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Anatomy & Physiology 151 > Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 14-16 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 14-16 Flashcards

1
Q

Effectors –

_________ : stimulates skeletal muscle

A

somatic system

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2
Q

Effectors –

_________ : stimulates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

A

autonomic

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3
Q

-Efferent pathways and ganglia-

_________ – one neuron where cell bodies are in the CNS and axons travel to the muscle
-Most fibers are thick and myelinated

A

Somatic

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4
Q

-Efferent pathways and ganglia-

_________ -Most fibers are thick and myelinated

A

Somatic

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5
Q

-Efferent pathways and ganglia-

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  – two neurons; 1st cell body is in the CNS and 
its axon (preganglionic) connects with the 2nd neuron in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS.
A

Autonomic

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6
Q

-Efferent pathways and ganglia-

Autonomic – two neurons; 1st cell body is in the \_\_\_ and 
its axon (preganglionic) connects with the \_\_\_ neuron in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS.
A
  • CNS

- 2nd

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7
Q

-Efferent pathways and ganglia-

_________ - The 2nd axon (postganglionic) then travels to the effector

  • Most fibers are thin and either lightly myelinated or are unmyelinated
  • Transmission is much slower than in the somatic
A

Autonomic

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8
Q

-Efferent pathways and ganglia-

Autonomic - The 2nd axon (postganglionic) then travels to the _________

  • Most fibers are _________ and either lightly myelinated or are unmyelinated
  • Transmission is much _________ than in the somatic
A
  • effector
  • thin
  • slower
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9
Q

exercising muscles (stimulated by _________ system) demand more oxygen, so ___ increases heart rate and breathing rate

A
  • somatic

- ANS

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10
Q

Four cranial nerves are involved with the Parasympathetic system:

_________ – innervates smooth muscles in the eye that allow for focusing on close objects

A

Oculomotor

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11
Q

Four cranial nerves are involved with the Parasympathetic system:

_________ – innervates the glands of the head – lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual (tears and saliva)

A

Facial

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12
Q

Four cranial nerves are involved with the Parasympathetic system:

_________ – innervates the parotid gland

A

Glossopharyngeal

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13
Q

Four cranial nerves are involved with the Parasympathetic system:

_________ – innervates most of the organs of the thorax and abdomen

A

Vagus

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14
Q
  • Pathway of a _________ -

-Leaves spinal cord through the ventral root, travels in the white rams communicans
-From the WRC, fibers join with a ganglion that is part of the sympathetic trunk
-synapse is made in the ST
-the postganglionic axon joins
with the spinal nerves via the gray ramus communicans
-WRC connects the preganglionic fibers to the ST; GRC connects the ST to the spinal nerves
-viii. Postganglionic axons then travel on to visceral
effectors (heart, lungs, liver, etc. (page 536)
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate colon, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs

A

sympathetic neuron

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15
Q
  • Pathway of a sympathetic neuron -

-Leaves spinal cord through the _________, travels in the white rams communicans
-From the WRC, fibers join with a _________ that is part of the _________ trunk
-synapse is made in the ST
-the postganglionic axon joins
with the spinal nerves via the gray ramus communicans
-WRC connects the preganglionic fibers to the ST; GRC connects the ST to the spinal nerves
-viii. Postganglionic axons then travel on to visceral
effectors (heart, lungs, liver, etc. (page 536)
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate colon, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs

A
  • ventral root
  • ganglion
  • sympathetic
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16
Q
  • Pathway of a sympathetic neuron -

-Leaves spinal cord through the ventral root, travels in the white rams communicans
-From the WRC, fibers join with a ganglion that is part of the sympathetic trunk
- _________ is made in the ST
-the postganglionic axon joins
with the spinal nerves via the _________ ramus communicans
-WRC connects the _________ fibers to the ST; GRC connects the ST to the spinal nerves
-Postganglionic axons then travel on to visceral
effectors (heart, lungs, liver, etc.
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate colon, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs

A
  • synapse
  • gray
  • preganglionic
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17
Q
  • Pathway of a sympathetic neuron -

-Leaves spinal cord through the ventral root, travels in the white rams communicans
-From the WRC, fibers join with a ganglion that is part of the sympathetic trunk
-synapse is made in the ST
-the postganglionic axon joins
with the spinal nerves via the gray ramus communicans
-WRC connects the preganglionic fibers to the ST; GRC connects the ST to the _________ nerves
-Postganglionic axons then travel on to _________
effectors (heart, lungs, liver, etc.
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate _________, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs

