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A&P 224 > Lecture Exam #2 Ch. 23 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #2 Ch. 23 Flashcards

1
Q

what liquid is henry’s law referring to that diffusion works in and out of?

A

blood plasma

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2
Q

what lines the trachea and pharynx?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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3
Q

surgical opening of the trachea

A

trachetomy

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4
Q

with Boyle’s law if pressure goes up what happens to volume?

A

it goes down

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5
Q

how is human respiration controlled? (8) (HMCHPRTP)

A

1) higher centers of the brain
2) medullary chemoreceptors
3) carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors
4) Hering-Bruer reflex receptors
5) proprioreceptors in muscles and joints
6) receptors for touch
7) temperature
8) painful stimuli

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6
Q

what is happening with O2 pressure during systemic gas exchange?

A

O2 pressure is higher in the artery than in the tissue cell

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7
Q

what is the 1st tissue to die from smoking and the 1st tissue to come back when you quit?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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8
Q

volume of air still in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration

A

residual volume

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9
Q

how is CO2 diffusing during systemic gas exchange?

A

from the tissue to the artery

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10
Q

what is the larynx held in place by?

A

membranes and/or muscles superior to the hyoid bone

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11
Q

inflammation predominately of the small airways of the respiratory tract

A

COPD

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12
Q

what happens without normal surfactant?

A

the tissues surrounding the air sacs stick together after exhalation causing the alveoli to collapse

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13
Q

with Boyle’s law if pressure goes down what happens to volume?

A

it goes up

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14
Q

what do the hyaline cartilage rings do for the trachea?

A

keeps it open

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15
Q

less than 1 mm in diameter, given way from the bronchi

A

bronchioles

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16
Q

why must the larynx remain open?

A

because it’s a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea

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17
Q

viral infection of the respiratory system

A

influenza

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18
Q

what is happening with the PH and CO2 during medullary chemoreceptors?

A

low PH and high CO2

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19
Q

what is the compliance of the lungs and thorax?

A

the volume by which they increase for each unit of change in intraalveolar pressure

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20
Q

rapid, deep breathing, decreases CO2 in blood

A

hyperventilation

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21
Q

immediately posterior to the nasal cavity

A

nasopharynx

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22
Q

rapid reproduction of cell in the lung

A

lung cancer

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23
Q

common opening of both the digestive and respiratory system

A

pharynx

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24
Q

where does gas exchange occur?

A

in the pulmonary capillary bed

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25
Q

during pulmonary gas exchange where is O2 diffusing from the alveolus to?

A

the vein

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26
Q

what chemical mediator does the lungs produce?

A

angioetensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

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27
Q

functions of the respiratory system (6) (RRPOPV)

A

1) respiration
2) regulation of blood pH
3) production of chemical mediators
4) olfaction
5) protection
6) voice production

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28
Q

why doesn’t the nasal cavity/pharynx collapse?

A

because you have a skull

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29
Q

inflamed pluera cavity

A

pleurisy

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30
Q

in the diffusion of gases how does gas move?

A

from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

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31
Q

what is the rigidity of the larynx due to?

A

an outer casing of nine cartilages

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32
Q

what is the wall of the capillary made up of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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33
Q

why does alveoli collapse?

A

because of surfactant

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34
Q

normal volume of air inspired and expired with each breath

A

tidal volume

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35
Q

how much respiratory membrane do we have?

A

depending on size from 70-75 square meters

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36
Q

given rise to by the respiratory bronchioles, long, branching hallways with many open doorways into the Alevoli

A

alveolar ducts

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37
Q

what is the type I pneumocyte ?

A

a wall made up of simple squamous epithelium

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38
Q

what is happening with the O2 pressure during pulmonary gas exchange?

A

O2 pressure is higher in the alveolus than in the vein

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39
Q

what happens at the terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

the walls get thin enough for gas exchange (between air and blood)

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40
Q

how does olfaction occur?

