Lecture 1 - 8/23/23 Flashcards
What are the two main bone classifications?
-location
-shape
What are the different bone locations?
-axial
-appendicular
-heterotropic
Where are axial bones?
-along the animal’s midline
-skull, trunk, tail
Where are appendicular bones?
-found in the front and back limbs
What are heterotropic bones?
bones found in unusual places; outside of axial and appendicular
What are the examples of heterotropic bones?
-os penis in the dog’s penis
-os rostrum in the pig’s nose
-os cordis in cattle hearts
What are the different bone shapes?
-long bones
-short bones
-flat bones
-irregular bones
-sesamoid bones
-pneumatic bones
What are the characteristics of long bones?
-only found in the limbs/only appendicular
-longer than they are wide
-used for locomotion/act as levers
-have muscles attached
What are the characteristics of short bones?
-only found in the limbs/only appendicular
-about as long as they are wide
-used for fine movement
-usually no muscles attached (some exceptions)
Which short bone in the hind limb DOES have muscles attached?
calcaneus
What are the characteristics of flat bones?
-reduced in one of the three dimensions
-site of RBC formation
What bones are classified as flat bones?
-some skull bones
-ribs
-scapula
What is the main characteristic of irregular bones?
bones whose shapes do not fit into other categories
What bones are classified as irregular bones?
-some skull bones
-vertebrae
-pelvis
What are the characteristics of sesamoid bones?
-seed shaped
-embedded in the tendons
-found over bony prominences and joints
-strengthen and protect tendons
What are the characteristics of pneumatic bones?
-found in birds and mammal skulls
-bones filled with air
What are the different parts of a long bone?
-epiphysis (one at each end)
-diaphysis (shaft)
-physeal cartilage (between epiphysis and diaphysis)
How does ossification and growth work in long bones?
-bone starts out as a cartilage frame in fetus
-primary ossification centers form on the diaphysis prior to animal’s birth
-secondary ossification centers for on the epiphyses after animal’s birth
-bone begins to replace cartilage at these ossification centers
-physeal cartilage remains cartilage and allows bones to grow longer
-once bone is fully grown physeal cartilage is mostly replaced with bone
How do ossification centers differ between long and short bones?
-in long bones, primary ossification centers form BEFORE birth
-in short bones, primary ossification centers form AFTER birth
What are the different make ups of bone and their function?
-compact bone: very dense and supportive
-cancellous/spongy bone: many spicules and spaces for shock absorption
