Lecture Exam #2 Ch. 23 Flashcards
what liquid is henry’s law referring to that diffusion works in and out of?
blood plasma
what lines the trachea and pharynx?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
surgical opening of the trachea
trachetomy
with Boyle’s law if pressure goes up what happens to volume?
it goes down
how is human respiration controlled? (8) (HMCHPRTP)
1) higher centers of the brain
2) medullary chemoreceptors
3) carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors
4) Hering-Bruer reflex receptors
5) proprioreceptors in muscles and joints
6) receptors for touch
7) temperature
8) painful stimuli
what is happening with O2 pressure during systemic gas exchange?
O2 pressure is higher in the artery than in the tissue cell
what is the 1st tissue to die from smoking and the 1st tissue to come back when you quit?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
volume of air still in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration
residual volume
how is CO2 diffusing during systemic gas exchange?
from the tissue to the artery
what is the larynx held in place by?
membranes and/or muscles superior to the hyoid bone
inflammation predominately of the small airways of the respiratory tract
COPD
what happens without normal surfactant?
the tissues surrounding the air sacs stick together after exhalation causing the alveoli to collapse
with Boyle’s law if pressure goes down what happens to volume?
it goes up
what do the hyaline cartilage rings do for the trachea?
keeps it open
less than 1 mm in diameter, given way from the bronchi
bronchioles
why must the larynx remain open?
because it’s a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea
viral infection of the respiratory system
influenza
what is happening with the PH and CO2 during medullary chemoreceptors?
low PH and high CO2
what is the compliance of the lungs and thorax?
the volume by which they increase for each unit of change in intraalveolar pressure
rapid, deep breathing, decreases CO2 in blood
hyperventilation
immediately posterior to the nasal cavity
nasopharynx
rapid reproduction of cell in the lung
lung cancer
common opening of both the digestive and respiratory system
pharynx
where does gas exchange occur?
in the pulmonary capillary bed
during pulmonary gas exchange where is O2 diffusing from the alveolus to?
the vein
what chemical mediator does the lungs produce?
angioetensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
functions of the respiratory system (6) (RRPOPV)
1) respiration
2) regulation of blood pH
3) production of chemical mediators
4) olfaction
5) protection
6) voice production
why doesn’t the nasal cavity/pharynx collapse?
because you have a skull
inflamed pluera cavity
pleurisy
in the diffusion of gases how does gas move?
from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
what is the rigidity of the larynx due to?
an outer casing of nine cartilages
what is the wall of the capillary made up of?
simple squamous epithelium
why does alveoli collapse?
because of surfactant
normal volume of air inspired and expired with each breath
tidal volume
how much respiratory membrane do we have?
depending on size from 70-75 square meters
given rise to by the respiratory bronchioles, long, branching hallways with many open doorways into the Alevoli
alveolar ducts
what is the type I pneumocyte ?
a wall made up of simple squamous epithelium
what is happening with the O2 pressure during pulmonary gas exchange?
O2 pressure is higher in the alveolus than in the vein
what happens at the terminal and respiratory bronchioles?
the walls get thin enough for gas exchange (between air and blood)
how does olfaction occur?
when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity
how is O2 diffusing during systemic gas exchange?
from the artery to the tissue cell
when do the bronchioles stop branching?
when we get to the alveoli and alveolar sacs
what is happening during internal respiration?
gas exchange with tissues while CO2 exits the tissues to enter blood
what is happening with the CO2 pressure during pulmonary gas exchange?
CO2 pressure is higher in the vein than in the alveolus
what does Boyle’s law describe?
how we control ventilation
how does the respiratory system regulate blood pH?
by changing blood CO2 levels
when we inhale what is happening to the diaphragm?
it contracts (goes down)
a measure of the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand
compliance
what isthe function of the pharynx?
receives air from the nasal cavity and receives air, food and drink from oral cavity
if you give it half a chance what will happen to your respiratory system?
it will collapse on itself
continuous with the nasopharynx. the middle portion of the pharynx.
oropharynx
what are the 4 basal segments of the lung?
anterior, posterior, medial and lateral
what is happening during external respiration?
oxygen enters the blood in the lungs and CO2 exits the blood in the lungs
what does surfactant do in type II pneumocytes?
