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Anatomy & Physiology 151 > Lecture Exam 2 - Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 - Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which is a function of the skeletal system?

(a) support, (b) hematopoietic site, (c) storage, (d) providing levers for muscle activity, (e) all of these.

A

(e) all of these

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2
Q

A bone with approximately the same width, length, and height is most likely

(a) a long bone, (b) a short bone, (c) a at bone,
(d) an irregular bone.

A

(b) a short bone

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3
Q

The shaft of a long bone is properly called the

(a) epiphysis, (b) periosteum, (c) diaphysis, (d) compact bone.

A

(c) diaphysis

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4
Q

An osteon has

(a) a central canal carrying blood vessels,
(b) concentric lamellae, (c) osteocytes in lacunae, (d) canaliculi that connect lacunae to the central canal, (e) all of these.

A

(e) all of these

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5
Q

The remodeling of bone is a function of which cells?
(a) chondrocytes and osteocytes, (b) osteoblasts and osteoclasts, (c) chondroblasts and osteoclasts, (d) osteoblasts and osteocytes.

A

(b) osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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6
Q

Formation of the bony callus in fracture repair is followed by
(a) hematoma formation, (b) brocartilaginous callus formation, (c) bone remodeling, (d) formation of granulation tissue.

A

(c) bone remodeling

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7
Q

The fracture type in which the bone ends are incompletely separated is

(a) greenstick, (b) compound, (c) simple,
(d) comminuted, (e) compression.

A

(a) greenstick

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8
Q

_________ bones – longer than they are wide

A

Long

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9
Q

_________ bones – small and boxy; length and width close to equal

A

Short

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10
Q

_________ bones – have thin parallel surfaces

A

Flat

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11
Q

_________ bones – complex shapes

A

Irregular

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12
Q

_________ bones – small and flat; develop inside tendons

A

Sesamoid

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13
Q

-Type of Bone-

_________: humerus, ulna, radius, and femur

A

Long

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14
Q

-Type of Bone-

Carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle

A

Short

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15
Q

-Type of Bone-

Cranial bones, ribs, and sternum

A

Flat

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16
Q

_________ bones – flat bones found in the suture lines of the skull

A

Sutural (Wormian)

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17
Q

-Type of Bone-

Vertebrae, bones of the pelvis

A

Irregular

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18
Q

-Type of Bone-

Patella (kneecap), also commonly found in the hands, feet, and knees

A

Sesamoid -

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19
Q

-Functions of Bones-

_________ – provides structural support for the entire body

A

Support

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20
Q

-Functions of Bones-

_________ - Surround soft tissue – ribs and sternum protect the heart and lungs, skull protects the brain

A

Protection

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21
Q

-Functions of Bones-

_________ – skeletal muscle is attached to bone so it pulls on the bone when it contracts

A

Movement

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22
Q

-Functions of Bones-

_________ – stores calcium and phosphorus
-Minerals are released into the blood when need

A

Mineral homeostasis

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23
Q

-Functions of Bones-

_________ - Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and other blood elements

A

Blood cell production

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24
Q

-Functions of Bones-

_________ - Yellow marrow stores fat

A

Storage of lipids

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25
Q

-Functions of Bones-

_________ – produce osteocalcin
-Hormone involved in insulin secretion and glucose balance

A

Hormone production

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26
Q

-Functions of Bones-

-Support
-
-Movement
-
-Blood cell production 
-Storage of lipids 
-Hormone production
A
  • Protection

- Mineral homeostasis

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27
Q

-Functions of Bones-

-Support
-Protection
-
-Mineral homeostasis
-Blood cell production
-
-Hormone production

A
  • Movement

- Storage of lipids

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28
Q

-Functions of Bones-

-Support
-Protection
-Movement
-Mineral homeostasis
-
-Storage of lipids
-

A
  • Blood cell production

- Hormone production

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29
Q
  • Long Bones -

_________ – shaft of the bone

A

Diaphysis

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30
Q
  • Long Bones -

Diaphysis – shaft of the bone

-Thick layer of _________ bone that surrounds the _________ cavity

A
  • compact

- marrow

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31
Q
  • Long Bones -

_________ – end of the bone

A

Epiphysis

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32
Q
  • Long Bones -

Epiphysis – end of the bone

a. Usually wider than the _________
b. Made up of _________ (or cancellous) bone
c. Ends are covered with hyaline cartilage
d. Epiphyseal plate – growth plate

A
  • diaphysis

- spongy

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33
Q
  • Long Bones -

Epiphysis – end of the bone

a. Usually wider than the diaphysis
b. Made up of spongy (or cancellous) bone
c. Ends are covered with _________ cartilage
d. Epiphyseal plate – _________ plate

