Lectures 9 & 10 (test 1)

Question 1

passive touch

Answer 1

placed in hand to feel, cannot move hands

Question 2

active touch

Answer 2

can move hands to feel and manipulate the object

Question 3

action for perception

Answer 3

characteristic movements of hands to identify an object

Question 4

lateral movement

Answer 4

texture

Question 5

pressure

Answer 5

hardness

Question 6

static contact

Answer 6

temperature

Question 7

unsupported holding

Answer 7

weight

Question 8

enclosure

Answer 8

volume, global shape

Question 9

contour following

Answer 9

exact shape

Question 10

there is no _____________ for the sense of touch

Answer 10

static or stable egocentre

Question 11

tactile agnosia

Answer 11

inability to identify objects by touch, caused by a lesion in the parietal lobe

Question 12

peripheral neuropathy

Answer 12

is sensory loss due to damage or reorganization of peripheral nerves (a-alpha and a-beta), caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, genetics, alcoholism, tumors

Question 13

peripheral neuropathy symptoms

Answer 13

• numbness
• stabbing pain
• burning pain
• sensitivity to touch
• coordination difficulties
• muscle weakness
• bladder / bowel problems

Question 14

Ian Waterman

Answer 14

-relies of sight to know where limbs are
- falls to the ground if the light turned off
damage to the proprioceptive system below his neck

Question 15

olfactory system

Answer 15

detect airborne chemicals

smell

Question 16

gustatory system

Answer 16

detect chemicals dissolved in saliva

taste

Question 17

chemical senses are different from other senses because…

Answer 17

• directly link to the limbic system

- 2 things can smell sweet but taste totally different

Question 18

functions of chemical senses

Answer 18

• food selection
• warning system
• reproductive
• memories / comforting

Question 19

odorants

Answer 19

volatile airborne chemicals

Question 20

ortho-nasal olfaction

Answer 20

occurs when we sniff through the nostrils

Question 21

retro-nasal olfaction

Answer 21

occurs when we inhale odorants in our mouth, they travel up back of the mouth to the upper nasal cavity

Question 22

olfactory epithelium

Answer 22

• a sheet of compacted cells at top of the nasal cavity

- odorants must pass through protective mucus to reach cilia

Question 23

what is the smell sense organ

Answer 23

olfactory epithelium

Question 24

primary sensory smell neuron

Answer 24

cilia (bipolar)

Question 25

how often are OSNs regenerated

Answer 25

every month or two

Question 26

neural coding

Answer 26

the way that the identity, concentration and pleasurable values of odorants are represented in a pattern of APs relayed to the brain’s OSNs

Question 27

labeled line coding

Answer 27

each fiber types codes a specific touch sensation

Question 28

cross fiber coding

Answer 28

different qualities of a sensory modality are distinguished by a pattern of nerve discharges across a large population of fibers

Question 29

Odorant receptors (ORs)

Answer 29

largest known gene family

~1000 OR genes in humans

Question 30

combinatorial coding

Answer 30

look at the combination of activity and allow nervous system to respond to more stimuli

Question 31

which nerve is ligand known for?

Answer 31

M71 OSN

Question 32

incoming olfactory info converge onto ______-

Answer 32

glomeruli

Question 33

unmyelinated axons from OSNs congregate into bundles and cribriform plate and arrive at the ______

Answer 33

olfactory bulb

Question 34

odor image

Answer 34

the characteristic pattern of glomeruli activation for each odorant

Question 35

juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 35

• encircle glomeruli

- act as excitatory and inhibitory interneurons

Question 36

mitral and tufted cells

Answer 36

• serves as relay centers

- axons combine to form the olfactory tract which sends info to the piriform cortex

Question 37

granule cells

Answer 37

• the deepest layer in olfactory bulb
• a network of inhibitory neurons
• integrate info from earlier layer to promote specific odorant identification

Question 38

primary olfactory cortex

Answer 38

• also called piriform cortex
• 3 layered allocortex
  at the junction of frontal and temporal lobes
• mediate transmission between OBs