A
  • spinal
  • visceral
  • colon
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18
Q

The brain stem has a lot of influence over the ANS, mostly through _________

A

-reflexes

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19
Q

Heart beat, _________, GI activity and _________ are controlled in the brain stem

A
  • respiration

- pupil dilation

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20
Q

Elimination is controlled in the _________

A

spinal cord

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21
Q

Hypothalamus – coordinates _________ activity, respiration, _________ , and blood pressure

A
  • heart

- body temp

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22
Q

_________ : coordinates emotions and biological drives and controls our reaction to fear

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

_________ – physical response to an emotion or thought

– heart races when remembering being frightened

A

Cerebral cortex

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24
Q

_________ may be caused by excessive sympathetic vasoconstriction

A

Hypertension

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25
Q
  • 3 types of taste buds -

_________ papillae – found all over the surface of the tongue

A

Fungiform

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26
Q
  • 3 types of taste buds -

_________ papillae – very large, form a V on the back of the tongue

A

Circumvallate

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27
Q
  • 3 types of taste buds -

_________ papillae – side of the tongue

A

Foliate

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28
Q

-3 types of cells found within a taste bud-

_________ cells – provide insulation (stratified squamous epithelium)

A

Supporting

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29
Q

-3 types of cells found within a taste bud-

_________ cells – have gustatory hairs that project up through a taste pore to the surface

  • Hairs are the sensory receptors for taste
  • Exposed to a lot of friction – are replaced every 7-10 days
A

Gustatory (taste)

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30
Q

-3 types of cells found within a taste bud-

_________ cells – stem cells that give rise to new taste cells

A

Basal

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31
Q

Gustatory (taste) cells – have gustatory hairs that project up through a taste pore to the surface

  • Hairs are the _________ receptors for taste
  • Exposed to a lot of friction – are replaced every ___ days
A
  • sensory

- 7-10

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32
Q

-5 taste qualities-

_________ – sugars, alcohol, saccharin, amino acids
-Provided by carbohydrates

A

Sweet

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33
Q

-5 taste qualities-

Sweet – sugars, alcohol, saccharin, amino acids
-Provided by _________

A

carbohydrates

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34
Q

-5 taste qualities-

_________ – produced by acids
-Fruits that contain Vitamin C

A

Sour

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35
Q

-5 taste qualities-

Sour – produced by acids
-Fruits that contain Vitamin __

A

C

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36
Q

-5 taste qualities-

_________ – produced by metal ions (sodium chloride)
-Provides minerals

A

Salt

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37
Q

-5 taste qualities-

Salt – produced by metal ions (sodium chloride)
-Provides _________

A

minerals

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38
Q

-5 taste qualities-

_________ – quinine, nicotine, caffeine, morphine, strychnine, aspirin
-Natural poisons and spoiled food – protective mechanism

A

Bitter

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39
Q

-5 taste qualities-

Bitter – quinine, nicotine, caffeine, morphine, strychnine, aspirin
-Natural poisons and spoiled food – _________ mechanism

A

protective

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40
Q

-5 taste qualities-

_________ – produced by a specific amino acid

  • Provides taste of beef, cheese, and MSG
  • Satisfies need for protein
A

Umami

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41
Q

-5 taste qualities-

Umami – produced by a specific amino acid

  • Provides taste of beef, _________, and MSG
  • Satisfies need for _________
A
  • cheese

- protein

42
Q

3 cranial nerves involved in carrying taste:

  • _________ nerve
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • _________ nerve
A
  • facial

- vagus

43
Q

3 cranial nerves involved in carrying taste:

  • facial nerve
  • _________ nerve
  • vagus nerve
A

glossopharyngeal

44
Q

Olfactory epithelium – located in the roof of the _________

A

nasal cavity

45
Q

olfactory neurons go to:

  • ## -hypothalamus
A
  • olfactory bulb

- limbic system

46
Q

olfactory neurons go to:

-limbic system

A

-hypothalamus

47
Q

About ___% of the body’s sensory receptors are in the eyes

A

70

48
Q

Almost ___ of the cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing

A

1/2

49
Q

3 layers of the eyeball:

  • _________ – outermost
  • Vascular – middle layer
  • _________ - (retina) – innermost, double layer
A
  • Fibrous