A
  • hyaline

- growth

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34
Q
  • Long Bones -

_________ – hyaline cartilage that covers the end of a bone

A

Articular cartilage

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35
Q
  • Long Bones -

_________ – dense irregular connective tissue that encloses bone

A

Periosteum

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36
Q
  • Long Bones -

_________ – space in the middle of the bone

A

Medullary (marrow) cavity

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37
Q
  • Long Bones -

_________ – membrane that lines the inside of the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

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38
Q

Chemical composition of _________ :

  • ½ hydroxyapatite
  • ¼ collagen
  • ¼ water
A

bone matrix

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39
Q

Chemical composition of bone matrix:

  • ½ _________
  • ¼ collagen
  • ¼ _________
A
  • hydroxyapatite

- water

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40
Q

Chemical composition of bone matrix:

  • __ hydroxyapatite
  • __ collagen
  • __ water
A
  • ½
  • ¼
  • ¼
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41
Q

_________ - Makes bone very hard to resist compression

-Also very brittle and inflexible

A

hydroxyapatite

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42
Q

_________ - Helps resist tension (pulling)

-Gives bone some flexibility

A

collagen

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43
Q

_________ – shock absorption

A

water

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44
Q

-Cells found in Bone-

_________ – stem cells that develop into osteoblasts

A

Osteogenic cells

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45
Q

-Cells found in Bone-

_________ – immature bone cells

A

Osteoblasts

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46
Q

-Cells found in Bone-

_________ – mature bone cells; found inside a lacuna

A

Osteocytes

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47
Q

-Cells found in Bone-

_________ – cells that break down and remove bone

A

Osteoclasts

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48
Q

-Cells found in Bone-

Osteogenic cells - Found on the inside of the _________ and endosteum and in canals that contain _________

A
  • periosteum

- blood vessels

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49
Q

-Cells found in Bone-

Osteoblasts - Make and secrete _________ fibers and ingredients of _________

A
  • collagen

- matrix

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50
Q

-Cells found in Bone-

Osteocytes - Maintain the bone _________
-Repair damaged _________

A
  • matrix

- bone

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51
Q

-Cells found in Bone-

Osteoclasts - Helps to maintain the _________ and phosphate levels in the _________

A
  • calcium

- blood

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52
Q

-Cells found in Bone-

_________ - Found on the inside of the periosteum and endosteum and in canals that contain blood vessels

A

Osteogenic cells

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53
Q

-Cells found in Bone-

_________ - Make and secrete collagen fibers and ingredients of matrix

A

Osteoblasts

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54
Q

-Cells found in Bone-

_________ - Maintain the bone matrix
-Repair damaged bone

A

Osteocytes

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55
Q

-Cells found in Bone-

_________ - Helps to maintain the calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

A

Osteoclasts

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56
Q

_________ – membrane that covers every bone

A

Periosteum

57
Q

Functions of the Periosteum:

  • _________ from surrounding tissues
  • Provides route for _________ and nerves
  • Helps in bone growth and repair
A
  • Isolates bone

- blood vessels

58
Q

Functions of the Periosteum:

  • Isolates bone from surrounding tissues
  • _________ for blood vessels and nerves
  • Helps in bone _________ and _________
A
  • Provides route
  • growth
  • repair
59
Q

Functions of the _________ :

  • Isolates bone from surrounding tissues
  • Provides route for blood vessels and nerves
  • Helps in bone growth and repair
A

Periosteum

60
Q

_________ – collagen fibers from tendons, ligaments, and periosteum that attach them to the bone

A

Sharpey’s fibers

61
Q

Sharpey’s fibers – collagen fibers from tendons, ligaments, and _________ that _________ them to the _________

A
  • periosteum
  • attach
  • bone
62
Q

_________ – functional unit of compact bone; each one looks like a cross section of a tree

63
Q
  • Osteon -

_________ – middle of the osteon

  • Contain blood vessels, nerve, and a lymphatic vessel
  • Run parallel to the surface of the bone
A

Central (or Haversian) canals

64
Q
  • Osteon -

Central (or Haversian) canals – middle of the osteon

  • Contain _________, nerve, and a _________ vessel
  • Run parallel to the surface of the bone
A
  • blood vessels

- lymphatic

65
Q
  • Osteon -

_________ – travel perpendicular to the central canals

A

Perforating (or Volkmann’s) canals

66
Q
  • Osteon -

Perforating (or Volkmann’s) canals - Provide _________ to the osteons and _________ tissue

A
  • blood

- bone marrow

67
Q
  • Osteon -

_________ – layers of matrix

68
Q
  • Osteon -

Lamellae – Contains _________ fibers that run at angles to add _________ and resilience

A
  • collagen

- strength

69
Q
  • Osteon -

_________ – “little lakes” – spaces in between lamellae that contain osteocytes

70
Q
  • Osteon -

Lacunae – “little lakes” – spaces in between _________ that contain _________

A
  • lamellae

- osteocytes

71
Q
  • Osteon -

_________ – “small channels” – canals that connect lacunae with one another and the Haversian canal

A

Canaliculi

72
Q
  • Osteon -

Canaliculi – “small channels” – canals that connect _________ with one another and the _________ canal

