Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 13 Flashcards
ii. Learned or acquired reflexes – result of practice or repetition
1. Example – driving a car – series of complex movements, but we’re not consciously aware of many of them
- Classification of Sensory Receptors-
_________ – stimulated by touch, vibration, pressure, stretch, and itch
Mechanoreceptors
-Classification of Sensory Receptors-
_________ – sensitive to change in temperature
Thermoreceptors
-Classification of Sensory Receptors-
_________ – sensitive to light
Photoreceptors
-Classification of Sensory Receptors-
_________ – chemicals (smelling and tasting)
Chemoreceptors
-Classification of Sensory Receptors-
_________ – pain
Nociceptors
- Receptors by Location -
_________ – sensitive to changes outside the body
-Touch, temperature, sight, etc
Exteroceptors
- Receptors by Location -
_________ – respond to changes within the body
-Chemical changes, temperature, hunger, pain, etc.
Interoreceptors
- Receptors by Location -
_________ – respond to changes within the body but
are restricted to muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear
Proprioceptors
- Receptors by Location -
_________ -Tell us where we are in space by monitoring body position, muscle length and tension, and movement of joints
Proprioceptors
- Receptors by Structure -
_________ – bare dendrites
-Detect pain, temperature, itch, tickle and some touch sensations
Free nerve endings
- Receptors by Structure -
_________ - Detect pain, temperature, itch, tickle and some touch sensations
Free nerve endings
- Receptors by Structure -
_________ – dendrites are enclosed in a capsule
-Detect touch, pressure, and vibration
Encapsulated dendritic endings
- Receptors by Structure -
_________ - Detect touch, pressure, and vibration
-Include meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Ruffini’s corpuscles
Encapsulated dendritic endings
- Receptors by Structure -
_________ – proprioceptors found in skeletal muscle
- Measure how much a muscle is being stretched
- Impulses are sent to the cerebrum
Muscle spindles
- Receptors by Structure -
_________ - Measure how much a muscle is being stretched
- Impulses are sent to the cerebrum (conscious
proprioception) and cerebellum (coordination)
Muscle spindles
- Receptors by Structure -
_________ – located at junction of muscle and tendon
-Initiate reflexes that relaxes muscle before it contracts too forcefully
Tendon organs
- Receptors by Structure -
_________ - Initiate reflexes that relaxes muscle before it contracts too forcefully
Tendon organs
- Receptors by Structure -
_________ – several types of receptors that monitor joint position and movement
Joint kinesthetic receptors
- Stimulation of sensory receptor -
- stimulus must be specific to _________ (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
- Stimulus must be in receptor’s “_________” – area of the body it is monitoring
* *- Converting a stimulus to an action potential ** - Stimulus must be converted to energy – called transduction
- -Causes depolarization or hyperpolarization - Generation of impulses – threshold must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the CNS
- -1st order neurons – conduct sensory impulses from the PNS to the CNS
- receptor
- range
- Stimulation of sensory receptor -
- stimulus must be specific to receptor (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
- Stimulus must be in receptor’s “range” – area of the body it is monitoring
* *- Converting a _________ to an _________ potential ** - Stimulus must be converted to energy – called transduction
- -Causes depolarization or hyperpolarization - Generation of impulses – threshold must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the CNS
- -1st order neurons – conduct sensory impulses from the PNS to the CNS
- stimulus
- action
- Stimulation of sensory receptor -
- stimulus must be specific to receptor (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
- Stimulus must be in receptor’s “range” – area of the body it is monitoring
* *- Converting a stimulus to an action potential ** - Stimulus must be converted to _________ – called transduction
- -Causes _________ or hyperpolarization - Generation of impulses – threshold must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the CNS
- -1st order neurons – conduct sensory impulses from the PNS to the CNS
- energy
- depolarization
- Stimulation of sensory receptor -
