Lectures 11 & 12 (test 1)

Question 1

nociceptive neurons

Answer 1

• free nerve endings

- make up trigeminal nerve (V)

Question 2

how to neurons get depolarized

Answer 2

APs transmitted through the brainstem to somatosensory processing areas of the cortex

Question 3

why do we react in certain ways (eyes water from onions)

Answer 3

protective physiological method

Question 4

staircase method

Answer 4

• method of limits

- odorant presented in increasing then decreasing concentrations asked when can be detected

Question 5

magnitude estimation task

Answer 5

• scaling method

- subjects sniff different concentrations of an odor and assign a numerical value to its perceived intensity

Question 6

triangle test

Answer 6

• smells 3 odorants

- which 1 is different

Question 7

problems with smell tests

Answer 7

• become less sensitive over time
• odor mixtures
• how long and hard they sniff isn’t controllable

Question 8

factors affecting detecting threshold

Answer 8

• gender (woman better, changes during the menstrual cycle)
• age (lose neurons as age)
• experience
• attention (can detect more odors if paying attention)

Question 9

a healthy person can discriminate ________ of smells

Answer 9

thousands!

Question 10

take ____ times more odorant molecules to recognize an odor

Answer 10

2 times

Question 11

odor identification changes with …

Answer 11

• age
• sex
• genetics (OR genes present)

Question 12

olfactory adaption is when the threshold _________

Answer 12

increases

Question 13

short term adaptation depends on

Answer 13

• individual
• intensity
• length of exposure
• cognitive / emotional factors

Question 14

cross adaptation

Answer 14

reduction in detection of odorant following exposure to another (probably share 1 or more ORs for transduction)

Question 15

cognitive habituation

Answer 15

after long to exposure to an odor, one will o longer has the ability to detect that odor (as well)

recovery takes about 2 weeks

Question 16

possible mechanisms of long term adaption

Answer 16

• OR internalization
• odorants may dissolve into blood
• cognitive-emotional factors

Question 17

hyposmia

Answer 17

reduced smell detection (infection, inflammation, injury, toxic exposure)

Question 18

anosmia

Answer 18

total loss of smell (genetics, lack of connection between the olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium)

Question 19

specific anosmia

Answer 19

loss of smell for a particular odor(s) (genetic loss of specific odor recptors?)

Question 20

parosmia

Answer 20

distortion in odor quality

Question 21

phantosmia

Answer 21

perception of smell in absence of airborne odorants (crocosmia when “hallucinations)

Question 22

flavor = _______+_______

Answer 22

taste+smell

Question 23

tip of the nose

Answer 23

• smell with no visual cues, and can’t find words to describe it

Question 24

why do olfaction and language disconnect?

Answer 24

• olfaction does not relay through the thalamus

- smell=right language=left

Question 25

odormarkers for nerodegenerative diseases

Answer 25

-impaired smell one of first symptoms of Alzheimers and Parkinson’s

Question 26

odor classification

Answer 26

pleasant and unpleasant

Question 27

hedonics influencers

Answer 27

• more familiar more pleasant
• intensity can cause increased or decreased pleasantness
• upbringing learned through parenting

Question 28

how do we have taste aversion

Answer 28

• learned from smell not taste

Question 29

why are odors disliked?

Answer 29

• associations we have with them

- olfaction nerve connects directly to the amygdala

Question 30

aromatherapy

Answer 30

• all about associations with smells
• people do believe has medial powers but does not
• familiar factors can influence body though