A
  • lacunae

- Haversian

73
Q

_________ :

  • No osteons
  • Matrix is arranged in trabeculae – thin columns of bone that form a network
  • Found in areas of lower stress
  • Can resist forces from many directions
  • Much lighter than compact bone – reduces the weight of the skeleton
  • Contains red bone marrow – red blood cell formation
A

-Spongy Bone Structure-

74
Q

-Spongy Bone Structure-

  • No osteons
  • Matrix is arranged in _________ – thin columns of _________ that form a network
  • Found in areas of lower stress
  • Can resist forces from many directions
  • Much lighter than compact bone – reduces the weight of the skeleton
  • Contains red bone marrow – red blood cell formation
A
  • trabeculae

- bone

75
Q

-Spongy Bone Structure-

  • No osteons
  • Matrix is arranged in trabeculae – thin columns of bone that form a network
  • Found in areas of lower _________
  • Can resist _________ from many directions
  • Much _________ than compact bone – reduces the weight of the skeleton
  • Contains red bone marrow – red blood cell formation
A
  • stress
  • forces
  • lighter
76
Q

-Spongy Bone Structure-

  • No osteons
  • Matrix is arranged in trabeculae – thin columns of bone that form a network
  • Found in areas of lower stress
  • Can resist forces from many directions
  • Much lighter than compact bone – reduces the _________ of the skeleton
  • Contains _________ bone marrow – red blood cell _________
A
  • weight
  • red
  • formation
77
Q

_________ – thin columns of bone that form a network

A

trabeculae

78
Q

-Three sets of vessels in a long bone-

_________ – main artery and vein that invade during development

A

Nutrient artery and vein

79
Q

-Three sets of vessels in a long bone-

_________ – provide blood supply to the developing bone at the epiphyseal cartilage

A

Epiphyseal vessels

80
Q

-Three sets of vessels in a long bone-

_________ – provide blood to the superficial osteons

A

Periosteal blood vessels

81
Q

_________ in a long bone-

  • Nutrient artery and vein
  • Epiphyseal vessels
  • Periosteal blood vessels
A

-Three sets of vessels

82
Q

Four steps of Intramembranous Ossification:

  • Calcification
  • Formation of trabeculae
  • Development of periosteum
A

Development of center of ossification

83
Q

Four steps of Intramembranous Ossification:

-Formation of trabeculae
-Development of periosteum

A

Calcification

84
Q

Four steps of Intramembranous Ossification:

-Development of center of ossification
-Calcification
-
-Development of periosteum

A

Formation of trabeculae

85
Q

Four steps of Intramembranous Ossification:

-Development of center of ossification
-Calcification
-Formation of trabeculae
-

A

Development of periosteum

86
Q

Five steps of Endochondral ossification:

-

  • Growth of cartilage model
  • Periosteal bud invades
  • Medullary cavity
  • Secondary ossification centers
A

Bone collar forms around diaphysis

87
Q

Five steps of Endochondral ossification:

-Bone collar forms around diaphysis
-
-Periosteal bud invades
-Medullary cavity 
-Secondary ossification centers
A

Growth of cartilage model

88
Q

Five steps of Endochondral ossification:

-Bone collar forms around diaphysis
-Growth of cartilage model
-
-Medullary cavity
-Secondary ossification centers

A

Periosteal bud invades

89
Q

Five steps of Endochondral ossification:

  • Bone collar forms around diaphysis
  • Growth of cartilage model
  • Periosteal bud invades
  • Secondary ossification centers
A

Medullary cavity

90
Q

Five steps of Endochondral ossification:

-Bone collar forms around diaphysis
-Growth of cartilage model
-Periosteal bud invades
-Medullary cavity
-

A

Secondary ossification centers

91
Q

_________ – increase in the diameter of the bone

A

Appositional growth

92
Q

Appositional growth:

  • Osteoblasts near the _________ secrete matrix
  • Osteoblasts are surrounded and become _________
  • Osteoclasts destroy bone inside the medullary cavity, increasing the diameter
A
  • periosteum

- osteocytes

93
Q

Appositional growth:

  • Osteoblasts near the periosteum secrete matrix
  • Osteoblasts are surrounded and become osteocytes
  • _________ destroy bone inside the _________ cavity, increasing the diameter
A
  • Osteoclasts

- medullary

94
Q

About __% of the spongy bone is replaced each year

95
Q

-Exercise-
If a muscle pulls on a bone repetitively or with a lot of force, that area of bone where the muscle attaches will need more strength
More bone will be _________ to reinforce the area

