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Anatomy & Physiology 151 > Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Three main functions of the nervous system -

_________ – monitors what’s going on both inside and outside the body (includes all hearing, seeing, pain, etc.)

A

Sensory input

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2
Q
  • Three main functions of the nervous system -

_________ – Interprets information from the sensory input and decides what to do

A

Integration

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3
Q
  • Three main functions of the nervous system -

_________ – response in the form of messages sent to muscles, organs, or glands

A

Motor output

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4
Q
  • Receptors in your hand send temperature information to the brain (_________)
  • Your brain decides that’s a bad thing (_________)
  • Your brain sends a message to your muscles to pull away (_________)
A
  • sensory input
  • integration
  • motor output
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5
Q

Central nervous system (CNS) – consists of the _________ and _________

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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6
Q

_________ – everything except the brain and spinal cord

A

Periphial nervous system (PNS)

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7
Q

Periphial nervous system (PNS): Primarily made up of _________ nerves and _________ nerves

A
  • spinal

- cranial

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8
Q

_________ : Responsible for integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory data and motor commands

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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9
Q

_________ : Carry impulses to and from the spinal cord and brain

A

Periphial nervous system (PNS)

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10
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -

_________ : (means toward)

A

Afferent

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11
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -

_________ : carries sensory information from the receptors of the body to the CNS

A

Afferent division

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12
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -

Afferent division:
_________ detect changes in the environment
– eyes, ears, touch, pain, heat, cold, etc.

A

Receptors

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13
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -

_________ = (“away from”)

A

Efferent

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14
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -

_________ : carries motor information from the CNS to the body

A

Efferent

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15
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -
    [Two parts of the efferent division]

_________ – controls skeletal muscles
-Voluntary and involuntary (reflexes)

A

Somatic

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16
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -
    [Two parts of the efferent division]

_________ – visceral motor system
-Controls cardiac and smooth muscle, organs, and glands

A

Autonomic

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17
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -
    [Two parts of the efferent division]

_________ :
-Controls cardiac and smooth muscle, organs, and glands

A

Autonomic

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18
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -

_________ : (resting & Digesting) – generally slows things down (heart rate)

A

Parasympathetic

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19
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -

Parasympathetic : (resting & Digesting) – generally _________ things down (heart rate)

A

slows

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20
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -

_________ : (fight or flight) – generally speeds things up

A

Sympathetic

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21
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -

Sympathetic (fight or flight) – generally _________ things up

A

speeds

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22
Q
  • Divisions of the PNS -

_________ – controls activity within the digestive system

A

Enteric

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23
Q

_________ – functional units of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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24
Q

_________ : Supporting cells

A

Neuroglia

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25
Q
  • Supporting cells -

_________ :

  • Provide structural support for neurons
  • Provide Nutrients for neurons, remove excess materials, and regulate chemical concentrations
  • Wrap around capillaries to maintain the blood brain barrier
A

Astrocytes

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26
Q
  • Supporting cells -
    _________ –
    Connected to blood capillaries, neurons, and covering of the brain
A

Astrocytes

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27
Q
  • Supporting cells -

Astrocytes:

  • Provide structural support for _________
  • Provide Nutrients for neurons, remove excess materials, and regulate _________ concentrations
  • Wrap around capillaries to maintain the _________ barrier
A
  • neurons
  • chemical
  • blood brain
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28
Q
  • Supporting cells -

_________ – very small and least numerous
-Work as police and janitors – clean up debris and attack pathogens

A

Microglia

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29
Q
  • Supporting cells -

_________ :
-Work as police and janitors – clean up debris and attack pathogens

A

Microglia

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30
Q
  • Supporting cells -

_________ – line the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain

A

Ependymal cells

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31
Q
  • Supporting cells -

_________ – Secrete cerebrospinal fluid and some have cilia to help keep the CSF flowing

A

Ependymal cells

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32
Q
  • Supporting cells -

_________ – form the myelin sheath in the CNS
-Send extensions to many axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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33
Q
  • Supporting cells -

_________ – surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS
-Functions are similar to astrocytes

A

Satellite cells

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34
Q
  • Supporting cells -

_________ – form the myelin sheath in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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35
Q
  • Supporting cells -

One Schwann cell forms part of the _________ for one axon

A

myelin sheath

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36
Q

_________ Receive information from other neurons and carry it _________ the cell body

A
  • Dendrites

- toward

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37
Q

_________ – usually only one

–Carries action potential _________ from the cell body

A
  • Axon

- away

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38
Q

_________ – enlarged area of the cell body

A

axon hillock

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39
Q

_________ in each neuron processes the information it receives before sending on its conclusion as an action potential.

A

axon hillock

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40
Q

Like a departmental manager, the _________ receives information from the other departments, or neurons

