Lecture Exam #3 ch 25 Flashcards
the grand total of all chemical reactions in the body
metabolism
a reaction that combines smaller molecules into larger ones (ex. making an antibody)
anabolic
breaking large molecules into smaller ones (ex: hydrolysis)
catabolic
what are the big 3 of cell metabolism/respiration? (3)
1) glycosis
2) krebs
3) ETS
type of phosphate adding that we see in glycosis and kreb cycle. (phosphate hand off)
substrate level phosphorylation
where do we see substrate level phosphorylation?
in glycosis and krebs cycle
what does the substrate level phosphorylation need to happen and what does it not need?
it needs enzymes to happen but not O2 (aneorobic)
phosphate adding that happens in ETS. (bigger pay off energy wise)
oxidative phosphorylation
where do we see oxidative phosphorylation?
in ETS
what do we need for oxidative phosphorylation?
O2
where does glycosis take place?
in cytoplasm
what comes out during ATP synthesis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acids
is Acetyic-CoA part of the kreb cycle?
no it’s a separate step
how many ATPs do we get from ATP synthesis?
2 out glycosis and 2 out of the Krebs cycle= 4
is 4 ATP a big pay off?
no
where do all NADH and FADH2 go into?
ETS
what isthe final result of ATP in ATP synthesis?
36 ATP from one molecule of glucose (big payoff)
can we use lipids to generate ATP?
yes but there’s a price to pay
why is there a price to pay if we use lipids to generate ATP?
we need to do some conversions first and ketones are acidic and can alter pH
can we use amino acids to generate ATP?
yes but will also produce ketones acanhs garbage
can we convert amino acids or fatty acids into glucose?
yes with gluconegenesis
what organ can do gluconeogenesis?
the liver
changing one biomolecular group into another
nutrient molecule interconversions
organic molecules that exist in very small quantities in food
vitamins
vitamins that dissolve in water
water- soluble vitamins
what vitamins are water soluble?
B and C
vitamins that dissolve in lipids and are absorbed from the intestine along with lipids
fat-soluble vitamins
what vitamins are fat soluble?
A, D, E and K
inorganic nutrients that are necessary for metabolic functions
minerals
substances taken into the body that are used by the cells to produce energy, to provide the building blocks for new molecules and to function in other chemical reactions
nutrients
amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree celcius
calorie
1000 calories and used to express the larger amount of energy supplied by foods and released through metabolism
kilocalorie
substances that must be ingested because the body cannot manufacture them at all or cannot manufacture adequate amounts of them
essential nutrients
amino acids that the body cannot synthesize so they must be obtained in diet
essential amino acids
a food that contains adequate amounts of all nine essential amino acids
complete protein
molecule produced as part of normal metabolism, that are missing an electron
free radical
what is one function of vitamin A?
bone and tooth growth
what is one function of vitamin B1(thiamine)?
necessary for growth
what is one function of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?
involved in citric acid cycle
what is one function of vitamin B3 (niacin)?
involved in glycosis and citric acid cycle
what is one function of vitamin B12 (cobalamins)?
necessary for red blood cell production
what is one function of vitamin C(ascorbic acid)?
collagen synthesis
what is one function of vitamin D?
normal growth and bone and tooth formation
what is one function of vitamin E?
prevents oxidation of plasma membranes and DNA
what is one function of vitamin k?
required for synthesis of a number of clotting factors
a decrease in body temperature to 35 degrees celseus or below.
hypothermia
exchange of heat between objects in direct contact with each other such as the bottoms of the feet and the floor
conduction
a transfer of heat between the body and the air or water, as the air or water moves across the surface of the skin
convection
what happens if heat gain exceeds heat loss?
body temperature increases
what happens if heat loss exceeds heat gain?
body temperature decreases
energy needed to keep the resting body functional
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
what factors influence BMR? (8) (MYFDTEMP)
1) muscle tissue is metabolically more active than adipose tissue, so people with well-developed muscles have a higher BMR
2) younger people have a higher BMR than older people because of increased cell activity
3) fever can increase BMR
4) dieting or fasting can decrease BMR
5) thyroid hormones can increase BMR on long term
6) epinepherine can increase BMR on short term
7) males have a great BMR
8) pregnancy can increase BMR
Acetoacetic acid and acetone. released into the blood where they travel to other tissues, especially skeletal muscle.
ketone bodies
in the tissues what are the ketone bodies converted back into?
acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to produce ATP