- Sensory tunic

50
Q

3 layers of the eyeball:

  • Fibrous – outermost
  • _________ – middle layer
  • Sensory tunic (retina) – innermost, _________ layer
A
  • Vascular

- double

51
Q
  • Structure of the Eyeball -

_________ :

  • Sclera
  • Cornea
A

Fibrous

52
Q
  • Structure of the Eyeball -

_________ :

  • Choroid
  • Iris
  • Pupil
A

Vascular

53
Q
  • Structure of the Eyeball -

_________ :

  • Pigmented layer
  • Neural
  • Optic disc
  • Fovea centralis
  • “Detached retina”
A

Sensory tunic (retina)

54
Q

_________ – blind spot where the optic nerve connects to the eye

A

Optic disc

55
Q

_________ – “pit” in the retina – fewer structures block the photoreceptors, so visual acuity is increased

A

Fovea centralis

56
Q

_________ cavity – contains vitreous humor

A

Posterior

57
Q

_________ cavity – contains aqueous humor

A

Anterior

58
Q

_________ cavity :

  • Transmits light
  • Supports the lens and retina
  • Maintains pressure
  • Vitreous humor is formed before we’re born and last our entire lifetime
A

Posterior

59
Q

Posterior cavity :

  • Transmits light
  • Supports the _________ and retina
  • Maintains _________
  • Vitreous humor is formed before we’re _________ and last our entire lifetime
A
  • lens
  • pressure
  • born
60
Q

_________ cavity :

  • Supplies nutrients and oxygen
  • Helps maintain pressure
  • Aqueous humor is continually drained and replaced
A

Anterior

61
Q

Anterior cavity :

  • Supplies nutrients and oxygen
  • Helps _________ pressure
  • Aqueous humor is continually _________ and replaced
A
  • maintain

- drained

62
Q

_________ – eyeball is too long, so light is focused in front of the retina

A

Myopia (“nearsighted”)

63
Q

_________ – eyeball is too short, so light is focused behind the retina

A

Hyperopia (“farsighted”)

64
Q

_________ – lack of one or more cone types

A

Color blindness

65
Q

_________ – rod function is impaired; may be caused by Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness

66
Q

Night blindness – may be caused by Vitamin __ deficiency

A

A

67
Q

_________ :

  • Most common is red-green
  • Sex linked – more common in males
A

Color blindness

68
Q

_________ – caused by pressure changes, which creates a wave (ripple effect)

A

Sound

69
Q

Pathway of Sound :

  • Enters the _________ canal, and hits the tympanic _________, causing it to stretch and _________
  • Travels through the ossicles to the oval window (membrane of the cochlea)
  • Cochlea converts vibrations into nerve impulses – fluid and cilia in the cochlea sends signals to the cochlear nerve
  • Cochlear nerve carries impulse to the primary auditory cortex (by way of the medulla oblongata and thalamus)
A
  • external auditory
  • membrane
  • vibrate
70
Q

Pathway of Sound :

  • Enters the external auditory canal, and hits the tympanic membrane, causing it to stretch and vibrate
  • Travels through the _________ to the oval _________ (membrane of the _________)
  • Cochlea converts vibrations into nerve impulses – fluid and cilia in the cochlea sends signals to the cochlear nerve
  • Cochlear nerve carries impulse to the primary auditory cortex (by way of the medulla oblongata and thalamus)
A
  • ossicles
  • window
  • cochlea
71
Q

Pathway of Sound :

  • Enters the external auditory canal, and hits the tympanic membrane, causing it to stretch and vibrate
  • Travels through the ossicles to the oval window (membrane of the cochlea)
  • _________ converts vibrations into _________ impulses – fluid and cilia in the _________ sends signals to the cochlear nerve
  • Cochlear nerve carries impulse to the primary auditory cortex (by way of the medulla oblongata and thalamus)
A
  • Cochlea
  • nerve
  • cochlea
72
Q

Pathway of Sound :

  • Enters the external auditory canal, and hits the tympanic membrane, causing it to stretch and vibrate
  • Travels through the ossicles to the oval window (membrane of the cochlea)
  • Cochlea converts vibrations into nerve impulses – fluid and cilia in the cochlea sends signals to the cochlear nerve
  • Cochlear nerve carries _________ to the primary _________ cortex (by way of the _________ and thalamus)
A
  • impulse
  • auditory
  • medulla oblongata
73
Q

