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A&P 224 > Lecture exam #2 ch. 22 (part 2) > Flashcards

Lecture exam #2 ch. 22 (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what happens after a mast cell is damaged?

A

it’s activated and releases histamine and leukotrienes

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2
Q

what do the histamines and leukotrienes that are released by the damaged mast cells do?

A

make capillaries more leaky (vascular permeability)

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3
Q

what does vascular permeability lead to?

A

the cardinal signs of inflammation

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4
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation? (4) (HRSP)

A

1) heat
2) redness (hemoglobin)
3) swelling (leaky fluid)
4) pain (nerves)

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5
Q

what do the cardinal signs of inflammation lead to?

A

fibrogen and heparin leaking out

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6
Q

what is occuring during inflammation in terms of pathogens/

A

it gets ready as if pathogens are present

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7
Q

if there is no pathogen what happens with inflammation?

A

the tissue damage stops, we get inflammation but there is nothing to fight

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8
Q

if damage continues during inflammation what happens?

A

inflammation will be maintained

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9
Q

if the pathogen gets in during inflammation what happens?

A

neutrophils and macrophages show up

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10
Q

if neutrophils and macrophages win during inflammation what happens?

A

tissue damage, lymphatic system takes fluid and stops

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11
Q

what happens if the pathogen wins during inflammation?

A

you die

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12
Q

when blood vessels get leaky what happens?

A

fibrinogen comes out

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13
Q

what can fibrinogen and heparin do?

A

build a wall, either kill pathogens or incyst them

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14
Q

what is CRP made by?

A

the liver

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15
Q

what is CRP made in response to?

A

inflammatory chemicals

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16
Q

if we have more CRP in blood what does that mean?

A

we have more inflammation

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17
Q

what is fever caused by?

A

pyrogens (either self or non-self)

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18
Q

what does fever interfere with?

A

thermoregulation in hypothalamus (body temp goes up)

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19
Q

is fever good?

A

yes up until it causes death

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20
Q

what happens when temps are too high?

A

hydrogen bond breaks and shape of protein changes

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21
Q

when does fever become bad?

A

when proteins come apart

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22
Q

who can have fever longer children or adults?

A

children

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23
Q

how is fever good?

A

it increases metabolism and creates proteins

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24
Q

what are some characteristics of specific immunity? (4) (WSIS)

A

1) works on specific pathogens
2) systemic (happening everywhere)
3) improves with exposure
4) specific to antigens

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25
Q

whose job is specific immunity?

A

B cells and T Cells

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26
Q

chemical on surface of cell that identifies cell for what it is (cell surface marker)

A

antigen

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27
Q

what are antigens almost always?

A

proteins

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28
Q

do we use the whole antigen?

A

no

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29
Q

specific part of antigen that will trigger an immune response

A

antigenic determinant (epitope)

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30
Q

what is the number of antigens limited by?

A

genetics

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31
Q

what is the # of antigens you can respond to?

A

finite

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32
Q

why are the # of antigens you can respond to finite?

A

you inherit it from parents

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33
Q

where do all blood cells form?

A

in red bone marrow

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34
Q

where do T-cells start out in and end up in?

A

start in red bone marrow and finish development in thymus gland (traveled somewhere)

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35
Q

where do B-cells start and end up in?

A

start and finish development in red bone marrow

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36
Q

what do thymsens do?

A

direct final maturing T-cells (needs to go to thymus for that)

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37
Q

can you tell b and t cells from appearance?

A

no

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38
Q

what do T-cells perform in the specific world?

A

cell mediated immunity

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39
Q

what do B-cells perform in the specific world?

A

antibody-mediated immunity

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40
Q

what do B-cells make and release?

A

antibodies

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41
Q

what are B-cells programmed for?

A

ONE specific antigen only

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42
Q

what are B-cells known as?

A

“immunocompetent” “innactive”

43
Q

when are B-cells activated?

A

when they come in contact with the specific antigen

44
Q

what are the primary cells of innate (non-specific) immunity? (6) (NEBMMM)

A

1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils
4) mast cells
5) monocytes
6) macrophages

45
Q

what is the origin of the cells of innate (non-specific) immunity?

A

red bone marrow

46
Q

what is the site of maturation in innate immunity (non-specific)?

A

for the neutorphils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes in red bone marrow but in mast cells and macrophages in tissue

47
Q

what is the location of mature innate immunity (non-specific) cells? (3) (BCL)

A

1) blood
2) connective tissue
3) lymphatic tissue

48
Q

what is the primary action of innate immunity (non-specific) cells?

A

inflammatory response and phagocytosis

49
Q

what are the hypersensitivity reactions in innate immunity (non-specific)?

A

none

50
Q

what are the primary cells of adaptive (specific) immunity?

A

B Cells and T cells

51
Q

what is the origin of B cells?

A

red bone marrow

52
Q

what is the origin of T cells

A

red bone marrow

53
Q

what is the site of maturation B cells?

A

red bone marrow

54
Q

what is the site of maturation T cells?

A

thymus

55
Q

what is the location of mature B cells?

A

blood and lymphatic tissue

56
Q

what isthe location of mature T cells?

A

blood and lymphatic tissue

57
Q

what is the primary secretory products of the cells of innate immunity (non-specific)? (6) (HKCPLI)

A

1) histamine
2) kinins
3) complement
4) prostaglandins
5) leukotrienes
6) interferons

58
Q

what is the primary secretory product of B cells?

