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Anatomy & Physiology 151 > Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 4 - Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Basic parts of the Brain -

_________ – 2 hemispheres, form most of the front and middle of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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2
Q
  • Basic parts of the Brain -

_________ – thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

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3
Q
  • Basic parts of the Brain -

_________ – 2 hemispheres, form the posterior and inferior parts of the brain; much smaller than the cerebrum

A

Cerebellum

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4
Q
  • Basic parts of the Brain -

_________ – leads to the spinal cord; contains the midbrain, the pons and the medulla oblongata

A

Brainstem

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5
Q

Three parts of the Brainstem:

-
-pons
-

A
  • midbrain

- medulla oblongata

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6
Q

_________ :

  • Hollow chambers that contain CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
  • Lined with ependymal cells
A

The Ventricles of the Brain

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7
Q

_________ ventricles – C-shaped chambers; one in each cerebral hemisphere

A

Lateral

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8
Q

Lateral ventricles – Separated by a membrane called the _________

A

septum pellucidum

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9
Q

_________ ventricle – connected to the lateral ventricles via the interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)

A

Third

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10
Q

_________ ventricle – continuation of the 3rd ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct

A

Fourth

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11
Q

Fourth ventricle – continuation of the 3rd ventricle via the _________

A

cerebral aqueduct

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12
Q

Third ventricle – connected to the lateral ventricles via the _________

A

interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)

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13
Q

_________ ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

A

4th

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14
Q

_________ fissure – runs medially and separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

Longitudinal

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15
Q

_________ fissure – separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

A

Transverse

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16
Q

_________ – separates the frontal lobe and parietal lobe

A

Central sulcus

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17
Q

The _________ gyrus lies anterior to the central sulcus and the _________ gyrus lies posterior to the central sulcus

A
  • precentral

- postcentral

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18
Q

The precentral gyrus lies anterior to the _________ sulcus and the postcentral gyrus lies _________ to the central sulcus

A
  • central

- posterior

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19
Q

_________ :

  • Most superficial part of the brain
  • Controls everything that we’re aware of – muscle movements, communication, and memory
A

The Cerebral Cortex

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20
Q

The Cerebral Cortex :

  • Most superficial part of the _________
  • Controls everything that we’re aware of – _________ movements, communication, and _________
A
  • brain
  • muscle
  • memory
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21
Q

The Cerebral Cortex :

  • Made up of gray matter – cell bodies, _________, unmyelinated axons, _________, and _________ vessels
  • Contains about 14 billion neurons, arranged in 6 layers
  • Totals about 2-4mm thick
  • Makes up 40% of the brain’s mass
A
  • dendrites
  • glial cells
  • blood
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22
Q

The Cerebral Cortex :

  • Made up of gray matter – cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, glial cells, and blood vessels
  • Contains about ___ billion neurons, arranged in ___ layers
  • Totals about 2-4mm thick
  • Makes up ___ of the brain’s mass
A
  • 14
  • 6
  • 40%
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23
Q
  • Three functional areas the Cerebral Cortex -

_________ areas – control voluntary functions

A

Motor

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24
Q
  • Three functional areas the Cerebral Cortex -

_________ areas – conscious awareness of sensation

A

Sensory

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25
Q
  • Three functional areas the Cerebral Cortex -

_________ areas – integration

A

Association

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26
Q

Each hemisphere controls or receives information from the _________ (_________) side of the body

A
  • opposite

- contralateral

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27
Q

_________ cortex – (precentral gyrus)

A

Primary (somatic) motor

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28
Q

_________ cortex generates neural impulses that control the execution of movement

A

primary motor

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29
Q

_________ cortex – anterior to the precentral gyrus

A

Premotor

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30
Q

_________ cortex – Controls learned motor skills – like playing an instrument or typing (it’s the memory of muscle activity)

A

Premotor

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31
Q

_________ cortex – found in the postcentral gyrus

A

Primary somatosensory

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32
Q

_________ cortex – Receive sensory information from the skin and proprioceptors in the skeletal muscles

A

Primary somatosensory

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33
Q

_________ cortex – Identify area being stimulated – this is called spatial discrimination

A

Primary somatosensory

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34
Q

_________ cortex - Allows us to touch something and know what it is without looking – like digging in your pockets and finding keys or a quarter