A

axon hillock

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41
Q

_________ is the white covering of the axons (dendrites are unmyelinated)

A

myelin sheath

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42
Q

_________ : Bigger the nerve, thicker the sheath

-Function is to protect the _________, provide _________ and increase the speed of _________ transmission

A
  • myelin sheath
  • neuron
  • insulation
  • impulse
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43
Q

Myelin sheath : Formed by _________ in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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44
Q
  • Myelin sheath -

Gaps in the sheath are spaces between cells are called the _________

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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45
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are crucial to _________ the speed of impulse transmission – impulse “_________” from node to node

A
  • increasing

- jumps

46
Q

_________ neurons: two processes: one dendrite and one axon with the cell body in between

A

Bipolar

47
Q

_________ neurons - Found in special sense organs; the eye

A

Bipolar

48
Q

_________ neurons – dendrite and axon are continuous and cell body is off to the side

A

Unipolar

49
Q

_________ neurons – Sensory neurons in the PNS

A

Unipolar

50
Q

_________ neurons – most common type of neuron in the CNS

A

Multipolar

51
Q

_________ neurons

  • Two or more dendrites and a single axon
  • Motor nerves that control _________
A
  • Multipolar

- skeletal muscles

52
Q

_________ – deliver sensory information from the PNS to the CNS (about 10 million)

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

53
Q

Sensory (_________) neurons

A

afferent

54
Q

-Sensory neurons-

_________ – monitor the outside world (exteroceptors)

A

Somatic

55
Q

-Sensory neurons-

_________ – monitor the internal environment (interoceptors)

A

Visceral

56
Q

-Sensory neurons-

_________ – monitor the body’s position

A

Proprioceptors

57
Q

_________ neurons – carry instructions from the CNS to the PNS (about 500,000)

A

Motor (efferent)

58
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons– carry instructions from the ___ to the ___ (about _________)

A
  • CNS
  • PNS
  • 500,000
59
Q

Motor (_________) neurons

A

efferent

60
Q
  • Motor neurons -

_________ neurons – innervate skeletal muscles
-Cell body lies in the CNS and the axon extends to the target muscle

A

Somatic motor

61
Q
  • Motor neurons -

_________ neurons – innervate cardiac and smooth muscle as well as glands and organs

A

Visceral motor

62
Q

_________ neurons – provide communication between sensory and motor neurons (20 billion)

A

Interneurons (Association)

63
Q

_________ (Association neurons)

A

Interneurons

64
Q

Interneurons (Association neurons)

  • Also involved in learning and _________
  • Most common type of neuron; found in the _________ and _________
A
  • memory
  • brain
  • spinal cord
65
Q

_________ energy – work that is stored

A

Potential

66
Q

_________ energy – work is performed

A

Kinetic

67
Q

_________ – potential energy generated by keeping charges separate

A

Voltage

68
Q

_________ :

  1. Always measured between two points
  2. Difference between the two points
    - Called the potential
A

Voltage

69
Q

_________ – things move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

Gradients

70
Q

_________ – ions move towards an area with the opposite charge

A

Electrical gradient

71
Q

_________ channels – always open

A

Passive (leakage)

72
Q

_________ channels – open only for select molecules

A

Gated

73
Q
  • Gated channels -

_________ gated – open in response to a neurotransmitter

A

Chemically

74
Q
  • Gated channels -

_________ gated – open in response to a change in the charge

A

Voltage

75
Q
  • Gated channels -

_________ gated – open in response to pressure

A

Mechanically

76
Q

Channels are very _________ – potassium channel only allows _________ to pass through

A
  • specific

- potassium

77
Q
  • Resting Membrane Potential -

Inside of a neuron has a _________ charge compared to outside

A

negative

78
Q
  • Resting Membrane Potential -

Difference is the Resting Membrane Potential and the membrane is _________

A

polarized

79
Q
  • Resting Membrane Potential -

Potassium has a higher concentration _________ the cell

A

inside

80
Q
  • Resting Membrane Potential -

Sodium has a higher concentration _________ the cell

A

outside

81
Q
  • Resting Membrane Potential -

_________ wants to get out, _________ wants to get in

A
  • Potassium

- Sodium

82
Q

_________ – difference between the two sides of the membrane gets _________

A
  • Depolarization

- smaller

83
Q

_________ – two sides get further apart

A

Hyperpolarization

84
Q

_________ are short-lived and affect only a small area

A

Graded potentials

85
Q

Action Potentials :

_________- is carried over a greater distance and lasts longer

A

Nerve impulse

86
Q

Four steps of Action Potentials :

i. Resting
ii.
iii. Repolarization
iv.

