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A&P 224 > Lecture Exam #1 Ch 19 (part 2) > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #1 Ch 19 (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what factor # is fibrinogen?

A

I

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2
Q

who can blood type B donate to?

A

B and AB

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3
Q

the injection of oxygenated blood into an athlete before an event in an attempt to enhance athletic performance

A

blood doping

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4
Q

what does prostacyclin inhibit?

A

platelet aggregation

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5
Q

who can blood type O donate to?

A

O, A, B, AB

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6
Q

what can happen with septicemia?

A

release of toxins by bacteria can cause septic shock

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7
Q

do we usually use both pathways at the same time?

A

yes

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8
Q

what does platelets contain?

A

many granules

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9
Q

an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume

A

edema

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10
Q

what is the extrinsic pathway of clotting stimulated by?

A

thromboplastin, released by damaged tissue

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11
Q

what are platelets?

A

cell fragments

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12
Q

what type of mechanism are plugs and clots?

A

positive feedback (happens fast)

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13
Q

what is the lifespan of platelets?

A

5-9 days

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14
Q

who can blood type AB receive blood from?

A

O, A, B, AB

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15
Q

what is the functions of monocytes? (2) (PL)

A

1) phagocytic cell in he blood
2) leaves blood and becomes macrophage which phagotyzes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments and other debris and within tissue.

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16
Q

what does septic shock lead to?

A

decreased BP and possibly death

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17
Q

where is antithrombin produced by?

A

the liver

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18
Q

who can blood type A donate blood to?

A

A and AB

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19
Q

clumping of cells

A

agglutination

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20
Q

are platelets sticky?

A

no but they can be

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21
Q

during clot formation how is fibrin made?

A

from converting innactive fibrinogen

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22
Q

spread of microorganisms and their toxins by blood. often the result of a medical procedure such as insertion of an IV tube

A

septicemia (blood poisoning)

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23
Q

numerous localized hemorrhages over the surface of the body as a result of decreased platelet function

A

petechiae

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24
Q

during clot formation how is thrombin made?

A

by converting prothombinase

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25
Q

what antigen does blood type B have?

A

B

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26
Q

what is occurring during platelet aggregation?

A

platelets sticking to other platelets and form a platelet plug (not same as clot)

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27
Q

what does heparin inhibit?

A

the formation of fibrin (clot formation)

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28
Q

who can blood type A receive blood from?

A

A and O

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29
Q

why don’t sherpas suffer from hypoxia as much as thos people they guide?

A

because sherpas lived in high elevation their entire life. the blood has adjusted while the people they guide usually live in low elevation or sea level

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30
Q

what does the granules ADP and Thromboxane do?

A

activate other platelets

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31
Q

what do platelets stick to?

A

collagen and other platelets when activated

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32
Q

who can blood type O receive blood from?

A

O

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33
Q

what is the clot formation known as?

A

cascade

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34
Q

what antibody does blood type B have?

A

anti-A

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35
Q

naturally occuring released from mast cells and basophils. clot inhibitor

A

heparin

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36
Q

which is faster the extrinsic pathway or intrinsic

A

extrinsic

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37
Q

what are the 4 types of human blood?

A

A, B, AB and O

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38
Q

what is the function of Eosinophils? (3) (ARN)

A

1) attacks worm parasites
2) releases chemicals that modulate inflammation
3) negatively impacts airways during asthma attack

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39
Q

what does a blood clot do?

A

traps RBCs, platelets and fluid

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40
Q

what do both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways need?

A

calcium

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41
Q

What antigen does blood type A have?

A

A

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42
Q

what factor # is calcium?

A

IV

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43
Q

marker molecules on the surfaces of RBCs

A

antigens

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44
Q

when does collagen get exposed?

A

when there is a tear in a blood vessel

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45
Q

what is factor VIII?

A

antihemophilic factor (antihemophilic globulin)

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46
Q

what does blood clot formation depend on?

A

a number of clotting factors

47
Q

determines the % of each of the five kinds of WBCs

A

differential white blood count

48
Q

protein in plasma which bind to antigens

A

antibodies

49
Q

moving clot

A

embolus

50
Q

how do platelets get activated?

A

when collagen is exposed and they stick to it

51
Q

what does a blood clot consist of?

A

fibrin

52
Q

what does activation of the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway result in?

A

the production of activated factor X

53
Q

who can blood type B receive blood from?

A

B and O

54
Q

what do many of the proteins need?

A

vitamin K

55
Q

what happens to old RBCs?

A

they get broken apart and re-used in the body

56
Q

what factor # is prothrombin?

A

II

57
Q

how is activated factor X formed in the intrinsic pathway?

A

from activated factor IX

58
Q

when does the intrinsic pathway of clotting start?

A

when inactive factor XII (in the blood) is activated by coming into contact with a damaged blood vessel

59
Q

prevents clot formation by binding calcium, making the ions inaccessible for clotting reactions

A

EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)

60
Q

during clot formation how is prothrombinase made?

