Lecture exam #2 ch. 22 part 3

Question 1

what is the most effective against intracellular microorganisms through the action of cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 1

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 2

how does cytotoxic T cells identify abnormal or infected cells of the body in cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 2

through interactions with MHC molecules

Question 3

what does cell-mediated immunity involve?

Answer 3

delayed hypersensitivity reactions and the control of tumors

Question 4

what is anti-body-mediated immunity NOT effective against?

Answer 4

intracellular microorganisms (viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria and parasites)

Question 5

why is cell-mediated immunity effective against intracellular microorganisms?

Answer 5

because it destroys the cells in which the microogranisms are located

Question 6

what do helper T-cells provide during cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 6

costimulation by releasing cytokines (interleukin-2)

Question 7

what does the release of interleukin 2 cause?

Answer 7

stimulates activation and cell division of T cells

Question 8

unlike B cells and macrophages what does helper T cells NOT do?

Answer 8

connect to T cells through MHC class II/antigen complexes or other surface molecules

Question 9

what does an increased number of helper T cells result in?

Answer 9

greater stimulation of cytotoxic T cells

Question 10

what happens when helper T cells are activated and stimulated during cell-mediated response?

Answer 10

they divide in the same fashion as in antibody-mediated response

Question 11

what happens after T cells are activated by an antigen on the surface of a target cell?

Answer 11

they undergo a series of divisions to produce cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells

Question 12

what are cytotoxic T cells responsible for?

Answer 12

cell-mediated immune response

Question 13

what does memory T cells provide?

Answer 13

a secondary response and long-lasting immunity in the same fashion as memory B cells

Question 14

what are the 2 main effects of cytotoxic T cells (2) (LP)

Answer 14

1) lyse cells

2) produce cytokines

Question 15

what can stimulate cytotoxic T-cell activity? (3) (VTT)

Answer 15

1) virus-infected cells (virus antigens)
2) tumor cells (tumor antigens)
3) tissue transplants (foreign antigens)

Question 16

what is the major method of lysis involve in cytotoxic t cells?

Answer 16

the protein perforin

Question 17

what are the cytokines released by cytotoxic t cells responsible for?

Answer 17

phagocytosis and inflammation

Question 18

order of antigen processing by MHC class I molecules (5) (PAMFS)

Answer 18

1) protein
2) antigens (protein fragments)
3) MHC class I molecule/ MHC class I/antigen complex
4) foreign antigen (MHC class I molecule)
5) self antigen (MHC class I molecule)

Question 19

what does the last step of antigen processing by MHC molecule class I normally not stimulate?

Answer 19

cell destruction

Question 20

order of antigen processing by MHC class II molecule (5) (FVVMP)

Answer 20

1) foreign antigen
2) vesicle containing MHC class II molecules
3) vesicle containing processed foreign antigens
4 ) MHC class II molecule (MHC class II/ antigen complex)
5) processed foreign antigen (MHC class II/antigen complex)

Question 21

what does processed foreign antigen stimulate in antigen processing by MHC molecules class II?

Answer 21

immune cells

Question 22

in costimulation by cytokines how are helper T cells first activated?

Answer 22

by a first signal and by costimulation

Question 23

what is the first signal of costimulation by cytokines?

Answer 23

the binding of the MHC class II/antigen complex to th T-cell receptor

Question 24

what is costimulation in costimulation by cytokines?

Answer 24

an additional signal (molecules released from another cell)

Question 25

what is an example of costimulation by ctyokines?

Answer 25

macrophages release cytokines that bind to receptors on helper T cells resulting in costimulation

Question 26

what are other costimulatory signals?

Answer 26

combining of surface molecules between cells (binding of B7 molecule of macrophage with a CD28 molecule of helper T cell)

Question 27

in costimulation by surface molecules what does the CD4 molecule of helper T cell binding to macrophage's MHC class II molecule help do?

Answer 27

hold the cells together

Question 28

order of proliferation of helper T cells (5) (MPCID)

Answer 28

1) macrophage (antigen processed) 2) processed antigen (B7, CD4 and CD28) 3) costimulation (interleukin 1 receptor) 4) interleukin 2 5) divides into 2 daughter helper T cells

Question 29

what does the first helper daughter T cell stimulated for?

