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A&P 224 > Lecture exam #2 chapter 22 > Flashcards

Lecture exam #2 chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the lymphatic system NOT?

A

an immune system

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2
Q

what is the lymphatic system if not an immune system?

A

it’s the other vascular system we have

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3
Q

what is the major function of the lymphatic system?

A

to return lost fluid back to the blood stream

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4
Q

what are 2 minor functions of the lymphatic system?

A

1) “one site for immunity”

2) lipid absorption

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5
Q

what does hydrostatic pressure do?

A

pushes fluid out

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6
Q

what is the osmotic pressure?

A

concentration of a fluid pulling fluid in

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7
Q

what is a consequence of all capillaries leaking?

A

we end up losing fluid

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8
Q

about how much fluid do we lose?

A

about 10-15%

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9
Q

where is the lost fluid?

A

out side the cell

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10
Q

what exactly is the lymphatic system?

A

a system of vessels that takes the 10-15% of lost fluid and gets it back to your blood stream

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11
Q

what is interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid)

A

fluid in between tissues

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12
Q

what is the fluid called once it goes into the lymphatic vessel?

A

lymph

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13
Q

what are some characteristics about lymphatic capillaries? (5) (NOHHS)

A

1) not continous
2) overlapping
3) have a dead end (no circuit)
4) have valves
5) structure is similar to veins (thinner walled)

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14
Q

what do valves tell us about lymphatic capillaries?

A

that the fluid doesn’t move fast at all

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15
Q

how does lymph move without a pumping organ?

A

it uses muscular thoracic (respiratory) pumps

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16
Q

how does the lymphatic system use muscular pumps?

A

contraction of muscular vessels that pushes forward (valves)

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17
Q

what does the thoracic (respiratory) pumps help with?

A

move blood in the thorax

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18
Q

how does fluid change from starting in the capillaries

A

it goes from blood plasma to interstitial fluid to lymph

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19
Q

where are lymph nodes?

A

where the head meets the torso

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20
Q

what does lymph need to go through?

A

nodes

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21
Q

about how many lymph nodes do we have?

A

an avg. of 500-600

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22
Q

what are lymph nodes filled with?

A

reticular connective tissue

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23
Q

what does the reticular connective tissue that lymph nodes are filled with do?

A

forces fluids to slow down when entering the node

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24
Q

what is true of fluid entering the lymph nodes?

A

there’s more ways in than out

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25
Q

what are lymph nodes known as?

A

an “immunilogical checkpoint”

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26
Q

what do lymph nodes check for?

A

viruses and disease “one site for immunity”

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27
Q

what can help find a virus?

A

removing a lymph node

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28
Q

how does the fluid lost at the capillary beds return to the circulatory system?

A

through lymphatic ducts

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29
Q

what are the two ducts that fluid returns to the circulatory system through?

A

1) thoracic duct (biggest lymphatic vessel)

2) Rt. lymphatic duct

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30
Q

what is true of the lymphatic ducts?

A

they’re assymetrical and attach to veins

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31
Q

what are lymphatic organs?

A

lymph nodes

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32
Q

what 2 examples of lymphatic organs?

A

tonsils and spleen

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33
Q

what is immunity?

A

not a system, a systemic physiological process that protects us from pathogens

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34
Q

what are some examples of pathogens? (BVPPAO) (6)

A

1) bacteria
2) viruses
3) protozoa
4) parasites/worms
5) abnormal self-cells
6) other

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35
Q

what is the order that the fluid from blood capillaries move in? (2) (TL)

A

1) tissues

2) lymphatic capillaries to form lymph

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36
Q

what does the overlap of epithelial cells of the lymphatic capillary allow fluid to do but also prevents?

A

enter but prevents it from moving back into the tissues

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37
Q

what do the valves located farther along in lymphatic vessels also ensure?

A

one-way flow of lymph

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38
Q

what does the lymphatic system include? (LLLLLTST) (8)

A

1) lymph
2) lymphatic vessels
3) lymphatic tissues
4) lymphatic nodules
5) lymph nodes
6) tonsils
7) spleen
8) thymus

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39
Q

what do the lymph nodes include? (3) (AIC)

A

1) axillary lymph node
2) inguinal lymph node
3) cervical lymph node

40
Q

as lymph moves through the sinuses what happens?

A

phagocytic cells remove foreign substances

41
Q

what are the germinal centers sites of?

A

lymphocyte production

42
Q

what do we call the fluid moving into the lymph node?

A

afferent

43
Q

what do we call the fluid moving out of the lymph node?

A

efferent

44
Q

what diseases fall under the pathogen, bacteria? (4) (TSVC)

A

1) TB
2) staph
3) vibrio
4) Clostridium

45
Q

what is a characteristic of bacteria?

A

rapid rate of reproduction

46
Q

what diseases fall under the pathogen, viruses? (5) (IHHRE)

A

1) influenza
2) HIV
3) hepatitis
4) rabies
5) Ebola

47
Q

can viruses kill you?

