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Anatomy & Physiology 151 > Lecture Exam 3 - Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 - Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ muscle – muscles attached to bone

A

Skeletal

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2
Q

_________ muscle:

Function – produce movement by pulling on bone

A

Skeletal

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3
Q

_________ muscle – muscle of the heart

A

Cardiac

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4
Q

_________ muscle:

Function – pushes blood through the circulatory system

A

Cardiac

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5
Q

_________ muscle – lines the hollow organs

A

Smooth

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6
Q

_________ muscle:

Function – pushes things through and out of the body

A

Smooth

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7
Q
  • Properties of muscle -

_________ – ability to respond to nerve impulses

A

Electrical excitability

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8
Q
  • Properties of muscle -

_________ – ability to contract and generate force

A

Contractility

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9
Q
  • Properties of muscle -

_________ – ability to stretch without being damaged

A

Extensibility

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10
Q
  • Properties of muscle -

_________ – ability to return to its original shape and size

A

Elasticity

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11
Q

-four functions of skeletal muscle-

_________ – muscle contracts pulling on the tendon which moves a bone (i.e. running, walking, nodding the head)

A

Produce movement

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12
Q

-four functions of skeletal muscle-

Produce movement:

  • _________ muscle moves blood throughout the body
  • _________ muscle moves substances (food, urine, etc.) through and out of the body
A
  • Cardiac

- Smooth

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13
Q

-four functions of skeletal muscle-

_________ – some muscles are always active to allow us to sit up, stand, etc.

A

Maintain posture and body position

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14
Q

-four functions of skeletal muscle-

Muscles _________ joints and help keep them _________

A
  • cross

- stable

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15
Q

-four functions of skeletal muscle-

_________ – when a muscle contracts, heat is given off as a waste product

A

Maintenance of body temperature

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16
Q
  • Three layers of connective tissue -

_________ – surrounds the whole muscle
–Separates the muscle from surrounding structures

A

Epimysium

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17
Q
  • Three layers of connective tissue -

_________ – divides muscle into bundles of muscle cells called fascicles
–Also contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the muscle

A

Perimysium

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18
Q
  • Three layers of connective tissue -

_________ – surrounds individual muscle cells
–Contains capillaries, cells to repair muscle, and nerves that control the muscle

A

Endomysium

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19
Q

Muscle requires a large amount of blood supply to bring in _________ and nutrients and carry away _________ products

A
  • oxygen

- waste

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20
Q

Muscle cell = muscle _________

A

fiber

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21
Q

“_________” means muscle

A

Sarco

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22
Q

_________ – cell membrane of a muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

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23
Q

_________ – cytoplasm of a muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm

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24
Q

_________ – extensions of the sarcolemma

A

T tubules

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25
Q

_________ – organelle that stores calcium

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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26
Q

-Sarcoplasmic reticulum-

  • Tubular network surrounds each _________
  • Terminal _________ – enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
    • _________ is released from the TC
  • Release of calcium from the terminal cisternae is the first step in muscle _________
A
  • myofibril
  • cisternae
  • Calcium
  • contraction
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27
Q
  • Sarcomere -

_________ mark the border of a sarcomere

A

Z lines or Z discs

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28
Q
  • Sarcomere -

_________ is the center of the thick filament

A

M line

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29
Q
  • Sarcomere -

_________ are the dark bands

A

A bands

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30
Q
  • Sarcomere -

_________ are the light bands

A

I bands

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31
Q
  • Sarcomere -

_________ light area on either side of the M line

A

H zone

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32
Q
  • Sarcomere -

_________ – overlap of thin and thick filaments

A

Zone of Overlap

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33
Q

_________ filaments – made up of myosin

A

Thick

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34
Q

_________ filaments – made up of actin

A

Thin

35
Q
  • Muscle Proteins -

_________ – motor protein found in thick filaments

A

Myosin

36
Q
  • Muscle Proteins -

_________ - interacts with actin

A

Myosin

37
Q
  • Muscle Proteins -

_________ – thin filaments made up of a twisted strand of actin molecules

A

Actin

38
Q
  • Muscle Proteins -

Each actin molecules has an “active” site where it will bind with _________ during muscle contraction

A

-myosin

39
Q
  • Muscle Proteins -

_________ – double stranded protein that covers active sites on the actin molecules

A

Tropomyosin

40
Q
  • Muscle Proteins -

_________ – protein that sits on top of the tropomyosin

A

Troponin

41
Q
  • Muscle Proteins -

_________ –
Attached to the Z disc at each end of the sarcomere

A

Troponin

42
Q
  • Muscle Proteins -

_________ – large protein that anchors thick filament to a Z disc and the M line

A

Titin

43
Q

_________ filaments connect to the thin and pull them to the center of the _________ .

A
  • Thick

- sarcomere

44
Q

_________ – pressure applied TO something – pulling on a rope, carrying a book

A

Tension

45
Q

_________ – force that opposes movement

A

Resistance

46
Q

Tension must overcome _________ in order for movement to occur

A

resistance

47
Q

Connection between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called the _________

