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Anatomy & Physiology 151 > Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

ii. Learned or acquired reflexes – result of practice or repetition
1. Example – driving a car – series of complex movements, but we’re not consciously aware of many of them
- Classification of Sensory Receptors-

_________ – stimulated by touch, vibration, pressure, stretch, and itch

A

Mechanoreceptors

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2
Q

-Classification of Sensory Receptors-

_________ – sensitive to change in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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3
Q

-Classification of Sensory Receptors-

_________ – sensitive to light

A

Photoreceptors

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4
Q

-Classification of Sensory Receptors-

_________ – chemicals (smelling and tasting)

A

Chemoreceptors

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5
Q

-Classification of Sensory Receptors-

_________ – pain

A

Nociceptors

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6
Q
  • Receptors by Location -

_________ – sensitive to changes outside the body
-Touch, temperature, sight, etc

A

Exteroceptors

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7
Q
  • Receptors by Location -

_________ – respond to changes within the body
-Chemical changes, temperature, hunger, pain, etc.

A

Interoreceptors

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8
Q
  • Receptors by Location -

_________ – respond to changes within the body but
are restricted to muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear

A

Proprioceptors

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9
Q
  • Receptors by Location -

_________ -Tell us where we are in space by monitoring body position, muscle length and tension, and movement of joints

A

Proprioceptors

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10
Q
  • Receptors by Structure -

_________ – bare dendrites
-Detect pain, temperature, itch, tickle and some touch sensations

A

Free nerve endings

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11
Q
  • Receptors by Structure -

_________ - Detect pain, temperature, itch, tickle and some touch sensations

A

Free nerve endings

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12
Q
  • Receptors by Structure -

_________ – dendrites are enclosed in a capsule
-Detect touch, pressure, and vibration

A

Encapsulated dendritic endings

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13
Q
  • Receptors by Structure -

_________ - Detect touch, pressure, and vibration

-Include meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Ruffini’s corpuscles

A

Encapsulated dendritic endings

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14
Q
  • Receptors by Structure -

_________ – proprioceptors found in skeletal muscle

  • Measure how much a muscle is being stretched
  • Impulses are sent to the cerebrum
A

Muscle spindles

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15
Q
  • Receptors by Structure -

_________ - Measure how much a muscle is being stretched

  • Impulses are sent to the cerebrum (conscious
    proprioception) and cerebellum (coordination)
A

Muscle spindles

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16
Q
  • Receptors by Structure -

_________ – located at junction of muscle and tendon

-Initiate reflexes that relaxes muscle before it contracts too forcefully

A

Tendon organs

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17
Q
  • Receptors by Structure -

_________ - Initiate reflexes that relaxes muscle before it contracts too forcefully

A

Tendon organs

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18
Q
  • Receptors by Structure -

_________ – several types of receptors that monitor joint position and movement

A

Joint kinesthetic receptors

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19
Q
  • Stimulation of sensory receptor -
  1. stimulus must be specific to _________ (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
  2. Stimulus must be in receptor’s “_________” – area of the body it is monitoring
    * *- Converting a stimulus to an action potential **
  3. Stimulus must be converted to energy – called transduction
    - -Causes depolarization or hyperpolarization
  4. Generation of impulses – threshold must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the CNS
    - -1st order neurons – conduct sensory impulses from the PNS to the CNS
A
  • receptor

- range

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20
Q
  • Stimulation of sensory receptor -
  1. stimulus must be specific to receptor (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
  2. Stimulus must be in receptor’s “range” – area of the body it is monitoring
    * *- Converting a _________ to an _________ potential **
  3. Stimulus must be converted to energy – called transduction
    - -Causes depolarization or hyperpolarization
  4. Generation of impulses – threshold must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the CNS
    - -1st order neurons – conduct sensory impulses from the PNS to the CNS
A
  • stimulus

- action

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21
Q
  • Stimulation of sensory receptor -
  1. stimulus must be specific to receptor (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
  2. Stimulus must be in receptor’s “range” – area of the body it is monitoring
    * *- Converting a stimulus to an action potential **
  3. Stimulus must be converted to _________ – called transduction
    - -Causes _________ or hyperpolarization
  4. Generation of impulses – threshold must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the CNS
    - -1st order neurons – conduct sensory impulses from the PNS to the CNS
A
  • energy

- depolarization

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22
Q
  • Stimulation of sensory receptor -
  1. stimulus must be specific to receptor (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
  2. Stimulus must be in receptor’s “range” – area of the body it is monitoring
    * *- Converting a stimulus to an action potential **
  3. Stimulus must be converted to energy – called _________
    - -Causes depolarization or hyperpolarization
  4. Generation of _________ – threshold must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the CNS
    - -1st order neurons – conduct sensory impulses from the PNS to the CNS
A
  • transduction

