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Anatomy & Physiology 151 > Lecture Exam 1 - Chapters 1 & 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 - Chapters 1 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

__________ - the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

__________ - function; study of how body parts work and carry out activities

A

Physiology

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3
Q

__________ - study of large structures visible with the naked eye, such as the heart, kidneys, bones, and the liver.

A

Gross Anatomy

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4
Q

Gross Anatomy (__________ ) – study of large structures visible with the naked eye, such as the heart, kidneys, bones, and the liver.

A

macroscopic

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5
Q

-Gross Anatomy-

__________- focuses on the anatomy of one particular area. For example, if we were studying the arm, we would study the bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels found in that area

A

Regional anatomy

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6
Q

-Gross Anatomy-

Regional anatomy – focuses on the anatomy of one particular area. For example, if we were studying the arm, we would study the __________, muscles, __________, and blood vessels found in that area.

A
  • bones

- nerves

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7
Q

-Gross Anatomy-

__________ – study of individual organ systems. For example, when we study the nervous system, we’ll learn about the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

A

Systemic anatomy

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8
Q

-Gross Anatomy-

Systemic anatomy – study of individual organ systems. For example, when we study the nervous system, we’ll learn about the __________, spinal cord, and __________

A
  • brain

- nerves

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9
Q

-Gross Anatomy-

__________ – study of general form and superficial markings
-When someone flexes their muscles for us, we can see the outline of individual muscles

A

Surface anatomy

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10
Q

-Gross Anatomy-

Surface anatomy – study of general form and superficial markings
-When someone flexes their muscles for us, we can see the __________ of individual muscles

A

outline

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11
Q

How else could surface anatomy be used?
Check pulse in __________ that are near the surface, finding veins to draw blood, and using stethoscope to listen to __________ and lungs

A
  • arteries

- heart

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12
Q

__________ – study of structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye.

A

Microscopic anatomy

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13
Q

-Microscopic anatomy-

__________ – study of cells

A

Cytology

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14
Q

-Microscopic anatomy-

__________ – study of tissues, such as connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

A

Histology

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15
Q

-

A
  • Cytology

- Histology

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16
Q

-
-

A

i. Regional
ii. Systemic
iii. Surface

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17
Q

__________ – covers changes that occur over time

A

Developmental anatomy

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18
Q

-Developmental anatomy-

Main division is __________, which is the study of development between conception and birth

A

embryology

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19
Q

-Developmental anatomy-

Main division is embryology, which is the study of development between __________ and __________

A
  • conception

- birth

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20
Q

__________ – includes specialized studies used in a clinical setting

A

Clinical anatomy

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21
Q

-Clinical anatomy-

__________ – changes in the body during illness

A

Medical (or pathological) anatomy

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22
Q

-Clinical anatomy-

__________ – study of internal structures using x-ray, CT scans, and MRIs

A

Radiographic anatomy

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23
Q

-

A
  • Medical anatomy

- Radiographic anatomy

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24
Q

__________ physiology – study of the function of a particular organ or organ system

A

-Systemic and special

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25
Q

Systemic and special physiology-
Examples include renal (kidneys), _________ (nervous system), cardiophysiology (heart and blood vessels), and __________ physiology (lungs)

A
  • neurophysiology

- respiratory

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26
Q

__________ physiology – study of the functions of cells

A

Cell

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27
Q

__________ physiology – study of the effects of disease on body functions

A

Pathological

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28
Q

6 Levels of organization of an organism:

  1. Chemical
  3. Tissue
  5. Organ systems
  6. Organism
A
  • Cellular

- Organ

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29
Q

6 Levels of organization of an organism:

  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  4. Organ
  5. Organ systems
    6.
A
  • Tissue

- Organism

30
Q

6 Levels of organization of an organism:

  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  6. Organism
A
  • Chemical

- Organ systems

31
Q

__________ – ability of the body to detect and respond to changes in the environment (stimuli; stimulus is singular)

A

Responsiveness (irritability or excitability)

32
Q

Responsiveness (__________ ) – ability of the body to detect and respond to changes in the environment (stimuli; stimulus is singular)

A

irritability or excitability

33
Q

__________ – sum of all chemical processes in the body

A

Metabolism

34
Q

__________ – breaking something down from complex to simple

A

Catabolism

35
Q

__________ – breakdown of proteins into amino acids

A

Catabolism

36
Q

__________ – building up from simple to complex

A

Anabolism

37
Q

__________ – Joining of amino acids to form proteins

A

Anabolism

38
Q

__________ – defined as the existence and maintenance of a stable internal environment in an ever-changing external environment

A

Homeostasis

39
Q

Homeostasis – defined as the existence and maintenance of a stable internal __________ in an ever-changing __________ environment