1) has phospholipids and proteins in it
2) it reduces surface tension of water
3) keeps alveoli open
why doesn’t the trachea/bronchal tree collapse?
because of hyaline cartilage
slow shallow breathing, increases CO2 in blood
hypoventilation
when does the trachea stop branching?
when it gets to terminal and respiratory bronchioles
when carbonic anhydrase catalyzed a reversible reaction CO2 + H2= H2CO3= H + HCO-3
Bohr effect
how is CO2 diffusing during pulmonary gas exchange?
from the vein to the alveolus
how does the respiratory system protect against microorganisms ?
by preventing them from entering the body and removing them from respiratory surfaces
what is happening with the CO2 pressure during systemic gas exchange?
pressure is higher in the tissue cell than in the artery
hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
emphysema
law that states at any given temp the amount of a gas solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas
henry’s law
what is the function of the trachea?
allows air flow into the lungs
what are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx? (ACC)
1) arytenoid
2) corniculate
3) cuneiform
why does the lungs collapse?
because of the pleura
the combination of the vocal folds and the opening between them
glottis
can we alter pressure in thorax?
yes
what’s happening during inhalation?
you contract the diaphragm and rib cage muscles causing more space in the thoracic cavity
in order for pressure to enter head what must be happening?
pressure must be less in thorax
law that states in a mixture of gases (air) each gas exerts a pressure equal to its amount
dalton’s law of partial pressure
what is the third of the single cartilage of the larynx?
the epiglottis
how do we recognize the trachea?
by the hyaline cartilage rings
what is the function of the larynx? (3) (MPS)
1) maintaints open passageway for air movement
2) prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract and out of the lower respiratoy tract
3) sound production
what is happening with pressure during exhalation?
the thoracic pressure increases higher than atmospheric pressure and air goes into the atmosphere
the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration
expiratory reserve volume
what are the 5 functions of the nasal cavity? (PCHCH)
1) passageway for air
2) cleans the air
3) humidifies and warms the air
4) contains the olfactory epithelium
5) helps determine voice sound
respiratory disorder caused by breathing in coal dust
anthracosis (black lung)
a bubble of air in the pleural sac
pneumothorax
when Hemoglobin usually won’t carry O2 and CO2 at the same time
“Haldane effect”
continuous with the oropharynx, spans the posterior length of the larynx.
laryngopharynx
what are the 4 steps of respiration? (4) (VEGI)
1) ventilation
2) external respiration
3) gas transport
4) internal respiration
what is happening with PH, CO2 and O2 during carotid and aortic body receptors?
low pH, high CO2 and low O2
what is on the alveolar sacs?
smothered with pulmonary capillaries
how does voice production occur?
air moving past the vocal folds
technical description of collapsed lung
atelectasis
small, air-filled chambers where air and blood come into close contact with each other
alveoli
what is 70% of CO2 trasported in blood disguised as?
HCO-3 (bicarbonate)
where does systemic gas exchange occur?
anywhere that’s not your lungs
how are blood gases transported in the human body? (3) (PDI)
1) proteins in arms of hemoglobin
2) dissolved in plasma
3) in plasma disguised as HCO-3 (bicarbonate)
what’s happening during exhalation?
the contracted muscles relax causing less space in the thoracic cavity
what is occuring in the respiratory zone?
when the wall gets thin enough to allow gas exchange (where the terminal bronchiole becomes the respiratory bronchiole)
a disease that affects the mucous glands throughout the body
cystic fibrosis
during inhalation what is happening to the pressure?
the thoracic pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure and air goes into the lungs
what are the pleural cavities from inner to outer?
visceral, pleural and parietal
what does ventilation do?
just moves air in and out of body
what is the base of the larynx formed by?
the cricoid cartilage
infectious bacterial disease characterized by nodules in the tissue, lungs
tuberculosis
what does the 2 primary bronchus of the trachea branch into?
secondary bronchus
what is the section above the terminal bronchiole called?
the conducting zone
as HCO-3 (bicarbonate) diffuse out of red blood cells, electrical neutrality is maintained by the diffusion of chloride ions into them
chloride shift
describe the role of the diaphragm in human respiration
it contracts and relaxes to move air in and out of the lungs
about how much of blood CO2 is desolved in plasma?
about 7%
what is the section below the respiratory brochiole called?
the respiratory zone
what are the parts of the left lung?
superior and inferior lobes
what is happening in the conducting zone?
moving air around (no gas exchange)
list the organs of the respiratory system (6) (NPLTBL)
1) nasal cavity
2) pharynx (throat)
3) larynx
4) trachea
5) bronchi
6) lungs
what are the parts of the right lung?
superior, middle and inferior lobes
which is the largest of the cartilages in the larynx?
the thyroid (adam’s apple)
what is our biggest problem?
CO2
the interior ligaments covered by a mucous membrane in the larynx
vocal folds
what does the trachea branch into?
2 primary bronchus
what is the function of the nasal cavity?
where air first enters the respiratory system
describe the structure of the bronchial tree?
includes trachea that divides to form left and right bronchi to eventually consist of many microscopic tubes and sacs
what does our need to respirate come from?
it doesn’t come from the need to obtain O2 rather than to get rid of CO2
where is the hering-breuer reflex?
in lungs
the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal respiration
inspiratory reserve volume
