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A&P 224 > Lecture test #1- chapter 20 > Flashcards

Lecture test #1- chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

how do atrium contract?

A

from top down

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2
Q

what are the great vessels?

A

blood vessels that are connected to one of the heart’s chambers

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3
Q

what extrinsic regulation?

A

organ is controlled by another organ system

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4
Q

what do people say about autorhythmic cardiac muscle that isn’t true?

A

that they “spontaneously depolarize” and are an “unstable cell membrane”

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5
Q

the amount of stretching in ventricle wall before contraction (systole)

A

preload

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6
Q

what does loose sr-t-tubule cause?

A

a slower action potential than skeletal muscle

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7
Q

what is the second thing that cardiac muscle has that skeletal muscle doesn’t

A

loose SR-t-tubule connections

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8
Q

what is the second step of the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricular systole (period of isovolumetric contraction)

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9
Q

what is the average mass of the human heart?

A

250g in females and 300g in males

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10
Q

what do you see with a ventricular fibrilation?

A

no P, QRS or T waves

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11
Q

contraction of a chamber

A

systole

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12
Q

when blood is flowing out of the left ventricle what is happening with the aortic semilunar valve/

A

it is open and the cups of the valve are pushed by the blood toward the aorta

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13
Q

how does the heart regulate blood supply?

A

the rate and force of heart contractions change to meet metabolic needs of the tissue

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14
Q

where can the 3rd heart sound be detected?

A

near the end of the first one-third of diastole during passive ventricular filling

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15
Q

what is happening with a heart murmur?

A

the mitrovalve snaps shut and flutters

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16
Q

what is a hypothesis as to why trabeculae and pectinate muscles are there?

A

to form lines to help direct flow of blood or to create turbulance in blood to regulate BP

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17
Q

what happens third during the conducting system?

A

AV bundle divides into right and left bundle branches and action potentials descend to the apex of each ventricle along the bundle branches

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18
Q

what is normal to have right under the epidcardium?

A

a little connective tissue

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19
Q

when blood is flowing out of the left ventricle what is happening with the bicuspid vavle?

A

it is closed and the cups of the valve overlap as they are pushed by the blood toward the left atrium

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20
Q

what is another name for the triscuspid valve?

A

right atrioventricular valve (AV)

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21
Q

how long does it take to go from the start at the SA node down the middle of the AV node?

A

.13 seconds

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22
Q

what do you see on a ECG with a premature ventricular contraction?

A

no P waves precede PVCs

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23
Q

what is the 3rd step of the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricular systole (period of ejection)

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24
Q

how much of cardiac muscle do autorhythmic cardiac muscle take up?

A

about 1%

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25
Q

which layer of the pericardium does the blood go into the heart?

A

in the endocardium

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26
Q

which valves separate the atrium from the ventricles?

A

triscupid and mitral valves

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27
Q

what does the anterior side of the heart lie up against?

A

the sternum

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28
Q

what do you see with an atrial fibrilation?

A

no clear P waves and rapid QRS complexes

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29
Q

what is the white valves on the heart model?

A

collagen

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30
Q

when is the heart generally larger?

A

in phyisically active males

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31
Q

which cardiac muscle determine when all muscles depolarize?

A

the 1st one (SA node) (pacemaker)

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32
Q

where does the serous membrane, visceral layer lie?

A

up against teh organ

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33
Q

what do we call an extra or abnormal heart sound?

A

a heart murmur

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34
Q

how much blood came out a ventricle

A

stroke volume (SV)

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35
Q

what happens second during the conducting system?

A

they pass through AV node along the AV bundle

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36
Q

where is the pericardial layer, the parietal layer located?

A

furthest away from the organ

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37
Q

what are the chordae tendineae?

A

collagen tendon chords

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38
Q

what does the metabolic needs of the tissue of the heart depend on?

A

conditions such as rest, exercise and changes in body position

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39
Q

what does ACh do?

A

make HR go down

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40
Q

what does the T wave represent?

A

ventricular repolarization

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41
Q

what do you see on an ECG with a bundle branch block?

A

prolonged QRS complexes

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42
Q

what is happening during a fibrulation?

A

cardiac cells are contracting independently (heart shakes, not pumping)

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43
Q

what does the p wave represent?

A

depolorization of atrium (atrial depolarization)

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44
Q

electrically speaking how does cardiac muscle behave?

A

as a single unit (all for one and one for all)

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45
Q

what type of gated ion are gap junctions?

A

non gated (open all the time)

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46
Q

what is the first sound you hear when listening to the heart?

A

the AV valve closing

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47
Q

what is the 4th step of the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricular diastole (period of isovolumetric relaxation)

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48
Q

where does the first sound of the heart occur?

A

at the beginning of ventricular systole

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49
Q

what is an influence for preload?

A

more blood= more stretching (EDV)

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50
Q

what generates blood pressure?

A

contractions of the heart

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51
Q

why is pericarditis very problematic?

A

reduces the ability to avoid friction between the heart and the sternum

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52
Q

where are pectinate muscles found?

