Lecture Exam 1 - Chapters 1 & 3 Flashcards
__________ - the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Anatomy
__________ - function; study of how body parts work and carry out activities
Physiology
__________ - study of large structures visible with the naked eye, such as the heart, kidneys, bones, and the liver.
Gross Anatomy
Gross Anatomy (__________ ) – study of large structures visible with the naked eye, such as the heart, kidneys, bones, and the liver.
macroscopic
-Gross Anatomy-
__________- focuses on the anatomy of one particular area. For example, if we were studying the arm, we would study the bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels found in that area
Regional anatomy
-Gross Anatomy-
Regional anatomy – focuses on the anatomy of one particular area. For example, if we were studying the arm, we would study the __________, muscles, __________, and blood vessels found in that area.
- bones
- nerves
-Gross Anatomy-
__________ – study of individual organ systems. For example, when we study the nervous system, we’ll learn about the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Systemic anatomy
-Gross Anatomy-
Systemic anatomy – study of individual organ systems. For example, when we study the nervous system, we’ll learn about the __________, spinal cord, and __________
- brain
- nerves
-Gross Anatomy-
__________ – study of general form and superficial markings
-When someone flexes their muscles for us, we can see the outline of individual muscles
Surface anatomy
-Gross Anatomy-
Surface anatomy – study of general form and superficial markings
-When someone flexes their muscles for us, we can see the __________ of individual muscles
outline
How else could surface anatomy be used?
Check pulse in __________ that are near the surface, finding veins to draw blood, and using stethoscope to listen to __________ and lungs
- arteries
- heart
__________ – study of structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Microscopic anatomy
-Microscopic anatomy-
__________ – study of cells
Cytology
-Microscopic anatomy-
__________ – study of tissues, such as connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
Histology
-
- Cytology
- Histology
-
-
i. Regional
ii. Systemic
iii. Surface
__________ – covers changes that occur over time
Developmental anatomy
-Developmental anatomy-
Main division is __________, which is the study of development between conception and birth
embryology
-Developmental anatomy-
Main division is embryology, which is the study of development between __________ and __________
- conception
- birth
__________ – includes specialized studies used in a clinical setting
Clinical anatomy
-Clinical anatomy-
__________ – changes in the body during illness
Medical (or pathological) anatomy
-Clinical anatomy-
__________ – study of internal structures using x-ray, CT scans, and MRIs
Radiographic anatomy
-
- Medical anatomy
- Radiographic anatomy
__________ physiology – study of the function of a particular organ or organ system
-Systemic and special
Systemic and special physiology-
Examples include renal (kidneys), _________ (nervous system), cardiophysiology (heart and blood vessels), and __________ physiology (lungs)
- neurophysiology
- respiratory
__________ physiology – study of the functions of cells
Cell
__________ physiology – study of the effects of disease on body functions
Pathological
6 Levels of organization of an organism:
- Chemical
- Tissue
- Organ systems
- Organism
- Cellular
- Organ
6 Levels of organization of an organism:
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Organ
- Organ systems
6.
- Tissue
- Organism
6 Levels of organization of an organism:
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organism
- Chemical
- Organ systems
__________ – ability of the body to detect and respond to changes in the environment (stimuli; stimulus is singular)
Responsiveness (irritability or excitability)
Responsiveness (__________ ) – ability of the body to detect and respond to changes in the environment (stimuli; stimulus is singular)
irritability or excitability
__________ – sum of all chemical processes in the body
Metabolism
__________ – breaking something down from complex to simple
Catabolism
__________ – breakdown of proteins into amino acids
Catabolism
__________ – building up from simple to complex
Anabolism
__________ – Joining of amino acids to form proteins
Anabolism
__________ – defined as the existence and maintenance of a stable internal environment in an ever-changing external environment
Homeostasis
Homeostasis – defined as the existence and maintenance of a stable internal __________ in an ever-changing __________ environment
- environment
- external
-
-
- Receptor
- Control center
- Effector
- Homeostatic regulation -
__________ – sensor that detects changes in the environment (stimuli) –Skin, ears
Receptor
- Homeostatic regulation -
__________ – receives and processes information, makes a “decision”, then sends out commands
Control center
- Homeostatic regulation -
__________ – carries out the commands sent out by the control center
Effector
__________ feedback loop – action of the effector shuts off the original stimulus when normal conditions return
Negative
__________ feedback loop – action of the effector increases the intensity of the original stimulus
Positive
__________ - Furnace set at 70, kicks on at 69 and shuts back off at 70))
Negative feedback loop
__________ - Makes the situation continue
Positive feedback loop
-Negative feedback loop-
Receptors in the body sends signals to the brain about body __________. If the temp is too __________, the brain sends signals to __________ glands and muscles – sweat glands release water to the surface and blood from muscles travels close to the skin. Sweat evaporates and heat radiates from the skin to cool us down.
