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Anatomy & Physiology 151 > Lecture Exam 1 - Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 - Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

__________ – superficial epithelium

A

Epidermis

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2
Q

__________ – underneath, made up of connective tissue

A

Dermis

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3
Q

6 Functions of skin and hypodermis:

  • Regulates __________
  • Stores blood
  • Protects body from the __________
  • Detects cutaneous sensations
  • Excretes and absorbs substances
  • Synthesizes vitamin D
A
  • body temperature

- external environment

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4
Q

6 Functions of skin and hypodermis:

  • Regulates body temperature
  • Stores
  • Protects body from the external environment
  • Detects cutaneous sensations
  • __________ and __________ substances
  • Synthesizes vitamin D
A
  • blood
  • Excretes
  • absorbs
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5
Q

6 Functions of skin and hypodermis:

  • Regulates body temperature
  • Stores blood
  • Protects body from the external environment
  • Detects __________ sensations
  • Excretes and absorbs substances
  • Synthesizes __________
A
  • cutaneous

- vitamin D

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6
Q

__________ skin – covers most of the body

  • Four layers of keratinocytes
  • About as thick as a plastic sandwich bag
A

Thin

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7
Q

Thin skin – covers most of the body

  • Four layers of __________
  • About as thick as a __________
A
  • keratinocytes

- plastic sandwich bag

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8
Q

__________ skin – palms of the hands and soles of the feet

-As thick as a paper towel

A

Thick

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9
Q

Thick skin – palms of the hands and soles of the feet

-As thick as a __________

A

-paper towel

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10
Q

Cells of the Epidermis:

-

  • Melanocytes
  • Merkel cells
A
  • Keratinocytes

- Langerhans cells

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11
Q

Cells of the Epidermis:

-Langerhans cells
-

A
  • Melanocytes

- Merkel cells

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12
Q

-Cells of the Epidermis-

__________ – epithelial cells of epidermis

  1. Several layers of cells
  2. Produce keratin
A

Keratinocytes

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13
Q

-Cells of the Epidermis-

Keratinocytes – epithelial cells of epidermis

  1. __________ layers of cells
  2. Produce __________
A
  • Several

- keratin

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14
Q

-Cells of the Epidermis-

__________ – found in the deepest layer, produce brown/black pigment melanin

  • Contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light
  • Projections transfer melanin to keratinocytes
A

Melanocytes

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15
Q

-Cells of the Epidermis-

Melanocytes – found in the deepest layer, produce brown/black pigment __________

  • Contributes to skin color and absorbs __________
  • Projections transfer melanin to __________
A
  • melanin
  • UV light
  • keratinocytes
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16
Q

-Cells of the Epidermis-

__________ – part of the immune system that responds to invaders that make it through the outer layer of skin

A

Langerhans cells

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17
Q

-Cells of the Epidermis-

Langerhans cells – part of the immune system that responds to __________ that make it through the outer layer of __________

A
  • invaders

- skin

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18
Q

-Cells of the Epidermis-

__________ – connected to a sensory neuron called a Merkel disc
-Function together in the sensation of touch

A

Merkel cells

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19
Q

-Cells of the Epidermis-

Merkel cells – connected to a sensory neuron called a Merkel disc
-Function together in the __________ of touch

A

sensation

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20
Q

5 Layers of the Epidermis are:

  • Stratum __________
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum __________
  • Stratum Corneum
A
  • basale

- Lucidum

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21
Q

5 Layers of the Epidermis are:

  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum __________
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum __________
A
  • Spinosum

- Corneum

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22
Q

5 Layers of the Epidermis are:

  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum __________
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Corneum
A

Granulosum

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23
Q

-5 Layers of the Epidermis-

Stratum __________ – deepest layer

  1. Main cells are basal cells – single row of stem cells that reproduce to replace keratinocytes that are shed
  2. Merkel cells – sensitive to touch
  3. Melanocytes – give skin its color
A

basale

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24
Q

-5 Layers of the Epidermis-

Stratum basale – deepest layer

  1. Main cells are basal cells – single row of __________ cells that reproduce to replace __________ that are shed
  2. Merkel cells – sensitive to touch
  3. Melanocytes – give skin its color
A
  • stem

- keratinocytes

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25
Q

-5 Layers of the Epidermis-

Stratum basale – deepest layer

  1. Main cells are basal cells – single row of stem cells that reproduce to replace keratinocytes that are shed
  2. __________ cells – sensitive to touch
  3. Melanocytes – give skin its __________
A
  • Merkel