- stimulus must be specific to receptor (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
- Stimulus must be in receptor’s “range” – area of the body it is monitoring
* *- Converting a stimulus to an action potential ** - Stimulus must be converted to energy – called _________
- -Causes depolarization or hyperpolarization - Generation of _________ – threshold must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the CNS
- -1st order neurons – conduct sensory impulses from the PNS to the CNS
- transduction
- impulses
- Stimulation of sensory receptor -
- stimulus must be specific to receptor (i.e. touch receptor doesn’t respond to light)
- Stimulus must be in receptor’s “range” – area of the body it is monitoring
* *- Converting a stimulus to an action potential ** - Stimulus must be converted to energy – called transduction
- -Causes depolarization or hyperpolarization - Generation of impulses – _________ must be reached so an action potential is triggered and impulse is carried towards the _________
- -1st order neurons – conduct _________ impulses from the PNS to the CNS
- threshold
- CNS
- sensory
- Three levels of integration -
_________ – sensory receptors
Receptor
- Three levels of integration -
_________ – ascending pathways
Circuit
- Three levels of integration -
_________ – cerebral cortex
Perceptual
_________ - Stimulus must be converted to energy
transduction
In the _________ :
Impulses are sent to thalamus, cerebellum, then to the cerebral cortex where impulse is interpreted
Circuit level
In the Circuit level:
Impulses are sent to _________, cerebellum, then to the _________ cortex where impulse is interpreted
- thalamus
- cerebral
-6 parts of perceptual integration-
_________ – something is happening
Perceptual detection
-6 parts of perceptual integration-
_________ – how intense is the stimulus
magnitude estimation
-6 parts of perceptual integration-
_________ – identification of area of the body and 2-point discrimination
spatial discrimination
-6 parts of perceptual integration-
_________ – identification of an object based on its texture and shape
feature abstraction
-6 parts of perceptual integration-
_________ – determining if something is sweet or bitter, or seeing shades of colors
quality discrimination
-6 parts of perceptual integration-
_________ – like recognizing a melody and not just listening to individual notes
Pattern recognition getting the “big picture”
Pain is carried by _________ – found in every tissue except the brain
nociceptors
_________ pain – occurs rapidly; usually described as sharp like a needle stick
Fast
_________ pain – travels much more slowly; usually described as aching, burning, or throbbing
Slow
- structural arrangement of a nerve -
_________ – connective tissue that wraps around myelin sheath of axons
Endoneurium
- structural arrangement of a nerve -
_________ – wraps around fascicles bundles of axons)
Perineurium
- structural arrangement of a nerve -
_________ – wraps around entire nerve
Epineurium
Humans have ___ pairs of spinal nerves
31
- 4 rami of Spinal Nerves -
_________ – innervates muscles and skin of the trunk
Dorsal ramus
- 4 rami of Spinal Nerves -
_________ – innervates muscles of the limbs and skin of the back
Ventral
- 4 rami of Spinal Nerves -
_________ – reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the vertebrae, ligaments, and blood vessels
Meningeal branch
- 4 rami of Spinal Nerves -
_________ – part of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)
Rami communicantes
- 4 major plexuses -
_________ – innervates the skin and muscles of the head, neck, shoulders, back, and chest
-Includes spinal nerves from C1-C5
Cervical
- 4 major plexuses -
Cervical :
-Includes spinal nerves from _________
-C1-C5
- 4 major plexuses -
_________ – innervates the shoulders and upper limbs
-Formed by ventral rami of C5-T1
Brachial
- 4 major plexuses -
Brachial :
-Formed by ventral rami of _________
-C5-T1
- 4 major plexuses -
_________ – innervates abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of lower limbs
-Formed by spinal nerves L1-L4
Lumbar
- 4 major plexuses -
Lumbar – innervates abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of lower limbs
-Formed by spinal nerves _________
-L1-L4
- 4 major plexuses -
_________ – innervates gluteal region, perineum (see page 345), and lower limbs (page 510)
-Formed by L4/L5 and S1-S4
Sacral
- 4 major plexuses -
Sacral – innervates gluteal region, perineum (see page 345), and lower limbs (page 510)
-Formed by _________ and _________
