Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 14-16 Flashcards
Effectors –
_________ : stimulates skeletal muscle
somatic system
Effectors –
_________ : stimulates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands
autonomic
-Efferent pathways and ganglia-
_________ – one neuron where cell bodies are in the CNS and axons travel to the muscle
-Most fibers are thick and myelinated
Somatic
-Efferent pathways and ganglia-
_________ -Most fibers are thick and myelinated
Somatic
-Efferent pathways and ganglia-
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – two neurons; 1st cell body is in the CNS and its axon (preganglionic) connects with the 2nd neuron in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS.
Autonomic
-Efferent pathways and ganglia-
Autonomic – two neurons; 1st cell body is in the \_\_\_ and its axon (preganglionic) connects with the \_\_\_ neuron in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS.
- CNS
- 2nd
-Efferent pathways and ganglia-
_________ - The 2nd axon (postganglionic) then travels to the effector
- Most fibers are thin and either lightly myelinated or are unmyelinated
- Transmission is much slower than in the somatic
Autonomic
-Efferent pathways and ganglia-
Autonomic - The 2nd axon (postganglionic) then travels to the _________
- Most fibers are _________ and either lightly myelinated or are unmyelinated
- Transmission is much _________ than in the somatic
- effector
- thin
- slower
exercising muscles (stimulated by _________ system) demand more oxygen, so ___ increases heart rate and breathing rate
- somatic
- ANS
Four cranial nerves are involved with the Parasympathetic system:
_________ – innervates smooth muscles in the eye that allow for focusing on close objects
Oculomotor
Four cranial nerves are involved with the Parasympathetic system:
_________ – innervates the glands of the head – lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual (tears and saliva)
Facial
Four cranial nerves are involved with the Parasympathetic system:
_________ – innervates the parotid gland
Glossopharyngeal
Four cranial nerves are involved with the Parasympathetic system:
_________ – innervates most of the organs of the thorax and abdomen
Vagus
- Pathway of a _________ -
-Leaves spinal cord through the ventral root, travels in the white rams communicans
-From the WRC, fibers join with a ganglion that is part of the sympathetic trunk
-synapse is made in the ST
-the postganglionic axon joins
with the spinal nerves via the gray ramus communicans
-WRC connects the preganglionic fibers to the ST; GRC connects the ST to the spinal nerves
-viii. Postganglionic axons then travel on to visceral
effectors (heart, lungs, liver, etc. (page 536)
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate colon, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs
sympathetic neuron
- Pathway of a sympathetic neuron -
-Leaves spinal cord through the _________, travels in the white rams communicans
-From the WRC, fibers join with a _________ that is part of the _________ trunk
-synapse is made in the ST
-the postganglionic axon joins
with the spinal nerves via the gray ramus communicans
-WRC connects the preganglionic fibers to the ST; GRC connects the ST to the spinal nerves
-viii. Postganglionic axons then travel on to visceral
effectors (heart, lungs, liver, etc. (page 536)
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate colon, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs
- ventral root
- ganglion
- sympathetic
- Pathway of a sympathetic neuron -
-Leaves spinal cord through the ventral root, travels in the white rams communicans
-From the WRC, fibers join with a ganglion that is part of the sympathetic trunk
- _________ is made in the ST
-the postganglionic axon joins
with the spinal nerves via the _________ ramus communicans
-WRC connects the _________ fibers to the ST; GRC connects the ST to the spinal nerves
-Postganglionic axons then travel on to visceral
effectors (heart, lungs, liver, etc.
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate colon, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs
- synapse
- gray
- preganglionic
- Pathway of a sympathetic neuron -
-Leaves spinal cord through the ventral root, travels in the white rams communicans
-From the WRC, fibers join with a ganglion that is part of the sympathetic trunk
-synapse is made in the ST
-the postganglionic axon joins
with the spinal nerves via the gray ramus communicans
-WRC connects the preganglionic fibers to the ST; GRC connects the ST to the _________ nerves
-Postganglionic axons then travel on to _________
effectors (heart, lungs, liver, etc.