A

antibodies

59
Q

what is the primary secretory product of T cells?

A

cytokines

60
Q

what is the primary action of B cells?

A

protection against extracellular antigens (bacteria, toxins, parasites and viruses outside cells)

61
Q

what is the primary action of T cells? (2) (PR)

A

1) protection against intracellular antigens (viruses, intracellular bacteria and intracellular fungi) and tumors
2) regulates antibody mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity responses (helper T and regulatory T cells)

62
Q

what is the hypersensitivity reaction for B cells?

A

immediate hypertensivitiy (atapoy, anaphylaxis, cytoxic reactions and immune complex disease)

63
Q

what is the hypersensitivity reaction for T cells?

A

delayed hypersensitivity (allergic reaction to infection or contact hypersensitivity)

64
Q

what often leads to allergic reactions?

A

haptens

65
Q

small molecules that can combine with large molecules such as blood proteins to stimulate an adaptive immune response

A

haptens

66
Q

an overreaction of the immune system in some people

A

allergic reaction

67
Q

molecules the body produces to stimulate an adaptive immune system response.

A

self-antigen

68
Q

what can self-antigens be?

A

beneficial or harmful

69
Q

can develop when self-antigens stimulate unwanted tissue distruction

A

autoimmune disease

70
Q

what is an example of an autoimmune disease?

A

rheumatoid arthritis

71
Q

what does rheumatoid arthritis do?

A

destroys tissues within joints

72
Q

an autoimmune disease where a large variety of antibodies are produced and the combination of the antibodies with self-antigens form immune complexes that circulate throughout the body and are depositied in various tissues where they stimulate inflammation and tissue destruction

A

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

73
Q

abnormal accumulation of lymph in tissues

A

lymphedema

74
Q

enlarged lymph nodes caused by bacterial infection (transfered by flea bites form rats)

A

bubonic plague

75
Q

what occurs with bubonic plague when untreated?

A

bacteria enters the blood and death occurs rapidly due to septicemia (Black death)

76
Q

antigen combines with antibodies on mast cells or basophils in the lungs which then release inflammatory chemicals that cause constriction of air tubes so that breathing is difficult

A

asthma

77
Q

systemic allergic reaction, often resulting from insect sting or drugs such as penicillin; cheimicals are released from mast cells and basophils

A

anaphylaxis

78
Q

what can anaphylaxis cause (4) (SIDP)

A

1) systemic vasodilation
2) increased vascular permeability
3) drop in bp
4) possibly death

79
Q

what do antibodies consist of?

A

two heavy and two light polypeptide chains

80
Q

what does the variable region of the antibody bind to?

A

the antigen

81
Q

what can the constant region ofthe antibiody activate?

A

the classical pathway of the complement cascade

82
Q

what can the constant region also attach the antibody to?

A

the plasma membrane of cells such as macraphages, basophils and mast cells

83
Q

what can cytoplasmic T cells through interactions with MHC molecules identify?

A

abnormal or infected cells of the body

84
Q

what does cell mediated immunity involve?

A

delayed hypersensitivity reactions and control of tuomrs

85
Q

when viruses attack cells what happens?

A

some viral proteins are broken down and become processed foreign antigens that are combined with MHC class I molecules

86
Q

where are MCH class I moelecules displayed?

A

on the surface of the infected cells.

87
Q

what can T cells distinguish between?

A

virally infected cells and non infected cells

88
Q

how can T cells distinguish between virally infected and non infected cells?

A

MHC class I/antigen complexes are on the surface of infected cells but not on uninfected cells

89
Q

what are the 5 types of antibodies?

A

1) IgG
2) IgM
3) IgA
4) IgE
5) IgD

90
Q

what does the antibdy IgG activate and promote?

A

complement and promotes phagocytosis

91
Q

what are some characteristics of IgG? (2) (CR)

A

1) can cross placenta and provide immune protection to fetus and newborn
2) responsible for Rh reactions (hemolytic disease of newborn)

92
Q

what does IgM activate

A

complement and acts as a antigen-binding receptor on the surface of b cells

93
Q

characteristics of IgM (2) (RO)

A

1) responsible for transfusion reactions in ABO blood system

2) often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen

94
Q

characteristics of IgA (2) (SF)

A

1) secreted in to saliva, tears and onto mucous membranes to provide protection on body surfaces
2) found in colostrum and milk to provide immune portection to newborns

95
Q

charactertistics of IgE (2) (BS)

A

1) binds to mast cells and basophils

2) stimulates teh inflammatory response

96
Q

what do IgD function as?

A

antigen-binding receptors on B cells

97
Q

where are MHC class II molecules found?

A

on antigen-presenting cell

98
Q

what causes a primary response?

A

the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen for which it is specific

99
Q

what does a primary response include?

A

a series of cell division cell differentiation and antibody protection

100
Q

what is another name for the secondary response?

A

memory response

101
Q

when does a secondary response occur?

A

when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response

102
Q

what are 2 reasons that the secondary response provides better protection than the primary? (2) (TA)

A

1) time required to start producing antibodies is less (hours to a few days)
2) amount of antibody produced is much larger

103
Q

what is a consequence of the antibodies being produced being much larger?

A

the antigen is quickly destroyed, no disease systems develop and person is immune

104
Q

what does cell-mediated immunity involve?

A

the actions of a second type of lymphocyte (T Cells)

A&P 224 (25 decks)

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