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PSYCH 2E03 > lecture 18 (test 2) > Flashcards

lecture 18 (test 2) Flashcards

1
Q

how many auditory nerves innervate each hair cell

A

5-30

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2
Q

transmission occurs though the cochlear brach via the

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

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3
Q

where do cell bodies of afferent fibers lie

A

in the cochlear ganglion

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4
Q

afferent axons synapse within the

A

brainstem

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5
Q

hair cells are innervated with afferent fibers in what fashion

A

systematic and topographic fashion

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6
Q

characteristic frequency

A

lowest point on tuning curve

frequency at which afferent fiber is most sensitive

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7
Q

how do we obtain a tuning curve

A

absolute threshold experiment

take electrode and place in auditory nerve near a nerve fiber

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8
Q

fibers that innervate near the base of the basilar membrane respond most strongly to

A

high frequencies

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9
Q

what are the 2 ways we encode sound frequency

A

1) looking at response of individual auditory nerve fibers

2) looking at pressure changes of sound wave

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10
Q

what is it called to look at the pressure changes in a sound wave

A

phase locked response

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11
Q

true phase locking can only occur up to

A

400-500 Hz

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12
Q

volley principle

A

neurons work together to create a high frequency response

dispersed phase locking up to 4000Hz

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13
Q

can neurons actually fire at 10 000Hz

A

nope

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14
Q

temporal code

A

states the firing rate of an auditory nerve attached to a hair cell will match the incoming sound frequency

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15
Q

how long is a average AP

A

2ms

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16
Q

low spontaneous fibers

A
  • low action potential frequency
  • high activation threshold
  • activates at high intensities
  • saturates higher intensities
  • does not fire till sound is loud
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17
Q

high spontaneous fibers

A
  • high action potential frequency
  • low activation threshold
  • activates at low intensities
  • very sensitive
  • plateau at about 30 dB
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18
Q

auditory system determines frequency of incoming sound by looking at

A

pattern of firing across ALL afferent nerve fibers

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19
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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20
Q

ipsilateral

21
Q

where does spinal ganglion synapse onto

A

CNS in the medulla

22
Q

what are cochlear nuclei sensitive to

A

each only sensitive to sound from one ear

23
Q

where does the calculation occur that determines when sound reaches each ear

A

superior olive

24
Q

response modification

A

auditory signals are processed to some degree in some structures, excitement and inhibition occurs at each relay site

25
Q

tonotopic organization

A

place code

26
Q

laterality

A

extent to which subcortical structures can be separately driven by the 2 ears

27
Q

most neurons above what are binaural

A

cochlear nucleus

28
Q

contralateral inputs are usually

A

excitatory

29
Q

ipsilateral inputs are usually

A

excitatory or inhibitory

30
Q

as we get closer to auditory cortex there is

A

more integration from both sides

31
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex located

A

superior temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe

32
Q

where is the secondary auditory cortex (V2) located

A

directly surrounding the primary auditory cortex

33
Q

what does area V2 process

A

more complex signals

34
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

when outer or middle ear are affected, leading to reduced transmission of sound to the cochlea

35
Q

congenital hearing loss

A

hearing loss in children before language development causes deaf-mutism the absence of language vocalization ability
can be genetic or caused by an issue in the birth process

36
Q

acquired hearing loss

A

occurs later in life

37
Q

Otitis media

A

middle ear infection
inflation of the eustachian tube
changes ear drum transmission
fluid build-up interferes with ossicle vibration
prevalent in children (tube smaller and more horizontal)

38
Q

Otosclerosis

A

inherited bone disease, producing abnormal development and function of the ossicles
increased accumulation of calcium on ossicles
surgeons can shave off to allow vibration again
advances in microsurgery allow ossicle repair or replacement

39
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A 
more common and most frequent 
damage to hair cells or auditory nerve
causes may include:
ingestion of toxins
traumatic injury
tumor
disease
noise-induced hearing loss (NHL)
40
Q

do our hair cells regenerate

41
Q

types of hereditary hearing loss

A

Usher syndrome

Waardenburg syndrome

42
Q

presbycusis

A

hearing loss that occurs gradually by effects of aging

loss begins with high-frequency sounds

43
Q

otolaryngologists (ENT)

A

clinical diagnosis of auditory disorders

44
Q

audiologists

A

evaluate hearing function

45
Q

tests audiologists use

A

Rinne test

46
Q

conductive hearing loss rinne results

A

louder when tuning for on bone than in air

47
Q

hearing aids work better when

A

work better when no hair or cochlear function is impaired

48
Q

components of hearing aid

A

small microphone
electronic amplifier
small speaker

49
Q

the main problem with hearing aids

A

don’t want to amplify all noises

PSYCH 2E03 (22 decks)

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