- color

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26
Q

-5 Layers of the Epidermis-

Stratum __________ – made up of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes that migrate from the stratum basale
1. Cells have lost some cytoplasm – look “spiky” when under a microscope, but spines are not present in life

A

Spinosum

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27
Q

-5 Layers of the Epidermis-

Stratum Spinosum – made up of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes that migrate from the stratum __________
1. Cells have lost some __________ – look “spiky” when under a microscope, but spines are not present in life

A
  • basale

- cytoplasm

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28
Q

-5 Layers of the Epidermis-

Stratum __________ – “grainy” layer

  1. Contains keratinocytes from the stratum spinosum
  2. Cells are undergoing apoptosis – programmed cell death
  3. Lamellar granules – found within keratinocytes
    a. Release lipid-rich secretion
    b. Fills in spaces between cells and provides waterproofing
A

Granulosum

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29
Q

-5 Layers of the Epidermis-

Stratum Granulosum – “grainy” layer

  1. Contains keratinocytes from the stratum spinosum
  2. Cells are undergoing __________ – programmed cell death
  3. __________ granules – found within keratinocytes
    a. Release lipid-rich secretion
    b. Fills in spaces between cells and provides waterproofing
A
  • apoptosis

- Lamellar

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30
Q

-5 Layers of the Epidermis-

Stratum Granulosum – “grainy” layer

  1. Contains keratinocytes from the stratum spinosum
  2. Cells are undergoing apoptosis – programmed cell death
  3. Lamellar granules – found within keratinocytes
    a. Release __________-rich secretion
    b. Fills in spaces between cells and provides __________
A
  • lipid

- waterproofing

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31
Q

-5 Layers of the Epidermis-

Stratum __________

  1. Only present in thick skin
  2. Cells are flattened, packed together, and full of keratin
A

Lucidum

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32
Q

-5 Layers of the Epidermis-

Stratum Lucidum

  1. Only present in __________ skin
  2. Cells are __________, packed together, and full of keratin
A
  • thick

- flattened

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33
Q

-5 Layers of the Epidermis-

Stratum __________

  1. Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of cells
  2. Made up of dead cells filled with keratin that are tightly connected by desmosomes
    - Provides extra protection
A

Corneum

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34
Q

-5 Layers of the Epidermis-

Stratum Corneum

  1. Most superficial layer; __________ layers of cells
  2. Made up of __________ cells filled with keratin that are tightly connected by __________
    - Provides extra protection
A
  • 20-30
  • dead
  • desmosomes
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35
Q

__________ – produce brown/black pigment melanin

  • Contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light
  • Projections transfer melanin to keratinocytes
  • Melanin granules congregate over the nucleus to protect DNA from UV light
A

Melanocytes

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36
Q

Melanocytes – produce brown/black __________ melanin

  • Contributes to __________ color and absorbs UV light
  • Projections transfer melanin to keratinocytes
  • Melanin granules congregate over the nucleus to __________ DNA from UV light
A
  • pigment
  • skin
  • protect
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37
Q

Melanin - Color of skin is __________ determined by the number of melanocytes (about the same in all people)
-Determined by the __________ of melanin produced and how long it persists in the keratinocytes

A
  • not

- amount

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38
Q

__________ - Color of skin is not determined by the number of melanocytes (about the same in all people)
-Determined by the amount of melanin produced and how long it __________ in the __________

A
  • persists

- keratinocytes

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39
Q

Melanin - Exposure to sun stimulates __________
– melanin provides __________ for the nuclei of keratinocytes (gives us a tan)
-Over-exposure can damage the DNA, which can lead to skin cancer

A
  • production

- protection

40
Q

Melanin - Exposure to sun stimulates production
– melanin provides protection for the nuclei of __________ (gives us a tan)
-Over-exposure can damage the __________, which can lead to skin __________

A
  • keratinocytes
  • DNA
  • cancer
41
Q

Carotene – __________ pigment

-Carotene is converted to vitamin __, which is important to eye function

A
  • orange/yellow

- A

42
Q

Hemoglobin – __________ pigment found in red blood cells

-Gives skin __________ color

A
  • red

- pink

43
Q

-Abnormal skin color-

Redness (erythema) – indicates __________, fever, __________, inflammation, or __________

A
  • embarrassment
  • hypertension
  • allergies
44
Q

-Abnormal skin color-

__________ (blanching) – emotional stress, anemia, or hypotension

45
Q

-Abnormal skin color-

Pallor (blanching) – emotional __________, anemia, or __________

A
  • stress

- hypotension

46
Q

-Abnormal skin color-

__________ – liver malfunction, causes skin and eyes to turn yellow

47
Q

-Abnormal skin color-

Jaundice – liver malfunction, causes __________ and eyes to turn __________

A
  • skin

- yellow

48
Q

-Abnormal skin color-

Reduction in blood flow makes skin __________
-Sustained reduction can result in __________

