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A&P 224 > Lecture Exam #1 Ch. 21 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #1 Ch. 21 Flashcards

1
Q

detects CO2 in blood, uses chemical sensitive neuron.

A

chemoreceptor reflex

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2
Q

inflammation of the veins

A

phlebitis

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3
Q

when blood flow to part of your brain is stopped either by blockage or the rupture of a blood vessel

A

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) (Stroke)

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4
Q

does artery or vein blood move faster and why?

A

artery because there is much higher pressure

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5
Q

which arteries do we change the size of?

A

muscular arteries and arterioles

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6
Q

what kind of cell is the tunica adventitia?

A

connective tissue

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7
Q

the pressure at which the sound disapears

A

diastolic pressure

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8
Q

what does the hepatic portal vein carry?

A

blood to series of capillaries (sinusoids) in the liver

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9
Q

a cross sectional area of blood vessel goes up what happens?

A

velocity of blood goes down

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10
Q

what are some characteristics about elastic arteries? (3) (BUL)

A

1) biggest
2) up to 2.5 cm
3) lots of elastin

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11
Q

results when the veins of the lower limbs are steched to the point that the valves become incompetent.

A

varicose veins

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12
Q

what are capillaries made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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13
Q

what happens to blood pressure with vasodialation?

A

it goes down

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14
Q

what are the parts of the internal elastic membrane of both veins and arteries? (3) (TTT)

A

1) tunica media
2) tunica adventitia
3) tunica intima

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15
Q

as the diameter of vessels decrease what is ocuring?

A

the total cross-sectional area increases and velocity of blood flow decreases

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16
Q

what parts of the human body can a pulse be taken? (10( SCFABRFPDP)

A

1) superficial temporal artery
2) common carotid artery
3) facial artery
4) axillary artery
5) brachial artery
6) radial artery
7) femoral artery
8) popliteal artery
9) dorsalis artery
10) posterior tibial artery

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17
Q

what is greater at the arterial end of the capillary?

A

net hydrostatic pressure is greater than net osmotic pressure

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18
Q

what are some characteristics of veins? (3) (TLL)

A

1) thinner
2) larger diameter opening
3) looks deflated

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19
Q

what happens to blood flow when the precapillary sphincters constrict?

A

it decreases

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20
Q

detects changes in blood pressure and produces changes in heart rate, heart force of contraction and blood vessel diameter that return blood pressure to homeostatic levels

A

baroreceptor reflex

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21
Q

which layer of the internal elastic membrane touches the blood?

A

tunica intima

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22
Q

the measure of the force the blood exerts against blood vessel walls

A

bloop pressure

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23
Q

what is true of all capillaries?

A

they all leak

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24
Q

when do we use the chemoreceptor reflex?

A

in times of emergency

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25
Q

in a chemoreceptor reflex what does a decrease in carbon dioxide and an increase in blood pH result in?

A

a decreased HR and vasodilation

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26
Q

about how much of the fluid passes into lymphatic capillaries?

A

one-tenth

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27
Q

at the venous end which is less?

A

the net hydrostatic pressure is less than the net osmotic pressure

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28
Q

what are some examples of elastic arteries? (6)(APCCBS)

A

1) aorta
2) pulmonary
3) common carotid
4) common iliac
5) brachiocephalic
6) subclavian

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29
Q

resistance to blood flow through vessels and especially arterioles

A

vascular resistance

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30
Q

The sounds we hear of blood flow turbulance and the vibrations in blood and surrounding tissues

A

Korotkoff sounds

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31
Q

what canthe antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin) mechanism increase?

A

the osmolality of blood

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32
Q

what system control heart rate and vessel size

A

nervous system

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33
Q

what does gangrene result from?

A

if the inflammation is severe and blood flow becomes stagnant in a large area

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34
Q

what are some characteristics of arteries? (3) (RTN)

A

1) rounder
2) thicker wall
3) narrower opening

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35
Q

if blood flows out what does that mean?

A

severed vein

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36
Q

if you have too much carbon dioxide what happens to your blood pressure?

A

it goes up

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37
Q

what can severe shock damage?

A

vital body tissues to the extent that the patient dies

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38
Q

what does a positive net filtration pressure cause?

A

fluid to move out of the capillary

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39
Q

what does a negative net filtration pressure cause?

A

fluid to move into the capillary

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40
Q

what happens to blood pressure with vasoconstriction?

A

it goes up

41
Q

which are the most common changes from blood pressure?

A

heart rate and vessel size

42
Q

when he net osmotic pressure is subtracted from the net hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end what do you get as a result?

A

a positive net filtration pressure

43
Q

what are mechanisms that change blood volume?

A

baroreceptor and chemoreceptor

44
Q

instrument for measuring blood pressure

A

sphygmomanometer

45
Q

what is a consequence of varicose veins?

A

the venous pressure is greater than normal in the veins of the lower limbs, resulting in edema

46
Q

a bulge that forms in it sometimes when a part of arterial wall becomes weakened

A

aneurysm

47
Q

inadequate blood flow throughout the body due to failure of the mechanisms to maintain normal blood pressure

A

circulatory shock

48
Q

what does the baroreceptor reflex result in?

A

a decrease in BP

49
Q

what is a consequence of circulatory shock?

A

tissues suffer damage due to lack of oxygen

50
Q

in nervous regulation of blood vessels what plays a major role in regulating the frequency of action potentials in nerve fibers that innervate blood vessels?