A

from activated factor X, factor V, phospholipids and calcium

61
Q

what is factor V?

A

proaccerlerin (labile factor)

62
Q

what is factor XI?

A

plasma thromboplastin antecedent

63
Q

when does coagulation occur?

A

when a blood vessel is severely damaged

64
Q

what is occuring during platelet release?

A

platelet releases chemicals

65
Q

what antigens does blood type O have?

A

neither A or B

66
Q

what do you need to make blood thinner?

A

more plasma and less hematocrit

67
Q

what type of homeostasis mechanism is a cascade/

A

positive feedback

68
Q

cellular oxygen deficiency, may occur if too little oxygen enters the blood

A

hypoxia

69
Q

what antibody does blood type A have?

A

Anti-B

70
Q

what granules does platelets contain? (5) (CCATS)

A

1) clotting factors
2) calcium (clotting factor)
3) ADP
4) Thromboxane
5) serotonin

71
Q

what are the 3 steps of platelet plug formation? (3) (PPP)

A

1) platelet on adhesion
2) platelet release
3) platelet aggregation

72
Q

if a small amount of Rh+ blood leaks from the fetus to the placenta into the bloodstream of an Rh- mother

A

HDN (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)

73
Q

what antibodies does blood type O have?

A

both Anti-A and Anti-B

74
Q

what is factor X?

A

stuart factor (stuart-prower factor)

75
Q

what is the function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances

76
Q

what happens second during fibrinolysis?

A

plasmin breaks the fibrin molecules

77
Q

a disorder in which RBCs become sickle-shaped

A

sickle-cell anemia

78
Q

a plasma protein that slowly inactivates thrombin

A

antithrombin

79
Q

a stationary clot

A

thrombus

80
Q

what is a person lacking with hemophilia?

A

one of the clotting factors

81
Q

who can blood type AB donate blood to?

A

AB

82
Q

what isthe function of lymphocytes? (2) (PC)

A

1) produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microogranisms
2) contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control and regulation of immune system

83
Q

what happens first during fibrinolysis?

A

inactive plasminogen is converted to the active enzyme plasmin

84
Q

what causes thromboplastin and factor VII to form?

A

tissue damage

85
Q

what antibody does blood type AB have?

A

neither anti-A or anti-B

86
Q

a disorder when a person doesn’t stop bleeding.

A

hemophilia

87
Q

what does thromboxane and serotonin do?

A

cause a vascular spasm

88
Q

what antigen does blood type AB have?

A

A and B

89
Q

the process that dissolves the blood clot

A

fibrinolysis

90
Q

what is factor XIII?

A

fibrin-stabalizing factor

91
Q

during clot formation how is fibrinogen made?

A

by converting thrombin

92
Q

what does fibirin do?

A

makes a net or screen and blood cells stick to it

93
Q

no inhibiting formation dissolve normally in your blood as plasminogogen

A

plasmin

94
Q

protein released from damaged tissue/endothilial cells

A

prostacyclin

95
Q

what does the common pathway start with?

A

activated factor X

96
Q

which is slower acting warfarin or heparin?

A

warfarin

97
Q

why do many olympic runners and athletes live and train in high elevation cities?

A

the hypoxia stimulates the kidneys to step up the release of EPO which speeds up the CFU-E in red bone marrow

98
Q

in the extrinsic pathway how is thromboplastin/factor VII complex formed?

A

by thromboplastin (III) and factor VII

99
Q

where does intrinsic pathway take place?

A

in the blood

100
Q

what is factor IX?

A

plasma thromboplastin component (Christmas factor)

101
Q

what does the plasmin breaking down into fibrin molecules do during fibrinolysis?

A

the clot into smaller pieces which are washed away in the blood or phagocytized

102
Q

yellowish staining of the skin and sclerae of the eyes caused by the buildup of bile pigments in the blood and some tissues

A

jaundice

103
Q

what is occurring during platelet adhesion?

A

von willebrand factor connects exposed collagen to platelets

104
Q

what is factor VII?

A

serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (stable factor, proconvertin)

105
Q

in the extrinsic pathway how is activated factor X formed?

A

from thromboplastin/factor VII complex

106
Q

increases blood volume and BP. blood plasma that has had clotting proteins removed (can’t clot)

A

serum

107
Q

what is factor XII?

A

hageman factor

108
Q

what happens once platelets are activated?

A

they release their granules

109
Q

autosomal recessive disease that results in insufficient production of globulin part of hemoglobin

A

thalassemia

110
Q

what is the function of Basophils? (2) (RR)

A

1) releases histamine which promotes inflammation

2) releases heparin which prevents clot formation

111
Q

when the platelet count is greatly reduced resulting in chronic bleeding through small blood vessels and capillaries

A

thrombocytopenia

112
Q

where are chemicals of the extrinsic pathway located?

A

outside the blood

113
Q

an anticoagulant- antagonist to vit K and blocks synthesis of four clotting factors

A

warfarin

114
Q

what needs to be present to form a clot?

A

fibrin

A&P 224 (25 decks)

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