A

Somatosensory association

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35
Q

_________ cortex – posterior part of the occipital lobe

A

Primary visual

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36
Q

_________ cortex -

  • Receives information from the eyes
  • This is where we perceive motion, light, and contrast
  • Damage to this area will result in blindness
A

Primary visual

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37
Q

_________ association area – surrounds the primary visual cortex

A

Visual

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38
Q

_________ cortex – superior part of the temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory

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39
Q

_________ cortex – Receives information from the cochlea where it is interpreted for pitch, rhythm, and loudness

A

Primary auditory

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40
Q

_________ association area – more posterior

A

Auditory

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41
Q

_________ association area –This is where we interpret what we hear as speech, music, yelling, laughing, etc.

A

Auditory

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42
Q

_________ Association Area –

  • Involved in intellect, recall, and personality
  • Responsible for formation of ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, planning, compassion, and conscience
  • Damage is this area can cause mood swings, bad behavior, and recklessness
A

Anterior

prefrontal cortex

43
Q

Anterior Association Area (prefrontal cortex) –

  • Involved in intellect, recall, and personality
  • Responsible for formation of _________, judgement, reasoning, _________, planning, compassion, and conscience
  • Damage is this area can cause _________ swings, bad behavior, and _________
A
  • ideas
  • persistence
  • mood
  • recklessness
44
Q

_________ Association Area –

Involved in recognizing patterns, faces, and our surroundings

45
Q

_________ Association Area – emotional part of the brain

  • Provides emotional impact of danger, fear, joy, and grief
  • -Also involved in memory
46
Q

Limbic Association Area –

emotional part of the brain

  • Provides emotional _________ of danger, _________, joy, and grief
  • -Also involved in _________
A
  • impact
  • fear
  • memory
47
Q

commissures are made up of _________ fibers

-These are responsible for communication between 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

commissural

48
Q

_________ fibers – connect different parts of the same hemisphere

A

Association

49
Q

_________ fibers – connect gyri that are close to each other

50
Q

_________ fibers – connect different lobes

51
Q

_________ fibers – connect the cortex to the rest of the CNS and to the receptors and effectors

A

Projection

52
Q

Projection fibers – connect the cortex to the rest of the CNS and to the _________ and _________

A
  • receptors

- effectors

53
Q

Projection fibers travel _________, while commissural and association fibers travel _________

A
  • verticaly

- horizontally

54
Q
  • 5 basic functions of the basal nuclei -

i. Influence _________ movements by communicating with the _________ cortex
ii. Influence attention span and conscious thought
iii. Start, stop, and monitor movements like swinging your arms
iv. Regulate the intensity of movements
v. Inhibit unnecessary movements – enable us to do several things at once

A
  • muscle

- primary motor

55
Q
  • 5 basic functions of the basal nuclei -

i. Influence muscle movements by communicating with the primary motor cortex
ii. Influence _________ span and _________ thought
iii. Start, stop, and monitor _________ like swinging your arms
iv. Regulate the intensity of movements
v. Inhibit unnecessary movements – enable us to do several things at once

A
  • attention
  • conscious
  • movements
56
Q
  • 5 basic functions of the basal nuclei -

i. Influence muscle movements by communicating with the primary motor cortex
ii. Influence attention span and conscious thought
iii. Start, stop, and monitor movements like swinging your arms
iv. Regulate the _________ of movements
v. _________ unnecessary movements – enable us to do _________ things at once

A
  • intensity
  • Inhibit
  • several
57
Q

General functions of the thalamus:

  1. Relays sensory input to the _________
  2. Helps to focus the attention of the _________ – aids in
    concentration
  3. Some interpretation of thermal and pain sensations
A
  • cerebral hemispheres

- cerebral cortex

58
Q

General functions of the thalamus:

  1. Relays sensory input to the cerebral hemispheres
  2. Helps to focus the attention of the CC – aids in _________
  3. Some interpretation of _________ and pain sensations
A
  • concentration

- thermal

59
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus. :