A

the vasomotor center within the medulla oblongata

51
Q

what is capillaries the only vessel in the body to do?

A

allow exchange between blood and environment

52
Q

if you have too little carbon dioxide what happens to your blood pressure?

A

it goes down

53
Q

why are capillaries able to allow for exchange between blood and environment?

A

because their walls are so thin

54
Q

how does the baroreceptor reflex work?

A

an increase in BP increases parasympathetic stimulation of the heart and decreases sympathetic stimulation of the heart and blood vessels

55
Q

what is true of blood flow in the aorta and capillaries ?

A

velocity of blood flow is the greatest but the total cross sectional area is small and with capillaries the cross sectional area is large but the velocity of blood flow is low

56
Q

what is the precapillary sphincter made of?

A

smooth muscle

57
Q

what else does ADH increase? (2) (WL)

A

1) water reabsorption by kidneys

2) large amounts of ADH result in vasoconstriction

58
Q

the pressure at which a sound is first heart

A

systolic pressure

59
Q

what happens to blood pressure when heart rate goes down?

A

bloop pressure goes down

60
Q

where do veins of the hepatic portal system converge?

A

on the hepatic portal vein

61
Q

what are the results from the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanis? (4) (VIDC)

A

1) vasoconstriction
2) increased water reabsorption
3) decreased urine volume
4) changes that maintain blood pressure

62
Q

what does a decrease in blood pressure do for sympathetic stimulation of the heart and blood vessels?

A

increases it

63
Q

what does the increased sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla result in?

A

epinephrine and some norepinephrine secretion

64
Q

what opens and closes depending on the need of the tissue?

A

precapillary sphincter

65
Q

hardening of the arteries consists of degenerative changes in arteries that make them less elastic

A

arteriosclerosis

66
Q

what are the mechanisms used to control human blood pressure? (6) (NBACRP)

A

1) nervous regulation of blood vessels
2) baroreceptor reflex
3) adrenal medullary mechanism
4) chemoreceptor reflex
5) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
6) pH and gases

67
Q

what does phlebitis result from?

A

blood flow in the veins becoming sufficiently stagnant (not moving) that the blood clots

68
Q

helps regulate blood pressure by altering blood volume

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

69
Q

what are 3 things that can change from blood pressure?

A

1) Heart rate
2) vessel size
3) blood volume

70
Q

what type of cell is the tunica media?

A

muscle cell

71
Q

what is varicose veins further encouraged by?

A

activities that increase pressure in veins such as pregnancy or standing for prolonged period of time

72
Q

natural communication direct or indirect between two blood vessels or other tubular structures. an opening created by surgery, trauma or disease between two or more normally separate spaces or organs

A

anastamoses

73
Q

what is the tunica media of muscular arteries made up of?

A

smooth muscle

74
Q

what can the antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin) mechanism decrease and what does that result in?

A

BP and results in ADH secretion

75
Q

what is a major regulatory mechanism that is part of long term regulation of BP?

A

renin-angiotensisn-aldosterone mechanism

76
Q

what system controls blood volume?

A

endocrine system

77
Q

when the net osmotic pressure is subtracted from the net hydrostatic pressure at the venous end what is the result?

A

a negative net filtration pressure

78
Q

what are most blood vessels innervated by?

A

sympathetic nerve fibers

79
Q

how does renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism control blood pressure?

A

the kidneys detect decreased BP and increase renin secretion

80
Q

even though veins have the same 3 layers what are some differences about veins?

A

1) less tunica media
2) less round
3) higher diameter lumen

81
Q

if bloods squirts out what does that mean?

A

a severed artery

82
Q

how does the adrenal medullary mechanism work?

A

increased sympathetic stimulation of adrenal medulla

83
Q

what is the function of precapillary sphincters?

A

they regulate blood flow through the capillaries

84
Q

how does the chemoreceptor reflex work?

A

and increase in carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH and oxygen result in an increased heart rate and vasoconstriction

85
Q

what do hepatic veins carry?

A

blood from capillaries in the liver to the inferior vena cava.

86
Q

when ADH increases water absorbtion by kidneys and vasoconstriction occurs what do these changes maintain?

A

Blood pressure

87
Q

the deposition of material in the walls of the arteries to form distinct plaques.

A

artherosclerosis

88
Q

what does a decrease in blood pressure do to parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?

A

it decreases it

89
Q

what exists between the inside and outside of capillaries at their arterial and venous ends?

A

pressure differences

90
Q

what are 2 types of capillaries? (2) (CF)

A

1) continuous (most common)

2) fenestrated (have holes)

91
Q

high blood pressure with a systolic BP greater than 140mm Hg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg

A

hypertension

92
Q

what happens to blood pressure when heart rate goes up?

A

blood pressure goes up

93
Q

what happens to blood flow when precapillary sphincters dilate?

A

it increases

94
Q

do arteries and veins have semilunar valves?

A

veins do, arteries don’t

95
Q

reduced blood to an area of the body

A

ischemia

96
Q

tissue death caused by a reduction in or loss of blood supply

A

gangrene

97
Q

approximately how much of the fluid leaves the capillary at its arterial end reenters the capillary at the venous end?

A

nine-tenths

98
Q

what are some characteristis of muscular arteries?

A

1) any artery without a name that isn’t elastic
2) up to .5 cm
3) thicker tunica media

99
Q

what does the hepatic portal system being as?

A

capillary beds in the stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine

A&P 224 (25 decks)

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