- impulses

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23
Q
  • Stimulation of sensory receptor -
  1. stimulus must be specific to receptor (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
  2. Stimulus must be in receptor’s “range” – area of the body it is monitoring
    * *- Converting a stimulus to an action potential **
  3. Stimulus must be converted to energy – called transduction
    - -Causes depolarization or hyperpolarization
  4. Generation of impulses – _________ must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the _________
    - -1st order neurons – conduct _________ impulses from the PNS to the CNS
A
  • threshold
  • CNS
  • sensory
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24
Q
  • Three levels of integration -

_________ – sensory receptors

A

Receptor

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25
Q
  • Three levels of integration -

_________ – ascending pathways

A

Circuit

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26
Q
  • Three levels of integration -

_________ – cerebral cortex

A

Perceptual

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27
Q

_________ - Stimulus must be converted to energy

A

transduction

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28
Q

In the _________ :

Impulses are sent to thalamus, cerebellum, then to the cerebral cortex where impulse is interpreted

A

Circuit level

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29
Q

In the Circuit level:

Impulses are sent to _________, cerebellum, then to the _________ cortex where impulse is interpreted

A
  • thalamus

- cerebral

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30
Q

-6 parts of perceptual integration-

_________ – something is happening

A

Perceptual detection

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31
Q

-6 parts of perceptual integration-

_________ – how intense is the stimulus

A

magnitude estimation

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32
Q

-6 parts of perceptual integration-

_________ – identification of area of the body and 2-point discrimination

A

spatial discrimination

33
Q

-6 parts of perceptual integration-

_________ – identification of an object based on its texture and shape

A

feature abstraction

34
Q

-6 parts of perceptual integration-

_________ – determining if something is sweet or bitter, or seeing shades of colors

A

quality discrimination

35
Q

-6 parts of perceptual integration-

_________ – like recognizing a melody and not just listening to individual notes

A

Pattern recognition getting the “big picture”

36
Q

Pain is carried by _________ – found in every tissue except the brain

A

nociceptors

37
Q

_________ pain – occurs rapidly; usually described as sharp like a needle stick

A

Fast

38
Q

_________ pain – travels much more slowly; usually described as aching, burning, or throbbing

A

Slow

39
Q
  • structural arrangement of a nerve -

_________ – connective tissue that wraps around myelin sheath of axons

A

Endoneurium

40
Q
  • structural arrangement of a nerve -

_________ – wraps around fascicles bundles of axons)

A

Perineurium

41
Q
  • structural arrangement of a nerve -

_________ – wraps around entire nerve

A

Epineurium

42
Q

Humans have ___ pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

43
Q
  • 4 rami of Spinal Nerves -

_________ – innervates muscles and skin of the trunk

A

Dorsal ramus

44
Q
  • 4 rami of Spinal Nerves -

_________ – innervates muscles of the limbs and skin of the back

A

Ventral

45
Q
  • 4 rami of Spinal Nerves -

_________ – reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the vertebrae, ligaments, and blood vessels

A

Meningeal branch

46
Q
  • 4 rami of Spinal Nerves -

_________ – part of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)

A

Rami communicantes

47
Q
  • 4 major plexuses -

_________ – innervates the skin and muscles of the head, neck, shoulders, back, and chest

-Includes spinal nerves from C1-C5

A

Cervical

48
Q
  • 4 major plexuses -

Cervical :
-Includes spinal nerves from _________

A

-C1-C5

49
Q
  • 4 major plexuses -

_________ – innervates the shoulders and upper limbs

-Formed by ventral rami of C5-T1

A

Brachial

50
Q
  • 4 major plexuses -

Brachial :
-Formed by ventral rami of _________

A

-C5-T1

51
Q
  • 4 major plexuses -

_________ – innervates abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of lower limbs

-Formed by spinal nerves L1-L4

A

Lumbar

52
Q
  • 4 major plexuses -

Lumbar – innervates abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of lower limbs

-Formed by spinal nerves _________

A

-L1-L4

53
Q
  • 4 major plexuses -

_________ – innervates gluteal region, perineum (see page 345), and lower limbs (page 510)

-Formed by L4/L5 and S1-S4

A

Sacral

54
Q
  • 4 major plexuses -

Sacral – innervates gluteal region, perineum (see page 345), and lower limbs (page 510)

