Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 224 > Lecture exam #2 ch. 22 part 3 > Flashcards

Lecture exam #2 ch. 22 part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most effective against intracellular microorganisms through the action of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does cytotoxic T cells identify abnormal or infected cells of the body in cell-mediated immunity?

A

through interactions with MHC molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does cell-mediated immunity involve?

A

delayed hypersensitivity reactions and the control of tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is anti-body-mediated immunity NOT effective against?

A

intracellular microorganisms (viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria and parasites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why is cell-mediated immunity effective against intracellular microorganisms?

A

because it destroys the cells in which the microogranisms are located

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do helper T-cells provide during cell-mediated immunity?

A

costimulation by releasing cytokines (interleukin-2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the release of interleukin 2 cause?

A

stimulates activation and cell division of T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

unlike B cells and macrophages what does helper T cells NOT do?

A

connect to T cells through MHC class II/antigen complexes or other surface molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does an increased number of helper T cells result in?

A

greater stimulation of cytotoxic T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens when helper T cells are activated and stimulated during cell-mediated response?

A

they divide in the same fashion as in antibody-mediated response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens after T cells are activated by an antigen on the surface of a target cell?

A

they undergo a series of divisions to produce cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are cytotoxic T cells responsible for?

A

cell-mediated immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does memory T cells provide?

A

a secondary response and long-lasting immunity in the same fashion as memory B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 2 main effects of cytotoxic T cells (2) (LP)

A

1) lyse cells

2) produce cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what can stimulate cytotoxic T-cell activity? (3) (VTT)

A

1) virus-infected cells (virus antigens)
2) tumor cells (tumor antigens)
3) tissue transplants (foreign antigens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the major method of lysis involve in cytotoxic t cells?

A

the protein perforin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the cytokines released by cytotoxic t cells responsible for?

A

phagocytosis and inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

order of antigen processing by MHC class I molecules (5) (PAMFS)

A

1) protein
2) antigens (protein fragments)
3) MHC class I molecule/ MHC class I/antigen complex
4) foreign antigen (MHC class I molecule)
5) self antigen (MHC class I molecule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the last step of antigen processing by MHC molecule class I normally not stimulate?

A

cell destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

order of antigen processing by MHC class II molecule (5) (FVVMP)

A

1) foreign antigen
2) vesicle containing MHC class II molecules
3) vesicle containing processed foreign antigens
4 ) MHC class II molecule (MHC class II/ antigen complex)
5) processed foreign antigen (MHC class II/antigen complex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does processed foreign antigen stimulate in antigen processing by MHC molecules class II?

A

immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

in costimulation by cytokines how are helper T cells first activated?

A

by a first signal and by costimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the first signal of costimulation by cytokines?

A

the binding of the MHC class II/antigen complex to th T-cell receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is costimulation in costimulation by cytokines?

A

an additional signal (molecules released from another cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is an example of costimulation by ctyokines?

A

macrophages release cytokines that bind to receptors on helper T cells resulting in costimulation

26
Q

what are other costimulatory signals?

A

combining of surface molecules between cells (binding of B7 molecule of macrophage with a CD28 molecule of helper T cell)

27
Q

in costimulation by surface molecules what does the CD4 molecule of helper T cell binding to macrophage’s MHC class II molecule help do?

A

hold the cells together

28
Q

order of proliferation of helper T cells (5) (MPCID)

A

1) macrophage (antigen processed)
2) processed antigen (B7, CD4 and CD28)
3) costimulation (interleukin 1 receptor)
4) interleukin 2
5) divides into 2 daughter helper T cells

29
Q

what does the first helper daughter T cell stimulated for?

A

to divide again

30
Q

what does the 2nd helper T cell stimulate?

A

B cells or effector T cells

31
Q

order of proliferation of helper B cells (7) (UBTCCBM)

A

1) unprocessed antigen binds to B cell receptor
2) B cells uses an MHC class II molecule to present the processed antigen to helper T cell
3) T cell receptor binds to MHC class II/antigen complex
4) costimulation of B cell by CD4 and other surface molecules
5) costimulation by interleukins (cytokines) released from helper T cells occur
6) B cell divides into 2 daughter b cells
7) many daughter b cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies

32
Q

order of proliferation of cytotoxic t cells (5) (MTCID)

A

1) MHC class I molecule
2) T cell receptor
3) CD8 (costimulation)
4) interleukin-2 released from helper T cells
5) divides into 2 daughter T cells

33
Q

2 types of T cells that T cells produce (CM)

A

1) cytotoxic T cells

2 )memory T cells

34
Q

what does cytotoxic T cells do?

A

1) release cytokines

2) kill cells on contact

35
Q

what does the release of cytokines by cytotoxic t cells do? (3) (PIA)

A

1) produce inflammation
2) initiate phagocytosis
3) activate T cells

36
Q

what does killing cells on contact cause by cytotoxic t cells?

A

target cell lyses

37
Q

when activated what do cytotoxic cells form?

A

many additional cytotoxic t cells as well as memory T cells

38
Q

what does cytotoxic t cells release and what does that promote?

A

cytokines and it promotes the destruction of the antigen or cause the lysis of target cells

39
Q

what are the memory T cells responsible for?

A

the secondary response

40
Q

how is active immunity provided?

A

by the individual’s own immune system

41
Q

how are antigens introduced with natural active immunity?

A

through natural exposure

42
Q

how are antigens introduced with artificial active immunity?

A

deliberately in a vaccine

43
Q

how is immunity provided with passive immunity?

A

it’s transferred from another person to an animal

44
Q

what is happening with natural passive immunity?

A

antibodies from the mother are transfered to her child across the placenta or in milk

45
Q

what is happening with artifical passive immunity?

A

antibodies produced by another person or an animal are injected

46
Q

what does active and passive immunity lead to?

A

acquired adaptive immunity

47
Q

how does HIV begin?

A

when a protein on the surface of the virus called gP120 binds to a CD4 molecule on the surface of the cell

48
Q

when is a HIV infected person diagnosed with AIDS? (3) (HOK)

A

1) the helper T cells fount falls below 200
2) an opportunistic infection occurs
3) kaposi sarcoma develops

49
Q

when symptoms occur within a few minutes of exposure to an antigen because antibodies are already present from prior exposure

A

hypersensitivity

50
Q

a pure antibody preparation that is specific for only one antigen

A

monoclonal antibody

51
Q

the endocytosis and destruction of particles by cells

A

phatocytosis

52
Q

what are the cells call that destruct particles by endocytosis?

A

phagocytes

53
Q

large phagocytic cells that are derived from monocytes

A

macrophages

54
Q

when an antigen is deliberately introduced into a person’s body to stimulate the immune system

A

vaccination

55
Q

similar to allergic reactions except that the immune system incorrectly treats self-antigens as foreign antigens

A

autoimmune disease

56
Q

what are some examples of autoimmune diseases? (3) (RMM)

A

1) rheumatoid arthritis
2) multiple sclerosis
3) myasthenia gravis

57
Q

a tissue graft from a donor of the same species as the recipient but not genetically identical

A

allograft

58
Q

a tissue graft or organ transplant from a donor of a different species from the recipient

A

xenograft

59
Q

a graft of tissue from one point to another of the same individual’s body

A

autograft

60
Q

a graft of tissue between two indviduals who are genetically identical (monozyogtic twins)

A

isograft

61
Q

a molecule formed from the integral binding of an antibody to a soluble antigen

A

antigen-antibody complex (immune complex)

A&P 224 (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions