Lecture 1 - 8/23/23

Question 1

What are the two main bone classifications?

Answer 1

-location
-shape

Question 2

What are the different bone locations?

Answer 2

-axial
-appendicular
-heterotropic

Question 3

Where are axial bones?

Answer 3

-along the animal’s midline
-skull, trunk, tail

Question 4

Where are appendicular bones?

Answer 4

-found in the front and back limbs

Question 5

What are heterotropic bones?

Answer 5

bones found in unusual places; outside of axial and appendicular

Question 6

What are the examples of heterotropic bones?

Answer 6

-os penis in the dog’s penis
-os rostrum in the pig’s nose
-os cordis in cattle hearts

Question 7

What are the different bone shapes?

Answer 7

-long bones
-short bones
-flat bones
-irregular bones
-sesamoid bones
-pneumatic bones

Question 8

What are the characteristics of long bones?

Answer 8

-only found in the limbs/only appendicular
-longer than they are wide
-used for locomotion/act as levers
-have muscles attached

Question 9

What are the characteristics of short bones?

Answer 9

-only found in the limbs/only appendicular
-about as long as they are wide
-used for fine movement
-usually no muscles attached (some exceptions)

Question 10

Which short bone in the hind limb DOES have muscles attached?

Answer 10

calcaneus

Question 11

What are the characteristics of flat bones?

Answer 11

-reduced in one of the three dimensions
-site of RBC formation

Question 12

What bones are classified as flat bones?

Answer 12

-some skull bones
-ribs
-scapula

Question 13

What is the main characteristic of irregular bones?

Answer 13

bones whose shapes do not fit into other categories

Question 14

What bones are classified as irregular bones?

Answer 14

-some skull bones
-vertebrae
-pelvis

Question 15

What are the characteristics of sesamoid bones?

Answer 15

-seed shaped
-embedded in the tendons
-found over bony prominences and joints
-strengthen and protect tendons

Question 16

What are the characteristics of pneumatic bones?

Answer 16

-found in birds and mammal skulls
-bones filled with air

Question 17

What are the different parts of a long bone?

Answer 17

-epiphysis (one at each end)
-diaphysis (shaft)
-physeal cartilage (between epiphysis and diaphysis)

Question 18

How does ossification and growth work in long bones?

Answer 18

-bone starts out as a cartilage frame in fetus
-primary ossification centers form on the diaphysis prior to animal’s birth
-secondary ossification centers for on the epiphyses after animal’s birth
-bone begins to replace cartilage at these ossification centers
-physeal cartilage remains cartilage and allows bones to grow longer
-once bone is fully grown physeal cartilage is mostly replaced with bone

Question 19

How do ossification centers differ between long and short bones?

Answer 19

-in long bones, primary ossification centers form BEFORE birth
-in short bones, primary ossification centers form AFTER birth

Question 20

What are the different make ups of bone and their function?

Answer 20

-compact bone: very dense and supportive
-cancellous/spongy bone: many spicules and spaces for shock absorption