-Formed by _________ and _________

A
  • L4/L5

- S1-S4

55
Q

_________ – longest and thickest nerve and innervates most of the lower limb

A

Sciatic

56
Q

_________ nerve – innervates adductor muscles

A

Obturator

57
Q

_________ nerve – innervates anterior and medial thigh

A

Femoral

58
Q

_________ nerve – innervates the diaphragm

A

Phrenic

59
Q
  • Motor Activity -

_________ level – contained within the spinal cord

-Ventral horn neurons are activated in a group of cord segments, causing them to stimulate groups of muscles

A

Segmental

60
Q
  • Motor Activity -

Segmental level – contained within the spinal cord

  • _________ neurons are activated in a group of cord segments, causing them to stimulate groups of _________
A
  • Ventral horn

- muscles

61
Q
  • Motor Activity -

_________ level – upper motor neurons of the cerebral cortex and brain stem

  • Produce specific movements in skeletal muscle
  • Control spinal cord circuits
  • Send information to lower motor neurons (neurons that innervate muscles)
  • Send information to higher command centers
A

Projection

62
Q
  • Motor Activity -

Projection level – upper motor neurons of the cerebral cortex and _________

  • Produce specific movements in _________ muscle
  • Control _________ circuits
  • Send information to lower motor neurons (neurons that innervate muscles)
  • Send information to higher command centers
A

-brain stem
-skeletal
spinal cord

63
Q
  • Motor Activity -

_________ level – cerebellum and basal nuclei

-Start or stop movement, coordinate movements with _________, block unwanted movements, and monitor muscle tone

A
  • Precommand

- posture

64
Q

_________ reflexes – “built in” reflex

Example – splash hot water on your arm from a pot, you will drop the pot before you even feel pain

-Brain is aware of what happened, but is not involved in the action

A

Inborn

65
Q

Inborn reflexes – “built in” reflex

Example – splash hot water on your arm from a pot, you will drop the pot before you even feel pain

  • _________ is aware of what happened, but is not involved in the _________
A
  • Brain

- action

66
Q

_________ reflexes – result of practice or repetition

Example – driving a car – series of complex movements, but we’re not consciously aware of many of them

A

Learned or acquired

67
Q

Learned or acquired reflexes – result of practice or repetition

Example – _________ – series of complex movements, but we’re not _________ aware of many of them

A
  • driving a car

- consciously

68
Q
  • 5 parts of a reflex arc -

_________ – responds to change in the environment

A

Sensory receptor

69
Q
  • 5 parts of a reflex arc -

_________ – carries message from the receptor to the CNS

A

Sensory neuron

70
Q
  • 5 parts of a reflex arc -

_________ – gray matter within the CNS

-Connection(s) between sensory neuron and motor neuron

A

Integrating center

71
Q
  • 5 parts of a reflex arc -

_________ – carries message to part of the body that will respond

A

Motor neuron

72
Q
  • 5 parts of a reflex arc -

_________ – muscle or gland that responds to nerve impulse from the motor neuron

A

Effector

73
Q

_________ reflex – tapping tendon of elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle

-Stretches muscle spindles slightly, which results in contraction of muscle

A

Stretch

74
Q

Stretch reflex – tapping tendon of elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle

  • Stretches _________ spindles slightly, which results in contraction of muscle
  • Contraction relieves the _________
  • _________ muscles are inhibited
A
  • muscle
  • stretching
  • Antagonistic
75
Q

_________ reflex – usually involves withdrawal from pain

  • Cross-extensor reflex – when flexors on one side are activated, extensors on opposite side are also activated
  • For example – step on something sharp barefoot – flexor reflex draws your foot up and crossed extensor reflex allows other leg to hold you up
A

Flexor

76
Q

Flexor reflex – usually involves withdrawal from pain

  • _________ reflex – when flexors on one side are activated, extensors on _________ side are also activated
  • For example – step on something sharp barefoot – flexor reflex draws your foot up and crossed extensor reflex allows other leg to hold you up
A
  • Cross-extensor

- opposite

77
Q

_________ reflex – tests spinal cord from L4 – S2

-Draw a blunt object down along the lateral aspect of the
plantar surface
–Toes should curl
–Abnormal reflex – called Babinski’s sign; big toe curls, and others fan laterally

A

Plantar

78
Q

Plantar reflex – tests spinal cord from L4 – S2

-Draw a blunt object down along the _________ aspect of the
plantar surface
– _________ should curl
– _________ reflex – called Babinski’s sign; big toe curls, and others fan laterally

A
  • lateral
  • Toes
  • Abnormal

Anatomy & Physiology 151 (22 decks)

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