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate _________, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs
- spinal
- visceral
- colon
The brain stem has a lot of influence over the ANS, mostly through _________
-reflexes
Heart beat, _________, GI activity and _________ are controlled in the brain stem
- respiration
- pupil dilation
Elimination is controlled in the _________
spinal cord
Hypothalamus – coordinates _________ activity, respiration, _________ , and blood pressure
- heart
- body temp
_________ : coordinates emotions and biological drives and controls our reaction to fear
Hypothalamus
_________ – physical response to an emotion or thought
– heart races when remembering being frightened
Cerebral cortex
_________ may be caused by excessive sympathetic vasoconstriction
Hypertension
- 3 types of taste buds -
_________ papillae – found all over the surface of the tongue
Fungiform
- 3 types of taste buds -
_________ papillae – very large, form a V on the back of the tongue
Circumvallate
- 3 types of taste buds -
_________ papillae – side of the tongue
Foliate
-3 types of cells found within a taste bud-
_________ cells – provide insulation (stratified squamous epithelium)
Supporting
-3 types of cells found within a taste bud-
_________ cells – have gustatory hairs that project up through a taste pore to the surface
- Hairs are the sensory receptors for taste
- Exposed to a lot of friction – are replaced every 7-10 days
Gustatory (taste)
-3 types of cells found within a taste bud-
_________ cells – stem cells that give rise to new taste cells
Basal
Gustatory (taste) cells – have gustatory hairs that project up through a taste pore to the surface
- Hairs are the _________ receptors for taste
- Exposed to a lot of friction – are replaced every ___ days
- sensory
- 7-10
-5 taste qualities-
_________ – sugars, alcohol, saccharin, amino acids
-Provided by carbohydrates
Sweet
-5 taste qualities-
Sweet – sugars, alcohol, saccharin, amino acids
-Provided by _________
carbohydrates
-5 taste qualities-
_________ – produced by acids
-Fruits that contain Vitamin C
Sour
-5 taste qualities-
Sour – produced by acids
-Fruits that contain Vitamin __
C
-5 taste qualities-
_________ – produced by metal ions (sodium chloride)
-Provides minerals
Salt
-5 taste qualities-
Salt – produced by metal ions (sodium chloride)
-Provides _________
minerals
-5 taste qualities-
_________ – quinine, nicotine, caffeine, morphine, strychnine, aspirin
-Natural poisons and spoiled food – protective mechanism
Bitter
-5 taste qualities-
Bitter – quinine, nicotine, caffeine, morphine, strychnine, aspirin
-Natural poisons and spoiled food – _________ mechanism
protective
-5 taste qualities-
_________ – produced by a specific amino acid
- Provides taste of beef, cheese, and MSG
- Satisfies need for protein
Umami
-5 taste qualities-
Umami – produced by a specific amino acid
- Provides taste of beef, _________, and MSG
- Satisfies need for _________
- cheese
- protein
3 cranial nerves involved in carrying taste:
- _________ nerve
- glossopharyngeal nerve
- _________ nerve
- facial
- vagus
3 cranial nerves involved in carrying taste:
- facial nerve
- _________ nerve
- vagus nerve
glossopharyngeal
Olfactory epithelium – located in the roof of the _________
nasal cavity
olfactory neurons go to:
- ## -hypothalamus
- olfactory bulb
- limbic system
olfactory neurons go to:
-limbic system
-hypothalamus
About ___% of the body’s sensory receptors are in the eyes
70
Almost ___ of the cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing
1/2
3 layers of the eyeball:
- _________ – outermost
- Vascular – middle layer
- _________ - (retina) – innermost, double layer
- Fibrous
- Sensory tunic
3 layers of the eyeball:
- Fibrous – outermost
- _________ – middle layer
- Sensory tunic (retina) – innermost, _________ layer
- Vascular
- double
- Structure of the Eyeball -
_________ :
- Sclera
- Cornea
Fibrous
- Structure of the Eyeball -
_________ :
- Choroid
- Iris
- Pupil
Vascular
- Structure of the Eyeball -
_________ :
- Pigmented layer
- Neural
- Optic disc
- Fovea centralis
- “Detached retina”
Sensory tunic (retina)
_________ – blind spot where the optic nerve connects to the eye
Optic disc
_________ – “pit” in the retina – fewer structures block the photoreceptors, so visual acuity is increased
Fovea centralis
_________ cavity – contains vitreous humor
Posterior
_________ cavity – contains aqueous humor
Anterior
_________ cavity :
- Transmits light
- Supports the lens and retina
- Maintains pressure
- Vitreous humor is formed before we’re born and last our entire lifetime
Posterior
Posterior cavity :
- Transmits light
- Supports the _________ and retina
- Maintains _________
- Vitreous humor is formed before we’re _________ and last our entire lifetime
- lens
- pressure
- born
_________ cavity :
- Supplies nutrients and oxygen
- Helps maintain pressure
- Aqueous humor is continually drained and replaced
Anterior
Anterior cavity :
- Supplies nutrients and oxygen
- Helps _________ pressure
- Aqueous humor is continually _________ and replaced
- maintain
- drained
_________ – eyeball is too long, so light is focused in front of the retina
Myopia (“nearsighted”)
_________ – eyeball is too short, so light is focused behind the retina
Hyperopia (“farsighted”)
_________ – lack of one or more cone types
Color blindness
_________ – rod function is impaired; may be caused by Vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness
Night blindness – may be caused by Vitamin __ deficiency
A
_________ :
- Most common is red-green
- Sex linked – more common in males
Color blindness
_________ – caused by pressure changes, which creates a wave (ripple effect)
Sound
Pathway of Sound :
- Enters the _________ canal, and hits the tympanic _________, causing it to stretch and _________
- Travels through the ossicles to the oval window (membrane of the cochlea)
- Cochlea converts vibrations into nerve impulses – fluid and cilia in the cochlea sends signals to the cochlear nerve
- Cochlear nerve carries impulse to the primary auditory cortex (by way of the medulla oblongata and thalamus)