- temperature
- high
- sweat
-Positive feedback-
during child labor, a hormone called oxytocin is released, which intensifies contractions. __________ of the uterus cause more oxytocin to be released, which again causes __________ contractions
-Contractions
more
__________ – subjective changes in body functions; not observable (i.e. headache, nausea, anxiety)
Symptoms
Symptoms – subjective changes in body functions; not observable (i.e. __________, nausea, __________)
- headache
- anxiety
__________ – objective, measurable changes (high BP, fever, swelling)
Signs
Signs – objective, measurable changes (high __________, fever, __________ )
- Blood Pressure
- swelling
- 4 concepts of cell theory -
1. __________ are the basic structural and functional units of living __________
- Cells
- organisms
- 4 concepts of cell theory -
2. Activity of an __________ depends on the individual and collective __________ of cells
- organism
- activity
- 4 concepts of cell theory -
3. __________ of cells depend on their __________
- Activities
- structure
- 4 concepts of cell theory -
4. __________ of life depends on __________ reproduction
- Continuity
- cellular
- 3 basic parts of a cell -
__________ – outside wall of the cell
Cell membrane
Cell membrane 4 basic functions:
a. __________ cell’s internal environment from the __________ environment
b. Regulates flow of materials in and out of the cell
c. Maintains appropriate internal environment
d. Plays important role in communication both with other cells and with the external environment
- Separates
- external
Cell membrane 4 basic functions:
a. Separates cell’s internal environment from the external environment
b. __________ flow of __________ in and out of the cell
c. Maintains appropriate internal environment
d. Plays important role in communication both with other cells and with the external environment
- Regulates
- materials
Cell membrane 4 basic functions:
a. Separates cell’s internal environment from the external environment
b. Regulates flow of materials in and out of the cell
c. __________ appropriate __________ environment
d. Plays important role in communication both with other cells and with the external environment
- Maintains
- internal
Cell membrane 4 basic functions:
a. Separates cell’s internal environment from the external environment
b. Regulates flow of materials in and out of the cell
c. Maintains appropriate internal environment
d. Plays important role in __________ both with other cells and with the __________ environment
- communication
- external
- 3 basic parts of a cell -
__________ – Consists of all contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and nucleus
Cytoplasm
- 3 basic parts of a cell -
Cytoplasm – Consists of all contents of a cell between the __________ membrane and __________
- plasma
- nucleus
- 3 basic parts of a cell -
3 parts of Cytoplasm:
1.
2. Organelles
3.
- Cytosol
3. Inclusions
- 3 basic parts of a cell -
__________ – control center for cell functions
Nucleus
- 3 basic parts of a cell -
Nucleus:
- Has information to __________ all proteins needed by the cell
- Contains the __________ – genetic material
- Dictates type and amount of __________ to be made
- manufacture
- DNA
- proteins
-6 functions of Membrane proteins -
a. Form __________ or holes for ions and transport __________ in or out of the cell
b. Act as __________ so molecules can bind to the cell
c. Provide support within a cell
d. Help start or speed up reactions (enzymes)
e. Join cells together
f. Cell identity – help cells recognize one another
- pores
- molecules
- receptors
-6 functions of Membrane proteins -
a. Form pores or holes for ions and transport molecules in or out of the cell
b. Act as receptors so molecules can bind to the cell
c. Provide __________ within a cell
d. Help start or speed up __________ (enzymes)
e. Join cells together
f. Cell identity – help cells recognize one another
- support
- reactions
-6 functions of Membrane proteins -
a. Form pores or holes for ions and transport molecules in or out of the cell
b. Act as receptors so molecules can bind to the cell
c. Provide support within a cell
d. Help start or speed up reactions (enzymes)
e. Join __________ together
f. Cell identity – help cells __________ one another
- cells
- recognize