A
  • Depolarization

- Hyperpolarization

87
Q

Four steps of Action Potentials :

i.
ii. Depolarization
iii.
iv. Hyperpolarization

A
  • Resting

- Repolarization

88
Q

Four steps of Action Potentials :

_________ – both the Na and K gates are closed

A

Resting

89
Q

Four steps of Action Potentials :

_________ – Na gates open and Na gushes into the cell

A

Depolarization

90
Q

Four steps of Action Potentials :

_________ – cell returns to its resting membrane potential

A

Repolarization

91
Q

Four steps of Action Potentials :

Repolarization –

  1. When the inside of the cell becomes positive, the ___ channels close so no more can get in
  2. At the same time, the K gates _________ and it gushes out of the cell
  3. As K+ goes out and Na+ can’t get in, the _________ is restored
A
  • Na
  • open
  • RMP
92
Q

_________ – too much K+ gets out, so the difference between inside and out is greater than the RMP

A

Hyperpolarization

93
Q

Sodium/potassium pumps then _________ the ions as needed to restore the _________

A
  • redistribute

- balance

94
Q

_________ conduction – step by step depolarization and repolarization in each adjacent segment

A

Continuous

95
Q

_________ conduction – action potential leaps from one node of Ranvier to the next

A

Saltatory

96
Q

_________ conduction is faster than _________ conduction

A
  • Saltatory

- Continuous

97
Q

All or none – _________ has to reach a certain point (threshold) before anything happens

A

depolarization

98
Q

If the threshold isn’t reached the _________ is not generated
1. No “partial action potential”

A

AP

99
Q

Three factors of Conduction velocity :

-Temperature

A

Degree of myelination

100
Q

Three factors of Conduction velocity :

-
-Degree of myelination
-

A
  • Axon diameter

- Temperature

101
Q

-Conduction velocity-

_________ – larger the axon, faster the speed of conduction

A

Axon diameter

102
Q

-Conduction velocity-

_________
-In unmyelinated fibers, the AP has to travel the length of the axon (continuous conduction)

A

Degree of myelination

103
Q

-Conduction velocity-

Degree of myelination :

  • In _________ fibers, the AP has to travel the length of the axon (_________ conduction)
  • In _________ fibers, the AP can “jump” from one Node of Ranvier to the next (_________ conduction)
A
  • unmyelinated
  • continuous
  • myelinated
  • saltatory
104
Q

-Conduction velocity-

_________ – propagation slows down in lower temperature

A

Temperature

105
Q
  • Communication at the Synapse-
    i. Nerve impulse arrives at the _________ (presynaptic neuron)
    ii. _________ opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels and _________ enters the cell
    iii. Increase in calcium triggers release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
    iv. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell
    v. Ions (Na) enter postsynaptic cell

vi. Change in membrane potential occurs in postsynaptic cell
vii. Depolarization triggers action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

A
  • synaptic end bulb
  • Depolarization
  • calcium
106
Q
  • Communication at the Synapse-
    i. Nerve impulse arrives at the synaptic end bulb (presynaptic neuron)
    ii. Depolarization opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels and calcium enters the cell
    iii. Increase in calcium triggers release of _________ into the synaptic cleft
    iv. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the _________ cell
    v. Ions (___) enter postsynaptic cell

vi. Change in membrane potential occurs in postsynaptic cell
vii. Depolarization triggers action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

A
  • neurotransmitter
  • postsynaptic
  • Na
107
Q
  • Communication at the Synapse-
    i. Nerve impulse arrives at the synaptic end bulb (presynaptic neuron)
    ii. Depolarization opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels and calcium enters the cell
    iii. Increase in calcium triggers release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
    iv. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell
    v. Ions (Na) enter postsynaptic cell

vi. Change in _________ potential occurs in postsynaptic cell
vii. Depolarization triggers _________ in the postsynaptic neuron

A
  • membrane

- action potential

108
Q

Two possible outcomes postsynaptic cell:

  • Second cell is _________ – i.e. muscle cell contracts
  • Second cell is _________ – muscle cell cannot contract
A
  • stimulated

- inhibited

109
Q

_________ – myelin sheath becomes nonfunctional

  • First nerve impulses are slowed, then stopped
  • -Without the myelin sheath, the AP dies out before it reaches the end
A

Multiple sclerosis

110
Q

Multiple sclerosis – myelin sheath becomes nonfunctional

  • First nerve impulses are _________, then stopped
  • -Without the myelin sheath, the ___ dies out before it reaches the end
A
  • slowed

- AP

Anatomy & Physiology 151 (22 decks)

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