A
  • pale

- cyanosis

49
Q

-Abnormal skin color-

__________ – pituitary gland malfunction, causes bronzing

A

Addison’s disease

50
Q

-Abnormal skin color-

Addison’s disease – pituitary __________ malfunction, causes __________

A
  • gland

- bronzing

51
Q

-Abnormal skin color-

__________ – immune system attacks normal melanocytes
-Causes skin to lighten in patches

52
Q

-Abnormal skin color-

Vitiligo – immune system attacks normal __________
-Causes skin to __________ in patches

A
  • melanocytes

- lighten

53
Q

-Abnormal skin color-

__________ – indicates embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergies

A

Redness (erythema)

54
Q

3 types of skin cancer:

  • __________ cell carcinoma
  • __________ Cell Carcinoma
  • __________
A
  • Basal
  • Squamous
  • Melanomas
55
Q

-3 types of skin cancer-

Basal cell carcinoma – affects the cells in the stratum basal; __________ malignant and __________ common

  • Affects __% of white people
  • Appears on the face and looks like a large pimple
  • Doesn’t metastasize before it’s noticed
  • Five year survival rate is 95%
A
  • least
  • most
  • 30
56
Q

-3 types of skin cancer-

Basal cell carcinoma

  • Appears on the __________ and looks like a large pimple
  • Doesn’t __________ before it’s noticed
  • Five year survival rate is __%
A
  • face
  • metastasize
  • 95
57
Q

-3 types of skin cancer-

__________ Cell Carcinoma – affects the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

58
Q

-3 types of skin cancer-

Squamous Cell Carcinoma –

  • Appears as a scaly red mark on the __________ or hands
  • Grows and metastasizes rapidly, but can be __________ surgically or with radiation
A
  • head

- removed

59
Q

-3 types of skin cancer-

Melanomas – cancer of the melanocytes

  • Highly __________ and resistant to treatment
  • Can appear spontaneously, but 1/3 come from __________
A
  • metastatic

- moles

60
Q

-3 types of skin cancer-

__________ -

  • Highly metastatic and resistant to treatment
  • Can appear spontaneously, but 1/3 come from moles
61
Q

-3 types of skin cancer-

Squamous Cell Carcinoma – affects the keratinocytes of the stratum __________

62
Q

Melanomas ABCDE rules – checking moles and spots:

  2. Border irregularity
  4. Diameter
    5.
A
  • Asymmetry
  • Color
  • Elevation
63
Q

Melanomas ABCDE rules – checking moles and spots:

  1. Asymmetry – two sides don’t __________
  2. Border __________ – border isn’t __________
  3. Color – several colors
  4. Diameter – larger around than a pencil eraser
  5. Elevation – raised above the skin
A
  • match
  • irregularity
  • smooth
64
Q

Melanomas ABCDE rules – checking moles and spots:

  1. Asymmetry – two sides don’t match
  2. Border irregularity – border isn’t smooth
  3. Color – __________ colors
  4. Diameter – larger around than a pencil __________
  5. Elevation – raised __________ the skin
A
  • several
  • eraser
  • above
65
Q

Melanomas ABCDE rules – checking moles and spots:

1.	Asymmetry 
2.
3.	Color 
4. 
5.	Elevation
A
  • Border

- Diameter

66
Q

-Two major Dermis components-

__________ – made up of loose areolar connective tissue

A

Papillary region

67
Q

-Two major Dermis components-

__________ – made up of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Reticular layer

68
Q

-Two major Dermis components-

__________ :
-Contains the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that supply the skin

A

Papillary region

69
Q

-Two major Dermis components-

Papillary region:
-Contains the blood vessels, __________ vessels, and __________ that supply the skin

A
  • lymphatic

- nerves

70
Q

Reticular layer:

  • Contains both __________ and elastic fibers
  • Elastic fibers provide flexibility, collagen fibers allow some flexibility, but limit it to prevent __________
  • Water content also helps skin maintain flexibility and resilience
  • Collagen fibers extend into the papillary layer and the hypodermis – holds the body together
A
  • collagen

- damage

71
Q

Reticular layer:

  • Contains both collagen and elastic fibers
  • Elastic fibers provide flexibility, collagen fibers allow some flexibility, but limit it to prevent damage
  • __________ content also helps skin maintain flexibility and resilience
  • Collagen fibers extend into the papillary layer and the __________ – holds the body together
A
  • Water