A

neuromuscular junction

48
Q
  • four steps in the neuronal stimulation of a muscle -
  1. Release of _________ into the _________ cleft (space)
  2. ACh binds to the _________ on the muscle
  3. Action potential continues on the muscle in the sarcolemma and is carried to all parts of the fiber by the T tubules
  4. Return to rest – ACh is broken down by ACHe and action potential is over
A
  • ACh
  • synaptic
  • receptors
49
Q
  • four steps in the neuronal stimulation of a muscle -
  1. Release of ACh into the synaptic cleft (space)
  2. ACh binds to the receptors on the muscle
  3. _________ potential continues on the muscle in the _________ and is carried to all parts of the fiber by the _________
  4. Return to rest – ACh is broken down by ACHe and action potential is over
A
  • Action
  • sarcolemma
  • T tubules
50
Q
  • four steps in the neuronal stimulation of a muscle -
  1. Release of ACh into the synaptic cleft (space)
  2. ACh binds to the receptors on the muscle
  3. Action potential continues on the muscle in the sarcolemma and is carried to all parts of the fiber by the T tubules
  4. Return to _________ – ACh is broken down by _________ and action potential is over
A
  • rest

- ACHe

51
Q

-Excitation-Contraction Coupling-

  • Action potential travels along the _________
    1. Causes the release of _________ into the sarcoplasm from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic _________
    2. Binds to troponin, which causes tropomyosin to move in between the strands of actin
  • -This exposes the binding sites on the actin
A
  • sarcolemma
  • calcium
  • reticulum
52
Q

-Excitation-Contraction Coupling-

  • Action potential travels along the sarcolemma
    1. Causes the release of calcium into the sarcoplasm from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
    2. Binds to _________, which causes _________ to move in between the strands of actin
  • -This exposes the binding sites on the actin
A
  • troponin

- tropomyosin

53
Q

-Excitation-Contraction Coupling-

  • Action potential travels along the sarcolemma
    1. Causes the release of calcium into the sarcoplasm from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
    2. Binds to troponin, which causes tropomyosin to move in between the strands of _________
  • -This exposes the _________ sites on the actin
A
  • actin

- binding

54
Q
  • Contraction Cycle -
  1. ATP splits – into ____ (adenosine diphosphate) and a _________ group
  2. Head of the myosin attaches to the binding site (cross bridge)
  3. Cross bridge flexes (myosin head bends), moving the thin filament toward the middle of the sarcomere
    - -Called the “power stroke”
  4. ATP binds with the myosin head, which releases the myosin head from the actin
A
  • ADP

- phosphate

55
Q
  • Contraction Cycle -
  1. ATP splits – into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate group
  2. Head of the _________ attaches to the _________ site (cross bridge)
  3. Cross bridge flexes (myosin head bends), moving the thin filament toward the middle of the sarcomere
    - -Called the “power stroke”
  4. ATP binds with the myosin head, which releases the myosin head from the actin
A
  • myosin

- binding

56
Q
  • Contraction Cycle -
  1. ATP splits – into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate group
  2. Head of the myosin attaches to the binding site (cross bridge)
  3. Cross bridge _________ (myosin head bends), moving the _________ filament toward the middle of the _________
    - -Called the “power stroke”
  4. ATP binds with the myosin head, which releases the myosin head from the actin
A
  • flexes
  • thin
  • sarcomere
57
Q
  • Contraction Cycle -
  1. ATP splits – into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate group
  2. Head of the myosin attaches to the binding site (cross bridge)
  3. Cross bridge flexes (myosin head bends), moving the thin filament toward the middle of the sarcomere
    - -Called the “power stroke”
  4. ATP binds with the _________ head, which releases the myosin head from the _________
A
  • myosin

- actin

58
Q
  • Relaxation -
  1. When _________ impulse stops, release of ____ stops
  2. Calcium is returned to the terminal cisternae – requires energy (ATP)
  3. When calcium is take back by the SR, troponin changes shape and tropomyosin once again covers the binding sites on the actin
    - -Muscle relaxes
A
  • nerve

- ACh

59
Q
  • Relaxation -
  1. When nerve impulse stops, release of ACh stops
  2. _________ is returned to the terminal _________ – requires energy (ATP)
  3. When calcium is take back by the SR, troponin changes shape and tropomyosin once again covers the binding sites on the actin
    - -Muscle relaxes
A
  • Calcium