A

in the atrium, usually the right atrium

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53
Q

the volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole (normal value=125ml)

A

EDV (end diastolic volume)

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54
Q

where is the heart located?

A

right behind the sternum in the inferior mediastinum

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55
Q

the force of pressure that must be overcome for blood to leave the ventricle

A

afterload

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56
Q

what is the first heart sound caused by?

A

vibration of the AV valves and surrounding fluid as the valves close

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57
Q

what happens last during the conducting system?

A

they are carried by purkinje fibers from bundle branches to ventricular walls and papillary muscles

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58
Q

what is occuring during ventricular systole (period of isovolumetric conraction)? (4) (ABVS)

A

1) atria are relaxed
2) blood flows into atria from the veins
3) ventricular contraction causes ventricular pressure to increase and causes AV vavlve to close
4) semilunar valves remain closed

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59
Q

how does the heart route blood?

A

it separates the pulmonary and systemic circulations

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60
Q

what does the semilunar valves not have?

A

chords or papillary muscles

61
Q

what are 2 example of extrinsic regulation of the heart?

A

1) nervous system

2) endocrine system

62
Q

where does the posterior side of the heart rest on?

A

the vertebral bodies

63
Q

what does the Frank-starling law represent?

A

more in=more out

64
Q

what do you see on an ECG with a complete heart block (third degree AV node block)?

A

p waves and QRS complex are not coordinated

65
Q

where is the in inferior mediastinum?

A

in the thoracic cavity, behind the sternal attachment of ribs 2-6

66
Q

what is the 3rd heart sound caused by?

A

blood flowing in a turbulant fashion into the ventricles

67
Q

what happens first during the conducting system?

A

action potential originate in SA node and travel across the wall of the atrium from SA node to AV node

68
Q

what causes the second heart sound?

A

closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves.

69
Q

what stops a fibrulation?

A

a defibrulator

70
Q

what is the 5th step of the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricular diastole (passive ventricular filling_

71
Q

how much of the heart is made up of myocardium?

A

95%

72
Q

what is the first sound of the heart heard?

A

a low pitched-sound described as “lubb”

73
Q

what does instrinsic mean?

A

the heart will run at SA pace more than 80 bpm

74
Q

what do valves prevent?

A

backflow

75
Q

what happens at the SA node that allows everyone to follow?

A

the shortest time interval and depolarizes close to 100 times/minute and sets pace for entire myocardium

76
Q

what is occuring during atrial systole? (3) (AIC)

A

1) atria contract
2) increasing atria pressure
3) completing ventricular filling while ventricles are relaxed

77
Q

which myocardial wall is thicker the ventricle or atrium?

A

ventricle

78
Q

what doe we call the parietal layer?

A

the fibrous pericardium

79
Q

what does the endocardium have?

A

a bunch of modifications

80
Q

relaxation of a chamber

A

diastole

81
Q

why will a channels depolarize at a given time?

A

because of leak channels

82
Q

what is the function of the serous fluid?

A

to hold the organ in place and reduce friction between neighboring organs

83
Q

what are 2 more endocardial modifications?

A

1) pectinate muscles (musculi pectanati)

2) trabeculae

84
Q

how does calcium differ between cardiac and skeletal muscle?

A

for skeletal muscle almost all calcium involved comes from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and in cardiac muscle about 20% comes from outside the cell and 80% from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

85
Q

what sets the pace?

A

the SA node (pacemaker)

86
Q

what are 2 changes that occur with stroke volume?

A

preload and afterload

87
Q

what does the QRS complex represent?

A

ventricular depolarization

88
Q

what is pericarditis?

A

infection or inflammation of the pericardium

89
Q

how do ventricles contract?

A

from bottom up

90
Q

what does the connective tissue do for the epicardium?

A

holds the coronary vessels in place

91
Q

what does the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations ensure?

A

better oxygenation of the blood flowing to the tissues

92
Q

where is the base of the heart?

A

the widest space on top with the greatest vessels gong in and out (superior to the mediastinum)

93
Q

what does the presence of collagen in the coronary sulcus cause?

A

it can’t carry an action potential

94
Q

what are valves known as?

A

endocardial modifications

95
Q

what is the second sound of the heart heard?

A

a higher-pitched sound often described as “dupp”

96
Q

what does cardiac muscle have that skeletal muscle doesn’t have?

A

intercalated discs

97
Q

what sound do we hear when listening to the heart?

A

closing of the valves

98
Q

when blood is flowing into the left ventricle what is happening with the biscupid valve?

A

it is open and the cusps of the valve are pushed by the blood into the ventricle

99
Q

what is the order of blood flow?

A

1) superior and inferior vena cava
2) right atrium
3) tricuspid valve
4) right ventricle
5) pulminary semilunar valves
6) pulmonary trunk
7) pulmonary arteries
8) lungs
9) pulmonary veins
10) left atrium
11) bicuspid (mitral valve)
12) left ventricle
13) aortic semilunar valve
14) aorta
15) whole body

100
Q

what is a possible cause of a Atrial fibrilation?