- hypodermis

72
Q

The __________ Lies deep to the epidermis, superficial to the __________

A
  • Dermis

- hypodermis

73
Q 
Subcutaneous Layer (hypodermic):
Made up of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissue
A
  • adipose

- areolar

74
Q

5 functions of hair:

  1. __________ from UV radiation
  2. Cushions blows
  3. __________ the head
  4. Traps particles (nose, ears, and eyelashes)
  5. Acts as __________ receptors
A
  • Protects scalp
  • Insulates
  • sensory
75
Q

5 functions of hair:

  1. Protects scalp from UV radiation
  2. __________ blows
  3. Insulates the head
  4. Traps __________ (nose, ears, and eyelashes)
  5. Acts as sensory receptors
A
  • Cushions

- particles

76
Q

-Parts of Hair-

__________ – projects from the skin

77
Q

-Parts of Hair-

__________ – part deep to the shaft that penetrates down into the dermis and sometimes the hypodermis

78
Q

-Parts of Hair-

__________ – extend from the surface to the dermis and hypodermis

A

Hair follicle

79
Q

-Parts of Hair-

__________ – bundle of sensory nerves

A

Root hair plexus

80
Q

-Parts of Hair-

__________ – muscle connected to each hair
-Makes hair stand on end

A

Arrector pili

81
Q

-Parts of Hair-

__________ – made up of epithelial cells
-Responsible for producing hair

82
Q

-Parts of Hair-

__________ – peg of blood vessels and nerves that nourish growing hair

A

Hair papilla

83
Q

__________ :

-Discharge oil into hair follicles

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands

84
Q

Oil is called sebum- 3 functions:

  1. Inhibits __________ of bacteria
  2. __________ and protects hair shaft
  3. __________ skin
A
  • growth
  • Lubricates
  • Conditions
85
Q

__________ sweat glands – found in the armpits, around nipples, and in the pubic region

86
Q

__________ sweat glands –

a. Empty into hair follicles
b. Secretions contain water and salts as well as fatty acids and proteins
c. Controlled by hormones – doesn’t help with body temperature regulation

87
Q

Apocrine sweat glands –

a. Empty into __________ follicles
b. Secretions contain water and __________ as well as fatty acids and proteins
c. Controlled by __________

A
  • hair
  • salts
  • hormones
88
Q

Eccrine sweat glands -

a. Coiled gland, duct goes up to the surface and opens through a __________
b. __________- than apocrine glands, but more __________
c. Sweat is 99% water – also contains salt, antibodies, proteins, and wastes
d. Functions:
i. Body temperature regulation
ii. Excretion of water and electrolytes
iii. Protection from chemicals and microorganisms

A
  • pore
  • Smaller
  • numerous
89
Q

Eccrine sweat glands -

a. Coiled gland, duct goes up to the surface and opens through a pore
b. Smaller than apocrine glands, but more numerous
c. Sweat is __% water – also contains salt, antibodies, proteins, and wastes
d. Functions:
i. Body temperature __________
ii. Excretion of water and electrolytes
iii. Protection from __________ and microorganisms

A
  • 99
  • regulation
  • chemicals
90
Q

Nails are made up of hard __________

91
Q

Immediate danger of burns are __________ – leads to __________ failure and circulatory shock

A
  • fluid loss

- renal

92
Q

Secondary danger of burns are __________ because of the loss of the __________ coating

A
  • infection

- protective

93
Q

___ degree burns – redness, swelling, and pain (sunburn)

Damages only the __________

A
  • 1st

- epidermis

94
Q

___ degree burns –redness, swelling, and pain, with blisters

-Damages the epidermis and possibly the __________ part of the dermis

A
  • 2nd

- upper

95
Q

___ degree burns affect the entire thickness of the skin

  • Appears gray or blackened, but it’s not painful because __________ endings have been destroyed
  • Skin will __________, but grafts are used because of fluid loss and risk of infections
A
  • 3rd
  • nerve
  • regenerate
96
Q

Burns are considered Critical if:

  • Over 25% of the body has 2nd degree burns
  • Over 10% has 3rd degree
  • 3rd degree burns on the __________ , hands, or feet
  • -Burns on the face can indicate burns affecting the __________ system
A
  • face

- respiratory

97
Q

Burns are considered Critical if:

  • Over __% of the body has 2nd degree burns
  • Over 10% has __ degree
  • 3rd degree burns on the face, hands, or feet
  • -Burns on the face can indicate burns affecting the respiratory system

Anatomy & Physiology 151 (22 decks)

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