Lecture exam #2 chapter 22 Flashcards
what is the lymphatic system NOT?
an immune system
what is the lymphatic system if not an immune system?
it’s the other vascular system we have
what is the major function of the lymphatic system?
to return lost fluid back to the blood stream
what are 2 minor functions of the lymphatic system?
1) “one site for immunity”
2) lipid absorption
what does hydrostatic pressure do?
pushes fluid out
what is the osmotic pressure?
concentration of a fluid pulling fluid in
what is a consequence of all capillaries leaking?
we end up losing fluid
about how much fluid do we lose?
about 10-15%
where is the lost fluid?
out side the cell
what exactly is the lymphatic system?
a system of vessels that takes the 10-15% of lost fluid and gets it back to your blood stream
what is interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid)
fluid in between tissues
what is the fluid called once it goes into the lymphatic vessel?
lymph
what are some characteristics about lymphatic capillaries? (5) (NOHHS)
1) not continous
2) overlapping
3) have a dead end (no circuit)
4) have valves
5) structure is similar to veins (thinner walled)
what do valves tell us about lymphatic capillaries?
that the fluid doesn’t move fast at all
how does lymph move without a pumping organ?
it uses muscular thoracic (respiratory) pumps
how does the lymphatic system use muscular pumps?
contraction of muscular vessels that pushes forward (valves)
what does the thoracic (respiratory) pumps help with?
move blood in the thorax
how does fluid change from starting in the capillaries
it goes from blood plasma to interstitial fluid to lymph
where are lymph nodes?
where the head meets the torso
what does lymph need to go through?
nodes
about how many lymph nodes do we have?
an avg. of 500-600
what are lymph nodes filled with?
reticular connective tissue
what does the reticular connective tissue that lymph nodes are filled with do?
forces fluids to slow down when entering the node
what is true of fluid entering the lymph nodes?
there’s more ways in than out
what are lymph nodes known as?
an “immunilogical checkpoint”
what do lymph nodes check for?
viruses and disease “one site for immunity”
what can help find a virus?
removing a lymph node
how does the fluid lost at the capillary beds return to the circulatory system?
through lymphatic ducts
what are the two ducts that fluid returns to the circulatory system through?
1) thoracic duct (biggest lymphatic vessel)
2) Rt. lymphatic duct
what is true of the lymphatic ducts?
they’re assymetrical and attach to veins
what are lymphatic organs?
lymph nodes
what 2 examples of lymphatic organs?
tonsils and spleen
what is immunity?
not a system, a systemic physiological process that protects us from pathogens
what are some examples of pathogens? (BVPPAO) (6)
1) bacteria
2) viruses
3) protozoa
4) parasites/worms
5) abnormal self-cells
6) other
what is the order that the fluid from blood capillaries move in? (2) (TL)
1) tissues
2) lymphatic capillaries to form lymph
what does the overlap of epithelial cells of the lymphatic capillary allow fluid to do but also prevents?
enter but prevents it from moving back into the tissues
what do the valves located farther along in lymphatic vessels also ensure?
one-way flow of lymph
what does the lymphatic system include? (LLLLLTST) (8)
1) lymph
2) lymphatic vessels
3) lymphatic tissues
4) lymphatic nodules
5) lymph nodes
6) tonsils
7) spleen
8) thymus
what do the lymph nodes include? (3) (AIC)
1) axillary lymph node
2) inguinal lymph node
3) cervical lymph node
as lymph moves through the sinuses what happens?
phagocytic cells remove foreign substances
what are the germinal centers sites of?
lymphocyte production
what do we call the fluid moving into the lymph node?
afferent
what do we call the fluid moving out of the lymph node?
efferent
what diseases fall under the pathogen, bacteria? (4) (TSVC)
1) TB
2) staph
3) vibrio
4) Clostridium
what is a characteristic of bacteria?
rapid rate of reproduction
what diseases fall under the pathogen, viruses? (5) (IHHRE)
1) influenza
2) HIV
3) hepatitis
4) rabies
5) Ebola
can viruses kill you?
