Lecture 8 9/12/23

Question 1

What are the three short ligaments?

Answer 1

-interspinous
-yellow
-intercapital

Question 2

Where are interspinous ligaments located?

Answer 2

between the spinous processes

Question 3

Where are yellow ligaments located?

Answer 3

in the gap between vertebrae on the dorsal aspect (over spinal cord)

Question 4

Where are intercapital ligaments located?

Answer 4

between the heads of ribs with the same pair, running through the intervertebral foramina

Question 5

Which rib pairs have intercapital ligaments?

Answer 5

rib pairs 1-10

Question 6

What is the purpose of intercapital ligaments?

Answer 6

to prevent intervertebral disc blowouts

Question 7

Why do rib pairs 11-13 not have intercapital ligaments?

Answer 7

since the heads of the ribs articulate more caudally, they do not line up with the intervertebral foramina in order to have the ligaments

Question 8

What is the purpose of interspinous ligaments?

Answer 8

to anchor vertebrae together

Question 9

Why is a yellow ligament a good indicator of when a needle has entered the space around the spinal cord?

Answer 9

the ligament will pop

Question 10

What tissue are yellow ligaments made out of?

Answer 10

elastic tissue

Question 11

What structures border the thoracic inlet?

Answer 11

-T1 vertebral body
-first rib pair
-first sternebra

Question 12

What structures border the thoracic cavity?

Answer 12

-thoracic inlet
-all thoracic vertebral bodies
-ribs and intercostal muscles
-sternebrae
-diaphragm

Question 13

What are the two types of muscles in the trunk?

Answer 13

-epaxial
-hypaxial

Question 14

What are the three muscle systems of the epaxial muscles?

Answer 14

-transversospinalis
-longissimus
-iliocostalis

Question 15

How are the three epaxial muscle systems arranged?

Answer 15

-transversospinalis is closest to the spinous process
-longissimus is in the middle
-iliocostalis is closest to the ribs

Question 16

How do the transversospinalis and longissimus muscle systems run?

Answer 16

from head to ilium

Question 17

How does the iliocostalis muscle system run?

Answer 17

from first rib to ilium

Question 18

What are the actions of the epaxial muscles?

Answer 18

-extend the vertebral column (left and right sides together)
-lateral flexion (left side OR right side)

Question 19

What are the roles of hypaxial muscles?

Answer 19

-flex the vertebral column
-involved with respiration

Question 20

What are the muscles of inspiration?

Answer 20

-diaphragm (main)
-scalenus
-serratus dorsalis cranialis
-external intercostal mm.
-internal intercostal mm.

Question 21

What is the muscle of expiration?

Answer 21

serratus dorsalis caudalis

Question 22

What are the characteristics of the scalenus muscle?

Answer 22

-runs from cervical vertebrae to rib pairs 1-3
-pivots ribs towards head to increase thoracic cavity volume

Question 23

What are the characteristics of the serratus dorsalis cranialis muscle?

Answer 23

-runs from dorsal midline to rib pairs 1-10
-pulls ribs cranially

Question 24

What are the characteristics of the external intercostal muscles?

Answer 24

-between each pair of ribs
-caudal-ventral fiber direction
-pull ribs together

Question 25

What are the characteristics of the internal intercostal muscles?

Answer 25

-between each pair of ribs
-cranial-ventral fiber direction
-pulls ribs together

Question 26

Why is it important that the action of the external and internal intercostal muscles causes the ribs to “seize up?”

Answer 26

all of the ribs move as one unit instead of individually

Question 27

What are the characteristics of the serratus dorsalis caudalis?

Answer 27

-attaches to last 3-4 rib pairs
-pulls ribs caudally

Question 28

What is the function of the diaphragm?

Answer 28

create space in the thoracic cavity for air

Question 29

What function do the longus captius and longus colli have?

Answer 29

flexion of the cervical spinal column