Lecture Exam 1 - Chapter 5 Flashcards
__________ – superficial epithelium
Epidermis
__________ – underneath, made up of connective tissue
Dermis
6 Functions of skin and hypodermis:
- Regulates __________
- Stores blood
- Protects body from the __________
- Detects cutaneous sensations
- Excretes and absorbs substances
- Synthesizes vitamin D
- body temperature
- external environment
6 Functions of skin and hypodermis:
- Regulates body temperature
- Stores
- Protects body from the external environment
- Detects cutaneous sensations
- __________ and __________ substances
- Synthesizes vitamin D
- blood
- Excretes
- absorbs
6 Functions of skin and hypodermis:
- Regulates body temperature
- Stores blood
- Protects body from the external environment
- Detects __________ sensations
- Excretes and absorbs substances
- Synthesizes __________
- cutaneous
- vitamin D
__________ skin – covers most of the body
- Four layers of keratinocytes
- About as thick as a plastic sandwich bag
Thin
Thin skin – covers most of the body
- Four layers of __________
- About as thick as a __________
- keratinocytes
- plastic sandwich bag
__________ skin – palms of the hands and soles of the feet
-As thick as a paper towel
Thick
Thick skin – palms of the hands and soles of the feet
-As thick as a __________
-paper towel
Cells of the Epidermis:
-
- Melanocytes
- Merkel cells
- Keratinocytes
- Langerhans cells
Cells of the Epidermis:
-Langerhans cells
-
- Melanocytes
- Merkel cells
-Cells of the Epidermis-
__________ – epithelial cells of epidermis
- Several layers of cells
- Produce keratin
Keratinocytes
-Cells of the Epidermis-
Keratinocytes – epithelial cells of epidermis
- __________ layers of cells
- Produce __________
- Several
- keratin
-Cells of the Epidermis-
__________ – found in the deepest layer, produce brown/black pigment melanin
- Contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light
- Projections transfer melanin to keratinocytes
Melanocytes
-Cells of the Epidermis-
Melanocytes – found in the deepest layer, produce brown/black pigment __________
- Contributes to skin color and absorbs __________
- Projections transfer melanin to __________
- melanin
- UV light
- keratinocytes
-Cells of the Epidermis-
__________ – part of the immune system that responds to invaders that make it through the outer layer of skin
Langerhans cells
-Cells of the Epidermis-
Langerhans cells – part of the immune system that responds to __________ that make it through the outer layer of __________
- invaders
- skin
-Cells of the Epidermis-
__________ – connected to a sensory neuron called a Merkel disc
-Function together in the sensation of touch
Merkel cells
-Cells of the Epidermis-
Merkel cells – connected to a sensory neuron called a Merkel disc
-Function together in the __________ of touch
sensation
5 Layers of the Epidermis are:
- Stratum __________
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum __________
- Stratum Corneum
- basale
- Lucidum
5 Layers of the Epidermis are:
- Stratum basale
- Stratum __________
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum __________
- Spinosum
- Corneum
5 Layers of the Epidermis are:
- Stratum basale
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum __________
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Corneum
Granulosum
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum __________ – deepest layer
- Main cells are basal cells – single row of stem cells that reproduce to replace keratinocytes that are shed
- Merkel cells – sensitive to touch
- Melanocytes – give skin its color
basale
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum basale – deepest layer
- Main cells are basal cells – single row of __________ cells that reproduce to replace __________ that are shed
- Merkel cells – sensitive to touch
- Melanocytes – give skin its color
- stem
- keratinocytes
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum basale – deepest layer
- Main cells are basal cells – single row of stem cells that reproduce to replace keratinocytes that are shed
- __________ cells – sensitive to touch
- Melanocytes – give skin its __________
- Merkel
- color
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum __________ – made up of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes that migrate from the stratum basale
1. Cells have lost some cytoplasm – look “spiky” when under a microscope, but spines are not present in life
Spinosum
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum Spinosum – made up of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes that migrate from the stratum __________
1. Cells have lost some __________ – look “spiky” when under a microscope, but spines are not present in life
- basale
- cytoplasm
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum __________ – “grainy” layer
- Contains keratinocytes from the stratum spinosum
- Cells are undergoing apoptosis – programmed cell death
- Lamellar granules – found within keratinocytes
a. Release lipid-rich secretion
b. Fills in spaces between cells and provides waterproofing
Granulosum
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum Granulosum – “grainy” layer
- Contains keratinocytes from the stratum spinosum
- Cells are undergoing __________ – programmed cell death
- __________ granules – found within keratinocytes
a. Release lipid-rich secretion
b. Fills in spaces between cells and provides waterproofing
- apoptosis
- Lamellar
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum Granulosum – “grainy” layer
