Lecture exam #2 ch. 22 (part 2) Flashcards
what happens after a mast cell is damaged?
it’s activated and releases histamine and leukotrienes
what do the histamines and leukotrienes that are released by the damaged mast cells do?
make capillaries more leaky (vascular permeability)
what does vascular permeability lead to?
the cardinal signs of inflammation
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation? (4) (HRSP)
1) heat
2) redness (hemoglobin)
3) swelling (leaky fluid)
4) pain (nerves)
what do the cardinal signs of inflammation lead to?
fibrogen and heparin leaking out
what is occuring during inflammation in terms of pathogens/
it gets ready as if pathogens are present
if there is no pathogen what happens with inflammation?
the tissue damage stops, we get inflammation but there is nothing to fight
if damage continues during inflammation what happens?
inflammation will be maintained
if the pathogen gets in during inflammation what happens?
neutrophils and macrophages show up
if neutrophils and macrophages win during inflammation what happens?
tissue damage, lymphatic system takes fluid and stops
what happens if the pathogen wins during inflammation?
you die
when blood vessels get leaky what happens?
fibrinogen comes out
what can fibrinogen and heparin do?
build a wall, either kill pathogens or incyst them
what is CRP made by?
the liver
what is CRP made in response to?
inflammatory chemicals
if we have more CRP in blood what does that mean?
we have more inflammation
what is fever caused by?
pyrogens (either self or non-self)
what does fever interfere with?
thermoregulation in hypothalamus (body temp goes up)
is fever good?
yes up until it causes death
what happens when temps are too high?
hydrogen bond breaks and shape of protein changes
when does fever become bad?
when proteins come apart
who can have fever longer children or adults?
children
how is fever good?
it increases metabolism and creates proteins
what are some characteristics of specific immunity? (4) (WSIS)
1) works on specific pathogens
2) systemic (happening everywhere)
3) improves with exposure
4) specific to antigens
whose job is specific immunity?
B cells and T Cells
chemical on surface of cell that identifies cell for what it is (cell surface marker)
antigen
what are antigens almost always?
proteins
do we use the whole antigen?
no
specific part of antigen that will trigger an immune response
antigenic determinant (epitope)
what is the number of antigens limited by?
genetics
what is the # of antigens you can respond to?
finite
why are the # of antigens you can respond to finite?
you inherit it from parents
where do all blood cells form?
in red bone marrow
where do T-cells start out in and end up in?
start in red bone marrow and finish development in thymus gland (traveled somewhere)
where do B-cells start and end up in?
start and finish development in red bone marrow
what do thymsens do?
direct final maturing T-cells (needs to go to thymus for that)
can you tell b and t cells from appearance?
no
what do T-cells perform in the specific world?
cell mediated immunity
what do B-cells perform in the specific world?
antibody-mediated immunity
what do B-cells make and release?
antibodies
what are B-cells programmed for?
ONE specific antigen only
what are B-cells known as?
“immunocompetent” “innactive”
when are B-cells activated?
when they come in contact with the specific antigen
what are the primary cells of innate (non-specific) immunity? (6) (NEBMMM)
1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils
4) mast cells
5) monocytes
6) macrophages
what is the origin of the cells of innate (non-specific) immunity?
red bone marrow
what is the site of maturation in innate immunity (non-specific)?
for the neutorphils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes in red bone marrow but in mast cells and macrophages in tissue
what is the location of mature innate immunity (non-specific) cells? (3) (BCL)
1) blood
2) connective tissue
3) lymphatic tissue
what is the primary action of innate immunity (non-specific) cells?
inflammatory response and phagocytosis
what are the hypersensitivity reactions in innate immunity (non-specific)?
none
what are the primary cells of adaptive (specific) immunity?
B Cells and T cells
what is the origin of B cells?
red bone marrow
what is the origin of T cells
red bone marrow
what is the site of maturation B cells?
red bone marrow
what is the site of maturation T cells?
thymus
what is the location of mature B cells?
blood and lymphatic tissue
what isthe location of mature T cells?
blood and lymphatic tissue
what is the primary secretory products of the cells of innate immunity (non-specific)? (6) (HKCPLI)
1) histamine
2) kinins
3) complement
4) prostaglandins
5) leukotrienes
6) interferons
what is the primary secretory product of B cells?
antibodies
what is the primary secretory product of T cells?
cytokines
what is the primary action of B cells?