usually it is a secondary disease caused by the virus that leads to death
what falls under the pathogen, protozoa? (2) (PT)
1) plasmodium
2) trypanasoma
what falls under the pathogen, parasites/worms? (5) (AWPHH)
1) ascaris
2) wicherreria (plugs up lymphatic vessels)
3) pinworm
4) hookworm
5) hydatidworm
what falls under the pathogen, abnormal self-cells? (2) (CA)
1) cancers
2) autoimmune
what is a characteristic of the pathogen, abnormal self-cells?
when your own cells become pathogens
what falls under the pathogen, other category? (3) (CRP)
1) chems
2) radiation (xrays, gamma rays etc.)
3) prions
what are the 2 types of immunity we have?
1) non-specific immunity (innate)
2) specific immunity (adaptive)
what does non-specific immunity work against?
a variety of pathogens
what does non-specific immunity NOT improve with?
repeated exposure (same everytime regardless of age)
what does specific immunity only work on?
specific pathogens (antigens specific)
what does specific immunity improve with?
repeated exposure (chicken pox)
what are some non-specific immune defenses? (8) (SPICNPIF)
1) species resistance
2) physical barriers
3) interferons
4) complement system
5) NK cells
6) phagocytic cells
7) inflammation
8) fever
how does specifies resistance prevent pathogens?
by being a species resistant to the pathogen
what are some examples of physical barriers? (3) (SCE)
1) secretions (mucus)
2) cilia
3) earwax
what does physical barriers do?
keep things out
a group of up to 200 proteins made by virally infected cells or some macrophages
interferons
what can/may interferons block?
viral reproductions at ribosomes
what do infected cells spit out inteferons for?
to help other cells
does interferons help the infected cell?
no
what is true of the compliment system?
it’s non-specific and can stick to some pathogens and not others
what are the two pathways of the compliment cascade?
1) classical pathway
2) alternative pathway
about how many C-proteins are in the compliment cascade?
9-11
what are the C-proteins made by?
the liver
what doe the classical pathway start with?
C1
what does the classical pathway have that the alternative pathway does NOT?
antibodies
what does the alternative pathway start with?
C3
when does the classical pathway begin?
when an antigen-antibody complex binds to C1
what does the C1 antigen-antibody complex of the classical pathway activate?
C4
what does activated C4 form in the classical pathway?
a complex with C2 that activates C3
when does the alternative pathway begin?
when C3 is spontaneously activated
what stabalized activated C3 i nthe alternative pathway?
foreign substances and factors B, D and P
what is true once C3 is activated?
the classical and alternative pathways are the same
what occurs after C3 is activated?
C3 activats C5, C5 activates C6 which activates C7 which activates C8 which activates C9
what does activated C3-7 promote? (3) (PIC)
1) phagocytosis
2) inflammation
3) chemotaxis (attracts cells)
what do activated C5-C9 combine to form?
a membrane attack complex (MAC)
what does a MAC form?
a channel through the plasma membrane
what happens at the end of the compliment cascade?
either a MAC or “Mark” pathogen
if a compliment protein can’t punch a whole what might it do?
just stick to the pathogen (Mark)
when a pathogen is set up to be killed by something else such as a monocyte
opsonization
what does MAC or “Mark” depend on?
the pathogen
what is the 3rd pathway?
the Lectin pathway
what is the Lectin pathway another method for?
to start the alternative pathway
how does the Lectin pathway work?
the liver will make protein lectin in response to phagocytosis by macrophage killing something, lectin then sticks to other pathogens like the one killed
what sticks to lectin?
C3
how much of lymphocytes does NK cells take up?
15%
what can NK cells do?
can recognize and destroy some cancer cells and some virally infected cells
how does NK cells recognize and destroy cells?
by spitting perforin on them
what does inflammation begin with?
tissue damage
what does inflammation NOT require?
presence of a pathogen
how are basophils and mast cells basically the same thing?
they spit out histamine