_________ – hair cells along basilar membrane are activated by different frequencies

A

Pitch

74
Q

_________ – loud sounds cause stronger vibrations of the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window

A

Loudness

75
Q

Loudness – loud sounds cause stronger vibrations of the _________ membrane, ossicles, and _________ window

A
  • tympanic

- oval

76
Q

_________ – brain stem helps to locate the source of sound

-Receptors on the side of the source of the sound are activated more quickly and more intensely than the opposite side

A

Localization

77
Q

Localization – brain stem helps to locate the source of sound

  • _________ on the side of the source of the sound are activated more quickly and more intensely than the _________ side
A
  • Receptors

- opposite

78
Q

-Deafness – two basic causes -

_________ deafness – transmission of sound to the inner ear is hindered

  • Excessive earwax, ruptured eardrum, ear infections
  • Otosclerosis – ossicles become fused to each other or to the oval window
A

Conduction

79
Q

-Deafness – two basic causes-

_________ deafness – results from damage of any of the neural structures

  • Receptor cells – single loud noise or prolonged exposure
  • Degeneration of the cochlear nerve, tumors, cerebral infarcts
A

Sensorineural

80
Q

-Deafness – two basic causes -

Conduction deafness – transmission of sound to the inner ear is hindered

  • Excessive _________, ruptured eardrum, ear _________
  • _________ – ossicles become fused to each other or to the oval window
A
  • earwax
  • infections
  • Otosclerosis
81
Q

-Deafness – two basic causes-

Sensorineural deafness – results from damage of any of the neural structures

  • _________ cells – single loud noise or prolonged exposure
  • _________ of the cochlear nerve, tumors, cerebral infarcts
A
  • Receptor

- Degeneration

82
Q
  • Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -

_________ – stimulates bone, muscle, and cartilage

A

Growth hormone

83
Q
  • Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -

_________ – stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormone

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

84
Q
  • Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -

_________ – stimulates the adrenal glands

A

ACTH

85
Q
  • Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -

_________ – stimulate the ovaries and testes to promote ovulation, egg and sperm maturation

A

FSH and LH

86
Q
  • Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -

_________ – promotes lactation

A

PRL

87
Q
  • Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -

_________ – initiates and continues uterine contractions

A

oxytocin

88
Q
  • Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -

_________ – causes the kidneys to retain water

A

ADH

89
Q

_________ and _________ are made by the hypothalamus, but stored and released by the pituitary

A
  • Oxytocin

- ADH

90
Q

_________ :

  • Control the BMR – basal metabolic rate
  • Promote normal glucose usage, heart function, muscle and skeletal system development
A

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

91
Q

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

  • Control the BMR – (_________)
  • Promote normal _________ usage, heart function, _________ and skeletal system development
A
  • basal metabolic rate
  • glucose
  • muscle
92
Q

_________ – inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates incorporation of calcium into the bones

A

Calcitonin

93
Q

Calcitonin – inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates incorporation of _________ into the bones

A

calcium

94
Q

_________ – will result in low body temp, low energy, weight gain, elevated cholesterol, memory impairment, low BP, constipation, and sterility

A

Hypothyroidism

95
Q

Hypothyroidism – will result in low body temp, low energy, _________ gain, elevated cholesterol, _________ impairment, low BP, _________, and sterility

A
  • weight
  • memory
  • constipation
96
Q

_________ – will result in elevated body temp, weight loss, irritability, personality changes, high BP, diarrhea, and impotence

A

Hyperthyroidism

97
Q

Hyperthyroidism – will result in elevated body temp, weight loss, _________, personality changes, high BP, _________, and impotence

A
  • irritability

- diarrhea

98
Q

_________ - stimulates osteoclasts to elevate level of calcium in the blood

A

PTH

99
Q

functions of the Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands -

  • Produce _________ and _________
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine are involved in “fight or flight”
A
  • testosterone

- estrogen

100
Q

functions of the Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands -

  • Produce testosterone and estrogen
  • _________ (adrenaline) and _________ are involved in “fight or flight”
A
  • Epinephrine

- norepinephrine

101
Q

Adrenal glands Produce steroids from cholesterol
-Functions:

  • Regulate _________ and potassium concentrations
  • Influence energy _________
A
  • sodium

- metabolism

102
Q

Pineal gland Secretes _________

A

melatonin

Anatomy & Physiology 151 (22 decks)

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