A

when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity

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41
Q

how is O2 diffusing during systemic gas exchange?

A

from the artery to the tissue cell

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42
Q

when do the bronchioles stop branching?

A

when we get to the alveoli and alveolar sacs

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43
Q

what is happening during internal respiration?

A

gas exchange with tissues while CO2 exits the tissues to enter blood

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44
Q

what is happening with the CO2 pressure during pulmonary gas exchange?

A

CO2 pressure is higher in the vein than in the alveolus

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45
Q

what does Boyle’s law describe?

A

how we control ventilation

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46
Q

how does the respiratory system regulate blood pH?

A

by changing blood CO2 levels

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47
Q

when we inhale what is happening to the diaphragm?

A

it contracts (goes down)

48
Q

a measure of the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand

A

compliance

49
Q

what isthe function of the pharynx?

A

receives air from the nasal cavity and receives air, food and drink from oral cavity

50
Q

if you give it half a chance what will happen to your respiratory system?

A

it will collapse on itself

51
Q

continuous with the nasopharynx. the middle portion of the pharynx.

A

oropharynx

52
Q

what are the 4 basal segments of the lung?

A

anterior, posterior, medial and lateral

53
Q

what is happening during external respiration?

A

oxygen enters the blood in the lungs and CO2 exits the blood in the lungs

54
Q

what does surfactant do in type II pneumocytes?

A

1) has phospholipids and proteins in it
2) it reduces surface tension of water
3) keeps alveoli open

55
Q

why doesn’t the trachea/bronchal tree collapse?

A

because of hyaline cartilage

56
Q

slow shallow breathing, increases CO2 in blood

A

hypoventilation

57
Q

when does the trachea stop branching?

A

when it gets to terminal and respiratory bronchioles

58
Q

when carbonic anhydrase catalyzed a reversible reaction CO2 + H2= H2CO3= H + HCO-3

A

Bohr effect

59
Q

how is CO2 diffusing during pulmonary gas exchange?

A

from the vein to the alveolus

60
Q

how does the respiratory system protect against microorganisms ?

A

by preventing them from entering the body and removing them from respiratory surfaces

61
Q

what is happening with the CO2 pressure during systemic gas exchange?

A

pressure is higher in the tissue cell than in the artery

62
Q

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls

A

emphysema

63
Q

law that states at any given temp the amount of a gas solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas

A

henry’s law

64
Q

what is the function of the trachea?

A

allows air flow into the lungs

65
Q

what are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx? (ACC)

A

1) arytenoid
2) corniculate
3) cuneiform

66
Q

why does the lungs collapse?

A

because of the pleura

67
Q

the combination of the vocal folds and the opening between them

A

glottis

68
Q

can we alter pressure in thorax?

A

yes

69
Q

what’s happening during inhalation?

A

you contract the diaphragm and rib cage muscles causing more space in the thoracic cavity

70
Q

in order for pressure to enter head what must be happening?

A

pressure must be less in thorax

71
Q

law that states in a mixture of gases (air) each gas exerts a pressure equal to its amount

A

dalton’s law of partial pressure

72
Q

what is the third of the single cartilage of the larynx?

A

the epiglottis

73
Q

how do we recognize the trachea?

A

by the hyaline cartilage rings

74
Q

what is the function of the larynx? (3) (MPS)

A

1) maintaints open passageway for air movement
2) prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract and out of the lower respiratoy tract
3) sound production

75
Q

what is happening with pressure during exhalation?

A

the thoracic pressure increases higher than atmospheric pressure and air goes into the atmosphere

76
Q

the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume

77
Q

what are the 5 functions of the nasal cavity? (PCHCH)

A

1) passageway for air
2) cleans the air
3) humidifies and warms the air
4) contains the olfactory epithelium
5) helps determine voice sound

78
Q

respiratory disorder caused by breathing in coal dust

A

anthracosis (black lung)

79
Q

a bubble of air in the pleural sac

A

pneumothorax

80
Q

when Hemoglobin usually won’t carry O2 and CO2 at the same time

A

“Haldane effect”

81
Q

continuous with the oropharynx, spans the posterior length of the larynx.