- Contains keratinocytes from the stratum spinosum
- Cells are undergoing apoptosis – programmed cell death
- Lamellar granules – found within keratinocytes
a. Release __________-rich secretion
b. Fills in spaces between cells and provides __________
- lipid
- waterproofing
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum __________
- Only present in thick skin
- Cells are flattened, packed together, and full of keratin
Lucidum
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum Lucidum
- Only present in __________ skin
- Cells are __________, packed together, and full of keratin
- thick
- flattened
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum __________
- Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of cells
- Made up of dead cells filled with keratin that are tightly connected by desmosomes
- Provides extra protection
Corneum
-5 Layers of the Epidermis-
Stratum Corneum
- Most superficial layer; __________ layers of cells
- Made up of __________ cells filled with keratin that are tightly connected by __________
- Provides extra protection
- 20-30
- dead
- desmosomes
__________ – produce brown/black pigment melanin
- Contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light
- Projections transfer melanin to keratinocytes
- Melanin granules congregate over the nucleus to protect DNA from UV light
Melanocytes
Melanocytes – produce brown/black __________ melanin
- Contributes to __________ color and absorbs UV light
- Projections transfer melanin to keratinocytes
- Melanin granules congregate over the nucleus to __________ DNA from UV light
- pigment
- skin
- protect
Melanin - Color of skin is __________ determined by the number of melanocytes (about the same in all people)
-Determined by the __________ of melanin produced and how long it persists in the keratinocytes
- not
- amount
__________ - Color of skin is not determined by the number of melanocytes (about the same in all people)
-Determined by the amount of melanin produced and how long it __________ in the __________
- persists
- keratinocytes
Melanin - Exposure to sun stimulates __________
– melanin provides __________ for the nuclei of keratinocytes (gives us a tan)
-Over-exposure can damage the DNA, which can lead to skin cancer
- production
- protection
Melanin - Exposure to sun stimulates production
– melanin provides protection for the nuclei of __________ (gives us a tan)
-Over-exposure can damage the __________, which can lead to skin __________
- keratinocytes
- DNA
- cancer
Carotene – __________ pigment
-Carotene is converted to vitamin __, which is important to eye function
- orange/yellow
- A
Hemoglobin – __________ pigment found in red blood cells
-Gives skin __________ color
- red
- pink
-Abnormal skin color-
Redness (erythema) – indicates __________, fever, __________, inflammation, or __________
- embarrassment
- hypertension
- allergies
-Abnormal skin color-
__________ (blanching) – emotional stress, anemia, or hypotension
Pallor
-Abnormal skin color-
Pallor (blanching) – emotional __________, anemia, or __________
- stress
- hypotension
-Abnormal skin color-
__________ – liver malfunction, causes skin and eyes to turn yellow
Jaundice
-Abnormal skin color-
Jaundice – liver malfunction, causes __________ and eyes to turn __________
- skin
- yellow
-Abnormal skin color-
Reduction in blood flow makes skin __________
-Sustained reduction can result in __________
- pale
- cyanosis
-Abnormal skin color-
__________ – pituitary gland malfunction, causes bronzing
Addison’s disease
-Abnormal skin color-
Addison’s disease – pituitary __________ malfunction, causes __________
- gland
- bronzing
-Abnormal skin color-
__________ – immune system attacks normal melanocytes
-Causes skin to lighten in patches
Vitiligo
-Abnormal skin color-
Vitiligo – immune system attacks normal __________
-Causes skin to __________ in patches
- melanocytes
- lighten
-Abnormal skin color-
__________ – indicates embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergies
Redness (erythema)
3 types of skin cancer:
- __________ cell carcinoma
- __________ Cell Carcinoma
- __________
- Basal
- Squamous
- Melanomas
-3 types of skin cancer-
Basal cell carcinoma – affects the cells in the stratum basal; __________ malignant and __________ common
- Affects __% of white people
- Appears on the face and looks like a large pimple
- Doesn’t metastasize before it’s noticed
- Five year survival rate is 95%
- least
- most
- 30
-3 types of skin cancer-
Basal cell carcinoma
- Appears on the __________ and looks like a large pimple
- Doesn’t __________ before it’s noticed
- Five year survival rate is __%
- face
- metastasize
- 95
-3 types of skin cancer-
__________ Cell Carcinoma – affects the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
Squamous
-3 types of skin cancer-
Squamous Cell Carcinoma –
- Appears as a scaly red mark on the __________ or hands
- Grows and metastasizes rapidly, but can be __________ surgically or with radiation
- head
- removed
-3 types of skin cancer-
Melanomas – cancer of the melanocytes
- Highly __________ and resistant to treatment
- Can appear spontaneously, but 1/3 come from __________
- metastatic
- moles
-3 types of skin cancer-
__________ -
- Highly metastatic and resistant to treatment
- Can appear spontaneously, but 1/3 come from moles
Melanomas
-3 types of skin cancer-
Squamous Cell Carcinoma – affects the keratinocytes of the stratum __________
spinosum
Melanomas ABCDE rules – checking moles and spots:
- Border irregularity
- Diameter
5.
