Lecture Exam #1 Ch 19 (part 2) Flashcards
what factor # is fibrinogen?
I
who can blood type B donate to?
B and AB
the injection of oxygenated blood into an athlete before an event in an attempt to enhance athletic performance
blood doping
what does prostacyclin inhibit?
platelet aggregation
who can blood type O donate to?
O, A, B, AB
what can happen with septicemia?
release of toxins by bacteria can cause septic shock
do we usually use both pathways at the same time?
yes
what does platelets contain?
many granules
an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume
edema
what is the extrinsic pathway of clotting stimulated by?
thromboplastin, released by damaged tissue
what are platelets?
cell fragments
what type of mechanism are plugs and clots?
positive feedback (happens fast)
what is the lifespan of platelets?
5-9 days
who can blood type AB receive blood from?
O, A, B, AB
what is the functions of monocytes? (2) (PL)
1) phagocytic cell in he blood
2) leaves blood and becomes macrophage which phagotyzes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments and other debris and within tissue.
what does septic shock lead to?
decreased BP and possibly death
where is antithrombin produced by?
the liver
who can blood type A donate blood to?
A and AB
clumping of cells
agglutination
are platelets sticky?
no but they can be
during clot formation how is fibrin made?
from converting innactive fibrinogen
spread of microorganisms and their toxins by blood. often the result of a medical procedure such as insertion of an IV tube
septicemia (blood poisoning)
numerous localized hemorrhages over the surface of the body as a result of decreased platelet function
petechiae
during clot formation how is thrombin made?
by converting prothombinase
what antigen does blood type B have?
B
what is occurring during platelet aggregation?
platelets sticking to other platelets and form a platelet plug (not same as clot)
what does heparin inhibit?
the formation of fibrin (clot formation)
who can blood type A receive blood from?
A and O
why don’t sherpas suffer from hypoxia as much as thos people they guide?
because sherpas lived in high elevation their entire life. the blood has adjusted while the people they guide usually live in low elevation or sea level
what does the granules ADP and Thromboxane do?
activate other platelets
what do platelets stick to?
collagen and other platelets when activated
who can blood type O receive blood from?
O
what is the clot formation known as?
cascade
what antibody does blood type B have?
anti-A
naturally occuring released from mast cells and basophils. clot inhibitor
heparin
which is faster the extrinsic pathway or intrinsic
extrinsic
what are the 4 types of human blood?
A, B, AB and O
what is the function of Eosinophils? (3) (ARN)
1) attacks worm parasites
2) releases chemicals that modulate inflammation
3) negatively impacts airways during asthma attack
what does a blood clot do?
traps RBCs, platelets and fluid
what do both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways need?
calcium
What antigen does blood type A have?
A
what factor # is calcium?
IV
marker molecules on the surfaces of RBCs
antigens
when does collagen get exposed?
when there is a tear in a blood vessel
what is factor VIII?
antihemophilic factor (antihemophilic globulin)
what does blood clot formation depend on?
a number of clotting factors
determines the % of each of the five kinds of WBCs
differential white blood count
protein in plasma which bind to antigens
antibodies
moving clot
embolus
how do platelets get activated?
when collagen is exposed and they stick to it
what does a blood clot consist of?
fibrin
what does activation of the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway result in?
the production of activated factor X
who can blood type B receive blood from?
B and O
what do many of the proteins need?
vitamin K
what happens to old RBCs?
they get broken apart and re-used in the body
what factor # is prothrombin?
II
how is activated factor X formed in the intrinsic pathway?
from activated factor IX
when does the intrinsic pathway of clotting start?
when inactive factor XII (in the blood) is activated by coming into contact with a damaged blood vessel
prevents clot formation by binding calcium, making the ions inaccessible for clotting reactions
EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
during clot formation how is prothrombinase made?
from activated factor X, factor V, phospholipids and calcium
what is factor V?
proaccerlerin (labile factor)
what is factor XI?
plasma thromboplastin antecedent
when does coagulation occur?
when a blood vessel is severely damaged
what is occuring during platelet release?
platelet releases chemicals
what antigens does blood type O have?
neither A or B
what do you need to make blood thinner?
more plasma and less hematocrit
what type of homeostasis mechanism is a cascade/
positive feedback
cellular oxygen deficiency, may occur if too little oxygen enters the blood
hypoxia
what antibody does blood type A have?
