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A&P 224 > Lecture Exam #3 ch 25 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #3 ch 25 Flashcards

1
Q

the grand total of all chemical reactions in the body

A

metabolism

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2
Q

a reaction that combines smaller molecules into larger ones (ex. making an antibody)

A

anabolic

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3
Q

breaking large molecules into smaller ones (ex: hydrolysis)

A

catabolic

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4
Q

what are the big 3 of cell metabolism/respiration? (3)

A

1) glycosis
2) krebs
3) ETS

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5
Q

type of phosphate adding that we see in glycosis and kreb cycle. (phosphate hand off)

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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6
Q

where do we see substrate level phosphorylation?

A

in glycosis and krebs cycle

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7
Q

what does the substrate level phosphorylation need to happen and what does it not need?

A

it needs enzymes to happen but not O2 (aneorobic)

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8
Q

phosphate adding that happens in ETS. (bigger pay off energy wise)

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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9
Q

where do we see oxidative phosphorylation?

A

in ETS

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10
Q

what do we need for oxidative phosphorylation?

A

O2

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11
Q

where does glycosis take place?

A

in cytoplasm

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12
Q

what comes out during ATP synthesis?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acids

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13
Q

is Acetyic-CoA part of the kreb cycle?

A

no it’s a separate step

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14
Q

how many ATPs do we get from ATP synthesis?

A

2 out glycosis and 2 out of the Krebs cycle= 4

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15
Q

is 4 ATP a big pay off?

A

no

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16
Q

where do all NADH and FADH2 go into?

A

ETS

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17
Q

what isthe final result of ATP in ATP synthesis?

A

36 ATP from one molecule of glucose (big payoff)

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18
Q

can we use lipids to generate ATP?

A

yes but there’s a price to pay

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19
Q

why is there a price to pay if we use lipids to generate ATP?

A

we need to do some conversions first and ketones are acidic and can alter pH

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20
Q

can we use amino acids to generate ATP?

A

yes but will also produce ketones acanhs garbage

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21
Q

can we convert amino acids or fatty acids into glucose?

A

yes with gluconegenesis

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22
Q

what organ can do gluconeogenesis?

A

the liver

23
Q

changing one biomolecular group into another

A

nutrient molecule interconversions

24
Q

organic molecules that exist in very small quantities in food

A

vitamins

25
Q

vitamins that dissolve in water

A

water- soluble vitamins

26
Q

what vitamins are water soluble?

A

B and C

27
Q

vitamins that dissolve in lipids and are absorbed from the intestine along with lipids

A

fat-soluble vitamins

28
Q

what vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E and K

29
Q

inorganic nutrients that are necessary for metabolic functions

A

minerals

30
Q

substances taken into the body that are used by the cells to produce energy, to provide the building blocks for new molecules and to function in other chemical reactions

A

nutrients

31
Q

amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree celcius

A

calorie

32
Q

1000 calories and used to express the larger amount of energy supplied by foods and released through metabolism

A

kilocalorie

33
Q

substances that must be ingested because the body cannot manufacture them at all or cannot manufacture adequate amounts of them

A

essential nutrients

34
Q

amino acids that the body cannot synthesize so they must be obtained in diet

A

essential amino acids

35
Q

a food that contains adequate amounts of all nine essential amino acids

A

complete protein

36
Q

molecule produced as part of normal metabolism, that are missing an electron

A

free radical

37
Q

what is one function of vitamin A?

A

bone and tooth growth

38
Q

what is one function of vitamin B1(thiamine)?

A

necessary for growth

39
Q

what is one function of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?

A

involved in citric acid cycle

40
Q

what is one function of vitamin B3 (niacin)?

A

involved in glycosis and citric acid cycle

41
Q

what is one function of vitamin B12 (cobalamins)?

A

necessary for red blood cell production

42
Q

what is one function of vitamin C(ascorbic acid)?

A

collagen synthesis

43
Q

what is one function of vitamin D?

A

normal growth and bone and tooth formation

44
Q

what is one function of vitamin E?

A

prevents oxidation of plasma membranes and DNA

45
Q

what is one function of vitamin k?

A

required for synthesis of a number of clotting factors

46
Q

a decrease in body temperature to 35 degrees celseus or below.

A

hypothermia

47
Q

exchange of heat between objects in direct contact with each other such as the bottoms of the feet and the floor

A

conduction

48
Q

a transfer of heat between the body and the air or water, as the air or water moves across the surface of the skin

A

convection

49
Q

what happens if heat gain exceeds heat loss?

A

body temperature increases

50
Q

what happens if heat loss exceeds heat gain?

A

body temperature decreases

51
Q

energy needed to keep the resting body functional

A

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

52
Q

what factors influence BMR? (8) (MYFDTEMP)

A

1) muscle tissue is metabolically more active than adipose tissue, so people with well-developed muscles have a higher BMR
2) younger people have a higher BMR than older people because of increased cell activity
3) fever can increase BMR
4) dieting or fasting can decrease BMR
5) thyroid hormones can increase BMR on long term
6) epinepherine can increase BMR on short term
7) males have a great BMR
8) pregnancy can increase BMR

53
Q

Acetoacetic acid and acetone. released into the blood where they travel to other tissues, especially skeletal muscle.

A

ketone bodies

54
Q

in the tissues what are the ketone bodies converted back into?

A

acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle to produce ATP

A&P 224 (25 decks)

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