- Asymmetry
- Color
- Elevation
Melanomas ABCDE rules – checking moles and spots:
- Asymmetry – two sides don’t __________
- Border __________ – border isn’t __________
- Color – several colors
- Diameter – larger around than a pencil eraser
- Elevation – raised above the skin
- match
- irregularity
- smooth
Melanomas ABCDE rules – checking moles and spots:
- Asymmetry – two sides don’t match
- Border irregularity – border isn’t smooth
- Color – __________ colors
- Diameter – larger around than a pencil __________
- Elevation – raised __________ the skin
- several
- eraser
- above
Melanomas ABCDE rules – checking moles and spots:
1. Asymmetry 2. 3. Color 4. 5. Elevation
- Border
- Diameter
-Two major Dermis components-
__________ – made up of loose areolar connective tissue
Papillary region
-Two major Dermis components-
__________ – made up of dense irregular connective tissue
Reticular layer
-Two major Dermis components-
__________ :
-Contains the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that supply the skin
Papillary region
-Two major Dermis components-
Papillary region:
-Contains the blood vessels, __________ vessels, and __________ that supply the skin
- lymphatic
- nerves
Reticular layer:
- Contains both __________ and elastic fibers
- Elastic fibers provide flexibility, collagen fibers allow some flexibility, but limit it to prevent __________
- Water content also helps skin maintain flexibility and resilience
- Collagen fibers extend into the papillary layer and the hypodermis – holds the body together
- collagen
- damage
Reticular layer:
- Contains both collagen and elastic fibers
- Elastic fibers provide flexibility, collagen fibers allow some flexibility, but limit it to prevent damage
- __________ content also helps skin maintain flexibility and resilience
- Collagen fibers extend into the papillary layer and the __________ – holds the body together
- Water
- hypodermis
The __________ Lies deep to the epidermis, superficial to the __________
- Dermis
- hypodermis
Subcutaneous Layer (hypodermic): Made up of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissue
- adipose
- areolar
5 functions of hair:
- __________ from UV radiation
- Cushions blows
- __________ the head
- Traps particles (nose, ears, and eyelashes)
- Acts as __________ receptors
- Protects scalp
- Insulates
- sensory
5 functions of hair:
- Protects scalp from UV radiation
- __________ blows
- Insulates the head
- Traps __________ (nose, ears, and eyelashes)
- Acts as sensory receptors
- Cushions
- particles
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – projects from the skin
Shaft
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – part deep to the shaft that penetrates down into the dermis and sometimes the hypodermis
Root
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – extend from the surface to the dermis and hypodermis
Hair follicle
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – bundle of sensory nerves
Root hair plexus
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – muscle connected to each hair
-Makes hair stand on end
Arrector pili
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – made up of epithelial cells
-Responsible for producing hair
Hair bulb
-Parts of Hair-
__________ – peg of blood vessels and nerves that nourish growing hair
Hair papilla
__________ :
-Discharge oil into hair follicles
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Oil is called sebum- 3 functions:
- Inhibits __________ of bacteria
- __________ and protects hair shaft
- __________ skin
- growth
- Lubricates
- Conditions
__________ sweat glands – found in the armpits, around nipples, and in the pubic region
Apocrine
__________ sweat glands –
a. Empty into hair follicles
b. Secretions contain water and salts as well as fatty acids and proteins
c. Controlled by hormones – doesn’t help with body temperature regulation
Apocrine
Apocrine sweat glands –
a. Empty into __________ follicles
b. Secretions contain water and __________ as well as fatty acids and proteins
c. Controlled by __________
- hair
- salts
- hormones
Eccrine sweat glands -
a. Coiled gland, duct goes up to the surface and opens through a __________
b. __________- than apocrine glands, but more __________
c. Sweat is 99% water – also contains salt, antibodies, proteins, and wastes
d. Functions:
i. Body temperature regulation
ii. Excretion of water and electrolytes
iii. Protection from chemicals and microorganisms
- pore
- Smaller
- numerous
Eccrine sweat glands -
a. Coiled gland, duct goes up to the surface and opens through a pore
b. Smaller than apocrine glands, but more numerous
c. Sweat is __% water – also contains salt, antibodies, proteins, and wastes
d. Functions:
i. Body temperature __________
ii. Excretion of water and electrolytes
iii. Protection from __________ and microorganisms
- 99
- regulation
- chemicals
Nails are made up of hard __________
Keratin
Immediate danger of burns are __________ – leads to __________ failure and circulatory shock
- fluid loss
- renal
Secondary danger of burns are __________ because of the loss of the __________ coating
- infection
- protective
___ degree burns – redness, swelling, and pain (sunburn)
Damages only the __________
- 1st
- epidermis
___ degree burns –redness, swelling, and pain, with blisters
-Damages the epidermis and possibly the __________ part of the dermis
- 2nd
- upper
___ degree burns affect the entire thickness of the skin
- Appears gray or blackened, but it’s not painful because __________ endings have been destroyed
- Skin will __________, but grafts are used because of fluid loss and risk of infections
- 3rd
- nerve
- regenerate
Burns are considered Critical if:
- Over 25% of the body has 2nd degree burns
- Over 10% has 3rd degree
- 3rd degree burns on the __________ , hands, or feet
- -Burns on the face can indicate burns affecting the __________ system
- face
- respiratory
Burns are considered Critical if:
- Over __% of the body has 2nd degree burns
- Over 10% has __ degree
- 3rd degree burns on the face, hands, or feet
- -Burns on the face can indicate burns affecting the respiratory system
- 25
- 3rd