protection against extracellular antigens (bacteria, toxins, parasites and viruses outside cells)
what is the primary action of T cells? (2) (PR)
1) protection against intracellular antigens (viruses, intracellular bacteria and intracellular fungi) and tumors
2) regulates antibody mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity responses (helper T and regulatory T cells)
what is the hypersensitivity reaction for B cells?
immediate hypertensivitiy (atapoy, anaphylaxis, cytoxic reactions and immune complex disease)
what is the hypersensitivity reaction for T cells?
delayed hypersensitivity (allergic reaction to infection or contact hypersensitivity)
what often leads to allergic reactions?
haptens
small molecules that can combine with large molecules such as blood proteins to stimulate an adaptive immune response
haptens
an overreaction of the immune system in some people
allergic reaction
molecules the body produces to stimulate an adaptive immune system response.
self-antigen
what can self-antigens be?
beneficial or harmful
can develop when self-antigens stimulate unwanted tissue distruction
autoimmune disease
what is an example of an autoimmune disease?
rheumatoid arthritis
what does rheumatoid arthritis do?
destroys tissues within joints
an autoimmune disease where a large variety of antibodies are produced and the combination of the antibodies with self-antigens form immune complexes that circulate throughout the body and are depositied in various tissues where they stimulate inflammation and tissue destruction
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
abnormal accumulation of lymph in tissues
lymphedema
enlarged lymph nodes caused by bacterial infection (transfered by flea bites form rats)
bubonic plague
what occurs with bubonic plague when untreated?
bacteria enters the blood and death occurs rapidly due to septicemia (Black death)
antigen combines with antibodies on mast cells or basophils in the lungs which then release inflammatory chemicals that cause constriction of air tubes so that breathing is difficult
asthma
systemic allergic reaction, often resulting from insect sting or drugs such as penicillin; cheimicals are released from mast cells and basophils
anaphylaxis
what can anaphylaxis cause (4) (SIDP)
1) systemic vasodilation
2) increased vascular permeability
3) drop in bp
4) possibly death
what do antibodies consist of?
two heavy and two light polypeptide chains
what does the variable region of the antibody bind to?
the antigen
what can the constant region ofthe antibiody activate?
the classical pathway of the complement cascade
what can the constant region also attach the antibody to?
the plasma membrane of cells such as macraphages, basophils and mast cells
what can cytoplasmic T cells through interactions with MHC molecules identify?
abnormal or infected cells of the body
what does cell mediated immunity involve?
delayed hypersensitivity reactions and control of tuomrs
when viruses attack cells what happens?
some viral proteins are broken down and become processed foreign antigens that are combined with MHC class I molecules
where are MCH class I moelecules displayed?
on the surface of the infected cells.
what can T cells distinguish between?
virally infected cells and non infected cells
how can T cells distinguish between virally infected and non infected cells?
MHC class I/antigen complexes are on the surface of infected cells but not on uninfected cells
what are the 5 types of antibodies?
1) IgG
2) IgM
3) IgA
4) IgE
5) IgD
what does the antibdy IgG activate and promote?
complement and promotes phagocytosis
what are some characteristics of IgG? (2) (CR)
1) can cross placenta and provide immune protection to fetus and newborn
2) responsible for Rh reactions (hemolytic disease of newborn)
what does IgM activate
complement and acts as a antigen-binding receptor on the surface of b cells
characteristics of IgM (2) (RO)
1) responsible for transfusion reactions in ABO blood system
2) often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen
characteristics of IgA (2) (SF)
1) secreted in to saliva, tears and onto mucous membranes to provide protection on body surfaces
2) found in colostrum and milk to provide immune portection to newborns
charactertistics of IgE (2) (BS)
1) binds to mast cells and basophils
2) stimulates teh inflammatory response
what do IgD function as?
antigen-binding receptors on B cells
where are MHC class II molecules found?
on antigen-presenting cell
what causes a primary response?
the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen for which it is specific
what does a primary response include?
a series of cell division cell differentiation and antibody protection
what is another name for the secondary response?
memory response
when does a secondary response occur?
when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response
what are 2 reasons that the secondary response provides better protection than the primary? (2) (TA)
1) time required to start producing antibodies is less (hours to a few days)
2) amount of antibody produced is much larger
what is a consequence of the antibodies being produced being much larger?
the antigen is quickly destroyed, no disease systems develop and person is immune
what does cell-mediated immunity involve?
the actions of a second type of lymphocyte (T Cells)