A

usually it is a secondary disease caused by the virus that leads to death

48
Q

what falls under the pathogen, protozoa? (2) (PT)

A

1) plasmodium

2) trypanasoma

49
Q

what falls under the pathogen, parasites/worms? (5) (AWPHH)

A

1) ascaris
2) wicherreria (plugs up lymphatic vessels)
3) pinworm
4) hookworm
5) hydatidworm

50
Q

what falls under the pathogen, abnormal self-cells? (2) (CA)

A

1) cancers

2) autoimmune

51
Q

what is a characteristic of the pathogen, abnormal self-cells?

A

when your own cells become pathogens

52
Q

what falls under the pathogen, other category? (3) (CRP)

A

1) chems
2) radiation (xrays, gamma rays etc.)
3) prions

53
Q

what are the 2 types of immunity we have?

A

1) non-specific immunity (innate)

2) specific immunity (adaptive)

54
Q

what does non-specific immunity work against?

A

a variety of pathogens

55
Q

what does non-specific immunity NOT improve with?

A

repeated exposure (same everytime regardless of age)

56
Q

what does specific immunity only work on?

A

specific pathogens (antigens specific)

57
Q

what does specific immunity improve with?

A

repeated exposure (chicken pox)

58
Q

what are some non-specific immune defenses? (8) (SPICNPIF)

A

1) species resistance
2) physical barriers
3) interferons
4) complement system
5) NK cells
6) phagocytic cells
7) inflammation
8) fever

59
Q

how does specifies resistance prevent pathogens?

A

by being a species resistant to the pathogen

60
Q

what are some examples of physical barriers? (3) (SCE)

A

1) secretions (mucus)
2) cilia
3) earwax

61
Q

what does physical barriers do?

A

keep things out

62
Q

a group of up to 200 proteins made by virally infected cells or some macrophages

A

interferons

63
Q

what can/may interferons block?

A

viral reproductions at ribosomes

64
Q

what do infected cells spit out inteferons for?

A

to help other cells

65
Q

does interferons help the infected cell?

A

no

66
Q

what is true of the compliment system?

A

it’s non-specific and can stick to some pathogens and not others

67
Q

what are the two pathways of the compliment cascade?

A

1) classical pathway

2) alternative pathway

68
Q

about how many C-proteins are in the compliment cascade?

A

9-11

69
Q

what are the C-proteins made by?

A

the liver

70
Q

what doe the classical pathway start with?

A

C1

71
Q

what does the classical pathway have that the alternative pathway does NOT?

A

antibodies

72
Q

what does the alternative pathway start with?

A

C3

73
Q

when does the classical pathway begin?

A

when an antigen-antibody complex binds to C1

74
Q

what does the C1 antigen-antibody complex of the classical pathway activate?

A

C4

75
Q

what does activated C4 form in the classical pathway?

A

a complex with C2 that activates C3

76
Q

when does the alternative pathway begin?

A

when C3 is spontaneously activated

77
Q

what stabalized activated C3 i nthe alternative pathway?

A

foreign substances and factors B, D and P

78
Q

what is true once C3 is activated?

A

the classical and alternative pathways are the same

79
Q

what occurs after C3 is activated?

A

C3 activats C5, C5 activates C6 which activates C7 which activates C8 which activates C9

80
Q

what does activated C3-7 promote? (3) (PIC)

A

1) phagocytosis
2) inflammation
3) chemotaxis (attracts cells)

81
Q

what do activated C5-C9 combine to form?

A

a membrane attack complex (MAC)

82
Q

what does a MAC form?

A

a channel through the plasma membrane

83
Q

what happens at the end of the compliment cascade?

A

either a MAC or “Mark” pathogen

84
Q

if a compliment protein can’t punch a whole what might it do?

A

just stick to the pathogen (Mark)

85
Q

when a pathogen is set up to be killed by something else such as a monocyte

A

opsonization

86
Q

what does MAC or “Mark” depend on?

A

the pathogen

87
Q

what is the 3rd pathway?

A

the Lectin pathway

88
Q

what is the Lectin pathway another method for?

A

to start the alternative pathway

89
Q

how does the Lectin pathway work?

A

the liver will make protein lectin in response to phagocytosis by macrophage killing something, lectin then sticks to other pathogens like the one killed

90
Q

what sticks to lectin?

A

C3

91
Q

how much of lymphocytes does NK cells take up?

A

15%

92
Q

what can NK cells do?

A

can recognize and destroy some cancer cells and some virally infected cells

93
Q

how does NK cells recognize and destroy cells?

A

by spitting perforin on them

94
Q

what does inflammation begin with?

A

tissue damage

95
Q

what does inflammation NOT require?

A

presence of a pathogen

96
Q

how are basophils and mast cells basically the same thing?

A

they spit out histamine

A&P 224 (25 decks)

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