- L4/L5
- S1-S4
_________ – longest and thickest nerve and innervates most of the lower limb
Sciatic
_________ nerve – innervates adductor muscles
Obturator
_________ nerve – innervates anterior and medial thigh
Femoral
_________ nerve – innervates the diaphragm
Phrenic
- Motor Activity -
_________ level – contained within the spinal cord
-Ventral horn neurons are activated in a group of cord segments, causing them to stimulate groups of muscles
Segmental
- Motor Activity -
Segmental level – contained within the spinal cord
- _________ neurons are activated in a group of cord segments, causing them to stimulate groups of _________
- Ventral horn
- muscles
- Motor Activity -
_________ level – upper motor neurons of the cerebral cortex and brain stem
- Produce specific movements in skeletal muscle
- Control spinal cord circuits
- Send information to lower motor neurons (neurons that innervate muscles)
- Send information to higher command centers
Projection
- Motor Activity -
Projection level – upper motor neurons of the cerebral cortex and _________
- Produce specific movements in _________ muscle
- Control _________ circuits
- Send information to lower motor neurons (neurons that innervate muscles)
- Send information to higher command centers
-brain stem
-skeletal
spinal cord
- Motor Activity -
_________ level – cerebellum and basal nuclei
-Start or stop movement, coordinate movements with _________, block unwanted movements, and monitor muscle tone
- Precommand
- posture
_________ reflexes – “built in” reflex
Example – splash hot water on your arm from a pot, you will drop the pot before you even feel pain
-Brain is aware of what happened, but is not involved in the action
Inborn
Inborn reflexes – “built in” reflex
Example – splash hot water on your arm from a pot, you will drop the pot before you even feel pain
- _________ is aware of what happened, but is not involved in the _________
- Brain
- action
_________ reflexes – result of practice or repetition
Example – driving a car – series of complex movements, but we’re not consciously aware of many of them
Learned or acquired
Learned or acquired reflexes – result of practice or repetition
Example – _________ – series of complex movements, but we’re not _________ aware of many of them
- driving a car
- consciously
- 5 parts of a reflex arc -
_________ – responds to change in the environment
Sensory receptor
- 5 parts of a reflex arc -
_________ – carries message from the receptor to the CNS
Sensory neuron
- 5 parts of a reflex arc -
_________ – gray matter within the CNS
-Connection(s) between sensory neuron and motor neuron
Integrating center
- 5 parts of a reflex arc -
_________ – carries message to part of the body that will respond
Motor neuron
- 5 parts of a reflex arc -
_________ – muscle or gland that responds to nerve impulse from the motor neuron
Effector
_________ reflex – tapping tendon of elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle
-Stretches muscle spindles slightly, which results in contraction of muscle
Stretch
Stretch reflex – tapping tendon of elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle
- Stretches _________ spindles slightly, which results in contraction of muscle
- Contraction relieves the _________
- _________ muscles are inhibited
- muscle
- stretching
- Antagonistic
_________ reflex – usually involves withdrawal from pain
- Cross-extensor reflex – when flexors on one side are activated, extensors on opposite side are also activated
- For example – step on something sharp barefoot – flexor reflex draws your foot up and crossed extensor reflex allows other leg to hold you up
Flexor
Flexor reflex – usually involves withdrawal from pain
- _________ reflex – when flexors on one side are activated, extensors on _________ side are also activated
- For example – step on something sharp barefoot – flexor reflex draws your foot up and crossed extensor reflex allows other leg to hold you up
- Cross-extensor
- opposite
_________ reflex – tests spinal cord from L4 – S2
-Draw a blunt object down along the lateral aspect of the
plantar surface
–Toes should curl
–Abnormal reflex – called Babinski’s sign; big toe curls, and others fan laterally
Plantar
Plantar reflex – tests spinal cord from L4 – S2
-Draw a blunt object down along the _________ aspect of the
plantar surface
– _________ should curl
– _________ reflex – called Babinski’s sign; big toe curls, and others fan laterally
- lateral
- Toes
- Abnormal