- cisternae

60
Q
  • Relaxation -
  1. When nerve impulse stops, release of ACh stops
  2. Calcium is returned to the terminal cisternae – requires energy (ATP)
  3. When calcium is take back by the ___, troponin changes shape and _________ once again covers the binding sites on the actin
    - -Muscle relaxes
A
  • SR

- tropomyosin

61
Q

One motor neuron and all the fibers it supplies is a _________

A

motor unit

62
Q

_________ number of fibers per neuron – fine motor skills; precise control (fingers, eyes)

A

-Low

63
Q

_________ number of fibers per neuron – less precise movement (large thigh and leg muscles)

A

-High

64
Q
  • Three phases of muscle twitch -

_________ – time it takes for the action potential to travel across the sarcolemma and calcium to be released from the SR

A

Latent period

65
Q
  • Three phases of muscle twitch -

_________ – peak of tension
–Calcium binds to troponin, active sites are exposed, cross bridges are formed

A

Contraction phase

66
Q
  • Three phases of muscle twitch -

_________ – muscle returns to rest
–Calcium levels fall, active sites are covered, and cross bridges detach

A

Relaxation

67
Q
  • Muscle is stimulated a second time before relaxation phase has ended
  • Second contraction is significantly stronger than the first: Called _________
A

wave summation

68
Q

_________ – muscle is never allowed to relax completely

A

Incomplete (unfused) tetanus

69
Q

_________ – relaxation phase doesn’t occur at all

A

Complete (fused) tetanus

70
Q

_________ – as strength of the stimulus increases, more muscle fibers contract

A

Multiple motor unit summation

71
Q

Multiple motor unit summation:

  • Some motor units respond to weak stimulus, some require a stronger stimulus
  • More and more motor units are activated as the signal strength increases – called _________
A

recruitment

72
Q

_________ contraction – muscle length changes (includes walking running, lifting)

A

Isotonic

73
Q

_________ contraction – muscle length doesn’t change, and tension doesn’t exceed resistance
(Holding a baby, standing up, carrying a book)

A

Isometric

74
Q

_________ metabolism – uses oxygen to produce ATP

A

Aerobic

75
Q

_________ metabolism – does not require oxygen

A

Anaerobic

76
Q

Three types of _________ :

  • fast
  • slow
  • intermediate
A

Muscle Fibers

77
Q

-Three types of Muscle Fibers-

_________ – most common type; large in diameter

  • Produce fast, powerful contractions, but fatigue rapidly
  • Used in sprinting and weight lifting
A

Fast glycolytic fibers

78
Q

-Three types of Muscle Fibers-

Fast glycolytic fibers-

  • Produce fast, powerful _________, but _________ rapidly
  • Used in sprinting and weight lifting
A
  • contractions

- fatigue

79
Q

-Three types of Muscle Fibers-

_________ – smaller fibers

  • Take longer to contract, but can contract for longer periods of time
  • Have a more abundant blood supply
  • Used in running long distances, walking, maintaining posture
A

Slow oxidative fibers

80
Q

-Three types of Muscle Fibers-

Slow oxidative fibers – smaller fibers

  • Take _________ to contract, but can contract for longer periods of time
  • Have a more abundant _________
  • Used in _________ long distances, walking, maintaining posture
A
  • longer
  • blood supply
  • running
81
Q

-Three types of Muscle Fibers-

_________ – in between slow and fast in both size and endurance

A

Fast oxidative fibers (intermediate)

82
Q

-Differences in Cardiac Muscle-

  1. _________ are smaller and usually only have one _________
  2. No terminal cisternae – sarcoplasmic reticulum is connected directly to the sarcolemma and T tubules
  3. Uses aerobic metabolism almost exclusively
  4. Intercalated discs – specialized cell junctions
A
  • Cells

- nucleus

83
Q

-Differences in Cardiac Muscle-

  1. Cells are smaller and usually only have one nucleus
  2. No _________ cisternae – sarcoplasmic reticulum is connected directly to the _________ and T tubules
  3. Uses aerobic metabolism almost exclusively
  4. Intercalated discs – specialized cell junctions
A
  • terminal

- sarcolemma

84
Q

-Differences in Cardiac Muscle-

  1. Cells are smaller and usually only have one nucleus
  2. No terminal cisternae – sarcoplasmic reticulum is connected directly to the sarcolemma and T tubules
  3. Uses _________ metabolism almost exclusively
  4. _________ discs – specialized cell junctions
A
  • aerobic

- Intercalated

Anatomy & Physiology 151 (22 decks)

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