A

laryngopharynx

82
Q

what are the 4 steps of respiration? (4) (VEGI)

A

1) ventilation
2) external respiration
3) gas transport
4) internal respiration

83
Q

what is happening with PH, CO2 and O2 during carotid and aortic body receptors?

A

low pH, high CO2 and low O2

84
Q

what is on the alveolar sacs?

A

smothered with pulmonary capillaries

85
Q

how does voice production occur?

A

air moving past the vocal folds

86
Q

technical description of collapsed lung

A

atelectasis

87
Q

small, air-filled chambers where air and blood come into close contact with each other

A

alveoli

88
Q

what is 70% of CO2 trasported in blood disguised as?

A

HCO-3 (bicarbonate)

89
Q

where does systemic gas exchange occur?

A

anywhere that’s not your lungs

90
Q

how are blood gases transported in the human body? (3) (PDI)

A

1) proteins in arms of hemoglobin
2) dissolved in plasma
3) in plasma disguised as HCO-3 (bicarbonate)

91
Q

what’s happening during exhalation?

A

the contracted muscles relax causing less space in the thoracic cavity

92
Q

what is occuring in the respiratory zone?

A

when the wall gets thin enough to allow gas exchange (where the terminal bronchiole becomes the respiratory bronchiole)

93
Q

a disease that affects the mucous glands throughout the body

A

cystic fibrosis

94
Q

during inhalation what is happening to the pressure?

A

the thoracic pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure and air goes into the lungs

95
Q

what are the pleural cavities from inner to outer?

A

visceral, pleural and parietal

96
Q

what does ventilation do?

A

just moves air in and out of body

97
Q

what is the base of the larynx formed by?

A

the cricoid cartilage

98
Q

infectious bacterial disease characterized by nodules in the tissue, lungs

A

tuberculosis

99
Q

what does the 2 primary bronchus of the trachea branch into?

A

secondary bronchus

100
Q

what is the section above the terminal bronchiole called?

A

the conducting zone

101
Q

as HCO-3 (bicarbonate) diffuse out of red blood cells, electrical neutrality is maintained by the diffusion of chloride ions into them

A

chloride shift

102
Q

describe the role of the diaphragm in human respiration

A

it contracts and relaxes to move air in and out of the lungs

103
Q

about how much of blood CO2 is desolved in plasma?

A

about 7%

104
Q

what is the section below the respiratory brochiole called?

A

the respiratory zone

105
Q

what are the parts of the left lung?

A

superior and inferior lobes

106
Q

what is happening in the conducting zone?

A

moving air around (no gas exchange)

107
Q

list the organs of the respiratory system (6) (NPLTBL)

A

1) nasal cavity
2) pharynx (throat)
3) larynx
4) trachea
5) bronchi
6) lungs

108
Q

what are the parts of the right lung?

A

superior, middle and inferior lobes

109
Q

which is the largest of the cartilages in the larynx?

A

the thyroid (adam’s apple)

110
Q

what is our biggest problem?

A

CO2

111
Q

the interior ligaments covered by a mucous membrane in the larynx

A

vocal folds

112
Q

what does the trachea branch into?

A

2 primary bronchus

113
Q

what is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

where air first enters the respiratory system

114
Q

describe the structure of the bronchial tree?

A

includes trachea that divides to form left and right bronchi to eventually consist of many microscopic tubes and sacs

115
Q

what does our need to respirate come from?

A

it doesn’t come from the need to obtain O2 rather than to get rid of CO2

116
Q

where is the hering-breuer reflex?

A

in lungs

117
Q

the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal respiration

A

inspiratory reserve volume

A&P 224 (25 decks)

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