Anti-B
what granules does platelets contain? (5) (CCATS)
1) clotting factors
2) calcium (clotting factor)
3) ADP
4) Thromboxane
5) serotonin
what are the 3 steps of platelet plug formation? (3) (PPP)
1) platelet on adhesion
2) platelet release
3) platelet aggregation
if a small amount of Rh+ blood leaks from the fetus to the placenta into the bloodstream of an Rh- mother
HDN (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)
what antibodies does blood type O have?
both Anti-A and Anti-B
what is factor X?
stuart factor (stuart-prower factor)
what is the function of neutrophils?
phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances
what happens second during fibrinolysis?
plasmin breaks the fibrin molecules
a disorder in which RBCs become sickle-shaped
sickle-cell anemia
a plasma protein that slowly inactivates thrombin
antithrombin
a stationary clot
thrombus
what is a person lacking with hemophilia?
one of the clotting factors
who can blood type AB donate blood to?
AB
what isthe function of lymphocytes? (2) (PC)
1) produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microogranisms
2) contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control and regulation of immune system
what happens first during fibrinolysis?
inactive plasminogen is converted to the active enzyme plasmin
what causes thromboplastin and factor VII to form?
tissue damage
what antibody does blood type AB have?
neither anti-A or anti-B
a disorder when a person doesn’t stop bleeding.
hemophilia
what does thromboxane and serotonin do?
cause a vascular spasm
what antigen does blood type AB have?
A and B
the process that dissolves the blood clot
fibrinolysis
what is factor XIII?
fibrin-stabalizing factor
during clot formation how is fibrinogen made?
by converting thrombin
what does fibirin do?
makes a net or screen and blood cells stick to it
no inhibiting formation dissolve normally in your blood as plasminogogen
plasmin
protein released from damaged tissue/endothilial cells
prostacyclin
what does the common pathway start with?
activated factor X
which is slower acting warfarin or heparin?
warfarin
why do many olympic runners and athletes live and train in high elevation cities?
the hypoxia stimulates the kidneys to step up the release of EPO which speeds up the CFU-E in red bone marrow
in the extrinsic pathway how is thromboplastin/factor VII complex formed?
by thromboplastin (III) and factor VII
where does intrinsic pathway take place?
in the blood
what is factor IX?
plasma thromboplastin component (Christmas factor)
what does the plasmin breaking down into fibrin molecules do during fibrinolysis?
the clot into smaller pieces which are washed away in the blood or phagocytized
yellowish staining of the skin and sclerae of the eyes caused by the buildup of bile pigments in the blood and some tissues
jaundice
what is occurring during platelet adhesion?
von willebrand factor connects exposed collagen to platelets
what is factor VII?
serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (stable factor, proconvertin)
in the extrinsic pathway how is activated factor X formed?
from thromboplastin/factor VII complex
increases blood volume and BP. blood plasma that has had clotting proteins removed (can’t clot)
serum
what is factor XII?
hageman factor
what happens once platelets are activated?
they release their granules
autosomal recessive disease that results in insufficient production of globulin part of hemoglobin
thalassemia
what is the function of Basophils? (2) (RR)
1) releases histamine which promotes inflammation
2) releases heparin which prevents clot formation
when the platelet count is greatly reduced resulting in chronic bleeding through small blood vessels and capillaries
thrombocytopenia
where are chemicals of the extrinsic pathway located?
outside the blood
an anticoagulant- antagonist to vit K and blocks synthesis of four clotting factors
warfarin
what needs to be present to form a clot?
fibrin