A

Ectopic action potentials in the atria

101
Q

what is a possible cause of a premature ventricular contraction? (5) (ELTIO)

A

1) ectopic foci in ventricles
2) lack of sleep
3) too much caffeine
4) irritability
5) occasionally occurs with coronary thrombosis

102
Q

what is a valve for?

A

they allow something to pass through and in almost all circumstances in ONE direction

103
Q

what does the parietal layer have?

A

a bunch of collagen fibers

104
Q

where are papillary muscles?

A

at the bottom of the chordae tendineae

105
Q

when blood is flowing into the left ventricle what is happening with the aortic semilunar valve?

A

it is closed and the cups over lap as they are pushed by the blood in the aorta toward the ventricle

106
Q

what affects cardiac output?

A

changes in HR and stroke volume

107
Q

what 2 other endocardial modifications allow blood to leave the heart?

A

1) chordae tendineae

2) papillary muscles

108
Q

what is occuring during ventricular systole (period of ejection) (3) (CCC)

A

1) continued ventricular contraction
2) causes a greater increase in ventricular pressure which pushes blood out of the ventricles
3) causes semilunar valve to open

109
Q

what is the second sound you hear when listening to the heart?

A

the semilunar valve snapping closed

110
Q

what is ocurring during ventricular diastole (period of isovolumetric relaxation)? (2) (AA)

A

1) as the ventricles begin to relax, blood flowing back from the aorta and pulmonary trunk toward the relaxing ventricles causes the semilunar valves to close
2) AV valves are closed

111
Q

what is the epicardium also know as?

A

the visceral pericardium

112
Q

where does the second sound of the heart occur?

A

at the beginning of ventricular diastole

113
Q

what is the 3rd heart sound heard?

A

a faint sound heard in some normal people particularly the thin and young

114
Q

what are pectinate muscles and trabeculae?

A

ridges and irregularities

115
Q

what is occuring during ventricular diastole (passive ventricular filling)? (2) (AB)

A

1) as ventricular relaxation continues, the AV valves open

2) blood flows from the atria into relaxing ventricle accounting for most of the ventricular filling.

116
Q

which 2 layers of the pericardium are simple squamous epithelium?

A

epicardium and endocardium

117
Q

what is a possible cause of a complete heart block?

A

ischemia of AV nodal fibers or compression of AV bundle

118
Q

after the AV node what happens?

A

it pauses for about .1 seconds

119
Q

where is the apex of the heart?

A

the bottom, rests on diaphragm

120
Q

what is the shape and size of the adult heart?

A

it’s shaped like a blunt cone and approximately the size of a closed fist

121
Q

what is a possible cause of a ventricular fibrilation?

A

ectopic action potentials in the ventricles

122
Q

what is another name for the bicuspid valve?

A

mitral or left atrioventricular valve (AV)

123
Q

which ventricular myocardial wall is thicker?

A

left

124
Q

what is blood pressure responsible for?

A

moving blood through blood vessels

125
Q

what are the intercalated disks made up of?

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

126
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

the space between the 2 lungs

127
Q

if you wait long enough what will happen to cardiac muscle?

A

it will contract

128
Q

what is the myocardium made up of?

A

cardiac muscle cells

129
Q

where are trabeculae found?

A

hills and vallies when in ventricles

130
Q

what are the functions of the heart? (4) (GRER)

A

1) generating blood pressure
2) routing blood
3) ensuring one-way blood flow
4) regulating blood supply

131
Q

when does the heart generally decrease in size?

A

after approximately age 65, especially if not physically active

132
Q

what is a gap junction?

A

ion channel between 2 neighboring cells

133
Q

why is the QRS complex bigger?

A

because it has more cardiac muscle cells

134
Q

where does atrial repolarization occur?

A

in the middle of the QRS complex (not supposed to be seen on ECG)

135
Q

why do the semilunar valves not need chords and papillary muscles?

A

because there’s only a pump on one side rather than 2

136
Q

through gap junctions what happens next?

A

sweeps through myocardium to AV node

137
Q

how fast does it go from SA node to AV node?

A

.03 seconds

138
Q

what is the first step of the cardiac cycle?

A

atrial systole (active ventricular filling)

139
Q

what is other sound you hear when listening to the heart?

A

blood turbulence

140
Q

what does the pericardium help with?

A

friction of the heart

141
Q

what is intrinsic regulation?

A

when the organ controls itself

142
Q

volume of blood ejected from ventricle in one minute

A

cardiac output (CO)

143
Q

volume of blood in ventricle at the end of systole (normal value=55 ml)

A

ESV (end systolic volume)

144
Q

what sounds do muscle fibers make of the heart?

A

no sound

145
Q

how is blood supplied to the myocardium?

A

by the coronary arteries

146
Q

what is the function of the coronary vessels? (3) (BFS)

A

1) bring oxygen and nutrients
2) feed the myocardium
3) supply the heart with its blood supply

147
Q

what is the structure of muscle cells? (4) (SB1I)

A

1) striated
2) branched (maybe)
3) 1-2 nuclei
4) intercalated disks

148
Q

what provides energy for cardiac muscle cell?

A

ATP

149
Q

what does ATP production depend on?

A

oxygen availability

A&P 224 (25 decks)

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