom & compound), that are attracted to specific organs, bones, or tissues (can be inhaled, injected or taken orally).
[Nuclear medicine] uses substances called **radiopharmaceuticals** (radioactive atom & compound), that are attracted to specific organs, bones, or tissues (can be inhaled, injected or taken orally).
117
[Nuclear medicine] is used to both _____ and _____ diseases such as: cancers, heart disease, renal disorders, thyroid disorders and neurological disorders.
Nuclear medicine is used to both **diagnose** and **treat** diseases such as: cancers, heart disease, renal disorders, thyroid disorders and neurological disorders.