A
  • environment

- external

40
Q

-
-

A
  • Receptor
  • Control center
  • Effector
41
Q
  • Homeostatic regulation -

__________ – sensor that detects changes in the environment (stimuli) –Skin, ears

A

Receptor

42
Q
  • Homeostatic regulation -

__________ – receives and processes information, makes a “decision”, then sends out commands

A

Control center

43
Q
  • Homeostatic regulation -

__________ – carries out the commands sent out by the control center

A

Effector

44
Q

__________ feedback loop – action of the effector shuts off the original stimulus when normal conditions return

A

Negative

45
Q

__________ feedback loop – action of the effector increases the intensity of the original stimulus

A

Positive

46
Q

__________ - Furnace set at 70, kicks on at 69 and shuts back off at 70))

A

Negative feedback loop

47
Q

__________ - Makes the situation continue

A

Positive feedback loop

48
Q

-Negative feedback loop-

Receptors in the body sends signals to the brain about body __________. If the temp is too __________, the brain sends signals to __________ glands and muscles – sweat glands release water to the surface and blood from muscles travels close to the skin. Sweat evaporates and heat radiates from the skin to cool us down.

A
  • temperature
  • high
  • sweat
49
Q

-Positive feedback-

during child labor, a hormone called oxytocin is released, which intensifies contractions. __________ of the uterus cause more oxytocin to be released, which again causes __________ contractions

A

-Contractions

more

50
Q

__________ – subjective changes in body functions; not observable (i.e. headache, nausea, anxiety)

A

Symptoms

51
Q

Symptoms – subjective changes in body functions; not observable (i.e. __________, nausea, __________)

A
  • headache

- anxiety

52
Q

__________ – objective, measurable changes (high BP, fever, swelling)

A

Signs

53
Q

Signs – objective, measurable changes (high __________, fever, __________ )

A
  • Blood Pressure

- swelling

54
Q
  • 4 concepts of cell theory -

1. __________ are the basic structural and functional units of living __________

A
  • Cells

- organisms

55
Q
  • 4 concepts of cell theory -

2. Activity of an __________ depends on the individual and collective __________ of cells

A
  • organism

- activity

56
Q
  • 4 concepts of cell theory -

3. __________ of cells depend on their __________

A
  • Activities

- structure

57
Q
  • 4 concepts of cell theory -

4. __________ of life depends on __________ reproduction

A
  • Continuity

- cellular

58
Q
  • 3 basic parts of a cell -

__________ – outside wall of the cell

A

Cell membrane

59
Q

Cell membrane 4 basic functions:

a. __________ cell’s internal environment from the __________ environment
b. Regulates flow of materials in and out of the cell
c. Maintains appropriate internal environment
d. Plays important role in communication both with other cells and with the external environment

A
  • Separates

- external

60
Q

Cell membrane 4 basic functions:

a. Separates cell’s internal environment from the external environment
b. __________ flow of __________ in and out of the cell
c. Maintains appropriate internal environment
d. Plays important role in communication both with other cells and with the external environment

A
  • Regulates

- materials

61
Q

Cell membrane 4 basic functions:

a. Separates cell’s internal environment from the external environment
b. Regulates flow of materials in and out of the cell
c. __________ appropriate __________ environment
d. Plays important role in communication both with other cells and with the external environment

A
  • Maintains

- internal

62
Q

Cell membrane 4 basic functions:

a. Separates cell’s internal environment from the external environment
b. Regulates flow of materials in and out of the cell
c. Maintains appropriate internal environment
d. Plays important role in __________ both with other cells and with the __________ environment

A
  • communication

- external

63
Q
  • 3 basic parts of a cell -

__________ – Consists of all contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

64
Q
  • 3 basic parts of a cell -

Cytoplasm – Consists of all contents of a cell between the __________ membrane and __________

A
  • plasma

- nucleus

65
Q
  • 3 basic parts of a cell -

3 parts of Cytoplasm:
1.
2. Organelles
3.

A
  1. Cytosol

3. Inclusions

66
Q
  • 3 basic parts of a cell -

__________ – control center for cell functions

A

Nucleus

67
Q
  • 3 basic parts of a cell -

Nucleus:

  1. Has information to __________ all proteins needed by the cell
  2. Contains the __________ – genetic material
  3. Dictates type and amount of __________ to be made
A
  • manufacture
  • DNA
  • proteins
68
Q

-6 functions of Membrane proteins -

a. Form __________ or holes for ions and transport __________ in or out of the cell
b. Act as __________ so molecules can bind to the cell
c. Provide support within a cell
d. Help start or speed up reactions (enzymes)
e. Join cells together
f. Cell identity – help cells recognize one another

A
  • pores
  • molecules
  • receptors
69
Q

-6 functions of Membrane proteins -

a. Form pores or holes for ions and transport molecules in or out of the cell
b. Act as receptors so molecules can bind to the cell
c. Provide __________ within a cell
d. Help start or speed up __________ (enzymes)
e. Join cells together
f. Cell identity – help cells recognize one another

A
  • support

- reactions

70
Q

-6 functions of Membrane proteins -

a. Form pores or holes for ions and transport molecules in or out of the cell
b. Act as receptors so molecules can bind to the cell
c. Provide support within a cell
d. Help start or speed up reactions (enzymes)
e. Join __________ together
f. Cell identity – help cells __________ one another

A
  • cells

- recognize

Anatomy & Physiology 151 (22 decks)

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