- external auditory
- membrane
- vibrate
Pathway of Sound :
- Enters the external auditory canal, and hits the tympanic membrane, causing it to stretch and vibrate
- Travels through the _________ to the oval _________ (membrane of the _________)
- Cochlea converts vibrations into nerve impulses – fluid and cilia in the cochlea sends signals to the cochlear nerve
- Cochlear nerve carries impulse to the primary auditory cortex (by way of the medulla oblongata and thalamus)
- ossicles
- window
- cochlea
Pathway of Sound :
- Enters the external auditory canal, and hits the tympanic membrane, causing it to stretch and vibrate
- Travels through the ossicles to the oval window (membrane of the cochlea)
- _________ converts vibrations into _________ impulses – fluid and cilia in the _________ sends signals to the cochlear nerve
- Cochlear nerve carries impulse to the primary auditory cortex (by way of the medulla oblongata and thalamus)
- Cochlea
- nerve
- cochlea
Pathway of Sound :
- Enters the external auditory canal, and hits the tympanic membrane, causing it to stretch and vibrate
- Travels through the ossicles to the oval window (membrane of the cochlea)
- Cochlea converts vibrations into nerve impulses – fluid and cilia in the cochlea sends signals to the cochlear nerve
- Cochlear nerve carries _________ to the primary _________ cortex (by way of the _________ and thalamus)
- impulse
- auditory
- medulla oblongata
_________ – hair cells along basilar membrane are activated by different frequencies
Pitch
_________ – loud sounds cause stronger vibrations of the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window
Loudness
Loudness – loud sounds cause stronger vibrations of the _________ membrane, ossicles, and _________ window
- tympanic
- oval
_________ – brain stem helps to locate the source of sound
-Receptors on the side of the source of the sound are activated more quickly and more intensely than the opposite side
Localization
Localization – brain stem helps to locate the source of sound
- _________ on the side of the source of the sound are activated more quickly and more intensely than the _________ side
- Receptors
- opposite
-Deafness – two basic causes -
_________ deafness – transmission of sound to the inner ear is hindered
- Excessive earwax, ruptured eardrum, ear infections
- Otosclerosis – ossicles become fused to each other or to the oval window
Conduction
-Deafness – two basic causes-
_________ deafness – results from damage of any of the neural structures
- Receptor cells – single loud noise or prolonged exposure
- Degeneration of the cochlear nerve, tumors, cerebral infarcts
Sensorineural
-Deafness – two basic causes -
Conduction deafness – transmission of sound to the inner ear is hindered
- Excessive _________, ruptured eardrum, ear _________
- _________ – ossicles become fused to each other or to the oval window
- earwax
- infections
- Otosclerosis
-Deafness – two basic causes-
Sensorineural deafness – results from damage of any of the neural structures
- _________ cells – single loud noise or prolonged exposure
- _________ of the cochlear nerve, tumors, cerebral infarcts
- Receptor
- Degeneration
- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -
_________ – stimulates bone, muscle, and cartilage
Growth hormone
- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -
_________ – stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -
_________ – stimulates the adrenal glands
ACTH
- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -
_________ – stimulate the ovaries and testes to promote ovulation, egg and sperm maturation
FSH and LH
- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -
_________ – promotes lactation
PRL
- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -
_________ – initiates and continues uterine contractions
oxytocin
- Hormones made by or released by the pituitary gland -
_________ – causes the kidneys to retain water
ADH
_________ and _________ are made by the hypothalamus, but stored and released by the pituitary
- Oxytocin
- ADH
_________ :
- Control the BMR – basal metabolic rate
- Promote normal glucose usage, heart function, muscle and skeletal system development
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
- Control the BMR – (_________)
- Promote normal _________ usage, heart function, _________ and skeletal system development
- basal metabolic rate
- glucose
- muscle
_________ – inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates incorporation of calcium into the bones
Calcitonin
Calcitonin – inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates incorporation of _________ into the bones
calcium
_________ – will result in low body temp, low energy, weight gain, elevated cholesterol, memory impairment, low BP, constipation, and sterility
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism – will result in low body temp, low energy, _________ gain, elevated cholesterol, _________ impairment, low BP, _________, and sterility
- weight
- memory
- constipation
_________ – will result in elevated body temp, weight loss, irritability, personality changes, high BP, diarrhea, and impotence
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism – will result in elevated body temp, weight loss, _________, personality changes, high BP, _________, and impotence
- irritability
- diarrhea
_________ - stimulates osteoclasts to elevate level of calcium in the blood
PTH
functions of the Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands -
- Produce _________ and _________
- Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine are involved in “fight or flight”
- testosterone
- estrogen
functions of the Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands -
- Produce testosterone and estrogen
- _________ (adrenaline) and _________ are involved in “fight or flight”
- Epinephrine
- norepinephrine
Adrenal glands Produce steroids from cholesterol
-Functions:
- Regulate _________ and potassium concentrations
- Influence energy _________
- sodium
- metabolism
Pineal gland Secretes _________
melatonin
