Lectures 4/5 8/29/23 Flashcards
What is the role of ligaments?
attach bone to bone
What is the role of tendons?
attach muscle to bone
What is the other name for extra-capsular ligaments?
collateral ligaments
What are the characteristics of collateral ligaments?
-thickenings of the synovial joint capsule
-found on joints that only move in some directions
-found on medial and lateral sides
Which joints DO NOT have collateral ligaments?
ball and socket joints like the humeral and coxal joints
Which joints are intra-capsular ligaments found in?
-carpus
-tarsus
-coxal
-genual
What are the two parts of every muscle?
-belly/head
-attachments
What are the characteristics of the muscle belly?
-active
-actual muscle
-a muscle can have multiple bellies/heads
-contract/shorten when activated
-relax back into regular shape
What are the characteristics of muscle attachments?
-passive
-connective tissues
What is the endomysium?
connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle cell
What is the perimysium?
connective tissue that surrounds multiple muscle cells/creates bundles
What is the epimysium?
connective tissue around the entire muscle
What is the relationship between epimysium and tendons?
tendons are an extension of the epimysium
What are the types of connections between muscles and bones?
-tendons
-aponeuroses
-fleshy attachments
What are the characteristics of tendons?
-chords of connective tissue
-attach to bones at one bony prominence
What are the characteristics of aponeuroses?
-flat, sheet-like tendons
-attach to bone along a longer ridge/surface
What are the characteristics of fleshy attachments?
muscle tissue sits right on bone
-can only be viewed microscopically
What are the two types of muscle attachments?
-origin/proximal attachment
-insertion/distal attachment
What is extension?
movement that makes the extensor angle smaller
What is flexion?
movement that makes the flexor angle smaller
What is abduction?
movement that moves limb away from main body mass
What is adduction?
movement that moves limb towards main body mass
What is rotation?
movement around the axis of a limb
What are the two types of rotation?
-supination
-pronation
What is supination?
movement of the palm towards median plane and dorsal
What is pronation?
movement of the palm towards the median plane and ventral
What is circumduction?
movement in a circle
What is a synergist/agonist?
a muscle that does the same action as a chosen “prime mover”
What is an antagonist?
a muscle that does the opposite action as a chosen “prime mover”
What is a fixator?
actively contracting antagonist
What is the role of a fixator?
to allow one joint to move while keeping another immobile when the prime mover has potential to move both
How do you determine how a muscle will act on a limb?
-when a muscle and an angle share the same side, that muscle will perform that action
-ex: muscle on the same side as extensor angle will extend limb; muscle on medial side of limb will adduct limb, etc.
What is a retinaculum?
covering over a tendon that keeps it in place
What is a bursa?
a fluid-filled packet that provides cushion between tendon and bone
What is a tendon sheath?
a bursa-like structure wrapped around a tendon that protects it over a distance
What is a sesamoid bone?
bone embedded in a tendon that protects tendon from joints/bony prominences