_________ – regulates the involuntary nervous system
-Controls rate of digestion, _________, constriction or dilation of the pupils, respiratory rate, and sweating

A
  • Autonomic control center

- heart rate

60
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus. :

_________ – controls the physical aspects of emotions – tears, _________, dry mouth, etc
–Also influences sex drive

A
  • Center for emotional response

- blushing

61
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus. :

_________ – acts as the thermostat for the body

A

Body temperature regulation

62
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus. :

_________ -

  • Sends hormone signals to the pituitary gland
  • Produces hormones ___ and oxytocin
A
  • Control of endocrine system

- ADH

63
Q

_________ – audio and visual reflex centers – 2 pairs of nuclei

A

Corpora quadrigemina

64
Q

_________ – dark nucleus that contains a lot of melanin

A

Substantia nigra

65
Q

_________ - Responsible for the release of dopamine (neurotransmitter)
-Damage will result in Parkinson’s disease

A

Substantia nigra

66
Q

_________ -
Bulging part of the brain stem between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata and forms the anterior wall of the 4th ventricle

67
Q

The Pons:

  • Connects the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
  • Connects the motor cortex of the cerebrum to the _________
  • Helps the _________ control breathing
A
  • cerebellum

- medulla

68
Q

The Pons:

  • Connects the _________ to the spinal cord
  • Connects the _________ of the cerebrum to the cerebellum
  • Helps the medulla control breathing
A
  • cerebral cortex

- motor cortex

69
Q

Four functions of the medulla oblongata:

  1. _________ – controls force and rate of heart contraction and _________
  2. Respiratory centers control rate and depth of breathing
  3. Relay touch, conscious proprioception, pressure, and vibration to the thalamus
  4. Various centers control things like vomiting, hiccups, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
A
  • Cardiovascular center

- blood pressure

70
Q

Four functions of the medulla oblongata:

  1. Cardiovascular center – controls force and rate of heart contraction and blood pressure
  2. _________ control rate and depth of _________
  3. Relay touch, conscious proprioception, pressure, and vibration to the thalamus
  4. Various centers control things like vomiting, hiccups, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
A
  • Respiratory centers

- breathing

71
Q

Four functions of the medulla oblongata:

  1. Cardiovascular center – controls force and rate of heart contraction and blood pressure
  2. Respiratory centers control rate and depth of breathing
  3. Relay _________, conscious proprioception, _________, and vibration to the thalamus
  4. Various centers control things like vomiting, hiccups, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
A
  • touch

- pressure

72
Q

Four functions of the medulla oblongata:

  1. Cardiovascular center – controls force and rate of heart contraction and blood pressure
  2. Respiratory centers control rate and depth of breathing
  3. Relay touch, conscious proprioception, pressure, and vibration to the thalamus
  4. Various centers control things like _________, hiccups, _________, coughing, and sneezing
A
  • vomiting

- swallowing

73
Q

Fibers entering and exiting the cerebellum are _________ .

A

ipsilateral

74
Q

The _________ forms the emotional part of the brain.

A

limbic system

75
Q

_________ - Clusters of neurons that form columns along the brain stem

A

Reticular Formation

76
Q

Reticular Formation

  • Keeps the _________ cortex alert and conscious
  • _________ out weak, familiar, or repetitive signals
A
  • cerebral

- Filters

77
Q

_________ – dura mater forms walls within the brain to limit movement; act like baffles of a waterbed

A

Dural septa

78
Q

-Dural septa-

_________ – separates cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

79
Q

-Dural septa-

_________ – separates cerebrum from cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

80
Q

_________ –

-Found in and around the brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

81
Q

Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF):

  1. Acts as a _________ and protects the brain against its own weight – brain “_________” in the cranial cavity
  2. Provides optimal environment for neuron signaling
  3. Allows exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and nervous tissue
A
  • shock absorber

- floats

82
Q

Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF):

  1. Acts as a shock absorber and protects the brain against its own weight – brain “floats” in the cranial cavity
  2. Provides optimal environment for _________ signaling
  3. Allows _________ of nutrients and waste products between blood and nervous tissue
A
  • neuron

- exchange

83
Q

Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF):