Answer 29

to divide again

Question 30

what does the 2nd helper T cell stimulate?

Answer 30

B cells or effector T cells

Question 31

order of proliferation of helper B cells (7) (UBTCCBM)

Answer 31

1) unprocessed antigen binds to B cell receptor 2) B cells uses an MHC class II molecule to present the processed antigen to helper T cell 3) T cell receptor binds to MHC class II/antigen complex 4) costimulation of B cell by CD4 and other surface molecules 5) costimulation by interleukins (cytokines) released from helper T cells occur 6) B cell divides into 2 daughter b cells 7) many daughter b cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies

Question 32

order of proliferation of cytotoxic t cells (5) (MTCID)

Answer 32

1) MHC class I molecule 2) T cell receptor 3) CD8 (costimulation) 4) interleukin-2 released from helper T cells 5) divides into 2 daughter T cells

Question 33

2 types of T cells that T cells produce (CM)

Answer 33

1) cytotoxic T cells | 2 )memory T cells

Question 34

what does cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 34

1) release cytokines | 2) kill cells on contact

Question 35

what does the release of cytokines by cytotoxic t cells do? (3) (PIA)

Answer 35

1) produce inflammation 2) initiate phagocytosis 3) activate T cells

Question 36

what does killing cells on contact cause by cytotoxic t cells?

Answer 36

target cell lyses

Question 37

when activated what do cytotoxic cells form?

Answer 37

many additional cytotoxic t cells as well as memory T cells

Question 38

what does cytotoxic t cells release and what does that promote?

Answer 38

cytokines and it promotes the destruction of the antigen or cause the lysis of target cells

Question 39

what are the memory T cells responsible for?

Answer 39

the secondary response

Question 40

how is active immunity provided?

Answer 40

by the individual's own immune system

Question 41

how are antigens introduced with natural active immunity?

Answer 41

through natural exposure

Question 42

how are antigens introduced with artificial active immunity?

Answer 42

deliberately in a vaccine

Question 43

how is immunity provided with passive immunity?

Answer 43

it's transferred from another person to an animal

Question 44

what is happening with natural passive immunity?

Answer 44

antibodies from the mother are transfered to her child across the placenta or in milk

Question 45

what is happening with artifical passive immunity?

Answer 45

antibodies produced by another person or an animal are injected

Question 46

what does active and passive immunity lead to?

Answer 46

acquired adaptive immunity

Question 47

how does HIV begin?

Answer 47

when a protein on the surface of the virus called gP120 binds to a CD4 molecule on the surface of the cell

Question 48

when is a HIV infected person diagnosed with AIDS? (3) (HOK)

Answer 48

1) the helper T cells fount falls below 200 2) an opportunistic infection occurs 3) kaposi sarcoma develops

Question 49

when symptoms occur within a few minutes of exposure to an antigen because antibodies are already present from prior exposure

Answer 49

hypersensitivity

Question 50

a pure antibody preparation that is specific for only one antigen

Answer 50

monoclonal antibody

Question 51

the endocytosis and destruction of particles by cells

Answer 51

phatocytosis

Question 52

what are the cells call that destruct particles by endocytosis?

Answer 52

phagocytes

Question 53

large phagocytic cells that are derived from monocytes

Answer 53

macrophages

Question 54

when an antigen is deliberately introduced into a person's body to stimulate the immune system

Answer 54

vaccination

Question 55

similar to allergic reactions except that the immune system incorrectly treats self-antigens as foreign antigens

Answer 55

autoimmune disease

Question 56

what are some examples of autoimmune diseases? (3) (RMM)

Answer 56

1) rheumatoid arthritis 2) multiple sclerosis 3) myasthenia gravis

Question 57

a tissue graft from a donor of the same species as the recipient but not genetically identical

Answer 57

allograft

Question 58

a tissue graft or organ transplant from a donor of a different species from the recipient

Answer 58

xenograft

Question 59

a graft of tissue from one point to another of the same individual's body

Answer 59

autograft

Question 60

a graft of tissue between two indviduals who are genetically identical (monozyogtic twins)

Answer 60

isograft

Question 61

a molecule formed from the integral binding of an antibody to a soluble antigen

Answer 61

antigen-antibody complex (immune complex)