  1. Acts as a shock absorber and protects the brain against its own weight – brain “floats” in the cranial cavity
  2. Provides optimal environment for neuron signaling
  3. Allows exchange of nutrients and _________ products between blood and _________ tissue
A
  • waste

- nervous

84
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

-Formed by _________ – cells are joined by tight _________

A
  • capillaries

- junctions

85
Q

-Brain Injuries-

_________ – mild brain injury

  • Marked by _________, seeing stars, and Loss of consciousness (LOC)
  • No permanent damage
A
  • Concussion

- dizziness

86
Q

-Brain Injuries-

_________ – actual destruction of brain tissue

-May result in _________ if the injury is in the brain stem

A
  • Contusion

- coma

87
Q

-Brain Injuries-

_________ – bleeding in the spaces

-Blood accumulates and increases pressure on the _________

A

-Subdural or subarachnoid
hemorrhage
-brain

88
Q

_________ -

  • Also called “stroke”; _________ leading cause of death in North America
  • Blood circulation to an area is blocked and brain tissue begins to die
A
  • Cerebrovascular Accidents

- third

89
Q

Spinal Cord comes to a point at its end called the _________

A

conus medullaris

90
Q

_________ – extension of the conus medullaris covered by pia mater
-Anchors the cord to the coccyx

A

Filum terminale

91
Q

lumbar and sacral spinal nerves travel down until they exit the column, These nerves are collectively called the _________ – which literally means horse’s tail

A

-cauda equina

92
Q

_________ - Made up of cell bodies, unmyelinated processes, and supporting cells

A

Gray matter

93
Q

_________ - Made up of fibers that provide communication between different parts of the cord as well as between the cord and the brain

A

White Matter

94
Q

“horns” of the spinal cord

_________ – posterior; sensory receptor area

A

Dorsal horns

95
Q

“horns” of the spinal cord

_________ – only present in the thoracic region; neurons are sympathetic motor neurons for the visceral organs

96
Q

_________ is the sensory receptor area

A

the dorsal horn

97
Q

Know that ascending tracts are usually _________ and descending tracts are usually _________

A
  • sensory

- motor

98
Q

Vertebral levels _________ and _________ are the most common sites for Spinal Cord

A
  • C5/C6

- T12/L1

99
Q

Vertebral levels C5/C6 and T12/L1 are the most common sites because:

  • Greater _________ in those areas
  • Cord is _________ in these areas
A
  • mobility

- largest

100
Q

Poliomyelitis

i. _________ of the spinal cord
ii. Virus causes _________ to die and they are replaced by _________ tissue
iii. If the ventral horn is affected, paralysis of lower limbs occurs
iv. If the upper cervicals or the medulla oblongata is affected, respiratory failure can occur

A
  • Inflammation
  • cells
  • scar
101
Q

Poliomyelitis

i. Inflammation of the spinal cord
ii. Virus causes cells to die and they are replaced by scar tissue
iii. If the _________ horn is affected, _________ of lower limbs occurs
iv. If the upper cervicals or the _________ is affected, respiratory failure can occur

A
  • ventral
  • paralysis
  • medulla oblongata
102
Q

_________ -

i. Also called Lou Gehrig’s Disease
ii. Causes destruction of the ventral horn motor neurons
iii. Results in paralysis of skeletal muscle
iv. As disease progresses, person loses the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe
v. No cure, limited treatment, death usually occurs within 5 years

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

103
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

i. Also called _________ Disease
ii. Causes destruction of the _________ motor neurons
iii. Results in paralysis of _________ muscle
iv. As disease progresses, person loses the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe
v. No cure, limited treatment, death usually occurs within 5 years

A
  • Lou Gehrig’s
  • ventral horn
  • skeletal
104
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

i. Also called Lou Gehrig’s Disease
ii. Causes destruction of the ventral horn motor neurons
iii. Results in paralysis of skeletal muscle
iv. As disease progresses, person loses the ability to _________, swallow, and _________
v. No _________, limited treatment, death usually occurs within __ years

A
  • speak
  • breathe
  • cure
  • 5

Anatomy & Physiology 151 (22 decks)

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