96
Q

_________ – hormone made by the kidneys

  • Needed for absorption of calcium and phosphate
  • Dependent on Vitamin D
97
Q

Calcitrol - hormone made by the kidneys

  • Needed for absorption of _________ and phosphate
  • Dependent on Vitamin __
A
  • calcium

- D

98
Q

Vitamin __ – needed for collagen synthesis and osteoblasts differentiation

99
Q

Vitamins A, K, and B12 – needed to make _________

100
Q

_________ - Important to the membranes and intracellular activities of neurons and muscle cells

101
Q

Blood Calcium levels:

Increase of __% causes muscles and neurons to become _________

A
  • 30

- unresponsive

102
Q

Blood Calcium levels:

Decrease of __% can cause _________

A
  • 35

- convulsions

103
Q

Blood Calcium levels:

Decrease of __% causes _________

A
  • 50

- death

104
Q

_________ and parathyroid hormone (___)

Coordinate Hormone storage, absorption, and excretion

A
  • calcitonin

- PTH

105
Q

PTH raises blood calcium levels in one of three ways:

  • Stimulate the _________ to remove some bone to release _________ into the blood
  • Stimulates the digestive tract to increase the rate of calcium absorption
  • Decreases the rate of excretion from the kidneys
A
  • osteoclasts

- calcium

106
Q

PTH raises blood calcium levels in one of three ways:

  • Stimulate the osteoclasts to remove some bone to release calcium into the blood
  • Stimulates the _________ tract to increase the rate of _________ absorption
  • Decreases the rate of excretion from the kidneys
A
  • digestive

- calcium

107
Q

PTH raises blood calcium levels in one of three ways:

  • Stimulate the osteoclasts to remove some bone to release calcium into the blood
  • Stimulates the digestive tract to increase the rate of calcium absorption
  • Decreases the rate of _________ from the _________
A
  • excretion

- kidneys

108
Q

Calcitonin – decreases blood calcium levels in one of two ways:

  • Inhibits _________
  • Increases rate of _________ from the _________
A
  • osteoclasts
  • excretion
  • kidneys
109
Q

Fractures – 4 ways to classify a break:

-

  • Completeness of break
  • Orientation of break to the long axis
  • Penetration of the skin
A

Position of bones

110
Q

Fractures – 4 ways to classify a break:

-Orientation of break to the long axis
-Penetration of the skin

A

Completeness of break

111
Q

Fractures – 4 ways to classify a break:

-Position of bones
-Completeness of break
-
-Penetration of the skin

A

Orientation of break to the long axis

112
Q

Fractures – 4 ways to classify a break:

-Position of bones
-Completeness of break
-Orientation of break to the long axis
-

A

Penetration of the skin

113
Q
  • Types of Fractures -

_________ – bone is broken into 3 or more pieces

A

Comminuted

114
Q
  • Types of Fractures -

_________ – bone is crushed; common in vertebrae

A

Compression

115
Q
  • Types of Fractures -

_________ – usually occurs with twisting of the bone

A

Spiral fracture

116
Q
  • Types of Fractures -

_________ – diaphysis and epiphysis separate

A

Epiphyseal fracture

117
Q
  • Types of Fractures -

_________ – part of skull is pushed in

A

Depression fracture

118
Q
  • Types of Fractures -

_________ – incomplete fracture; occurs in children

A

Greenstick fracture

119
Q
  • Types of Fractures -

_________ – occurs when a tendon pulls part of the bone away

A

Avulsion fracture

120
Q

4 steps of Fracture repair:

_________ – clump of clotted blood from breaking blood vessels around the break site; becomes swollen and hurts

121
Q

4 steps of Fracture repair:

_________ -

  • Phagocytes come in to clean up the mess
  • Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts start forming new collagen, cartilage, and bone
A

Fibrocartilaginous callus forms

122
Q

4 steps of Fracture repair:

_________ -
-New trabeculae begin to show up and the fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to bone

A

Bony callus forms:

123
Q

4 steps of Fracture repair:

_________ – Bony callus is reformed and refined until the bone looks similar to the way it did before the fracture. However, it is often possible to tell on X-ray and sometimes by palpation where a break occurred

A

Bone remodeling

124
Q

4 steps of Fracture repair:

-
-Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
-
-Bone remodeling

A
  • Hematoma

- Bony callus forms

125
Q

4 steps of Fracture repair:

-Bony callus forms
-

A
  • Fibrocartilaginous callus forms

- Bone remodeling

126
Q

-Bone Conditions-

_________ – lack of vitamin D; causes bones to be too soft; legs are bowed

127
Q

-Bone Conditions-

Rickets – lack of vitamin __; causes bones to be too _________ ; legs are bowed

128
Q

-Bone Conditions-

_________ – bone resorption happens faster than bone deposit

A

Osteoporosis

129
Q

-Bone Conditions-

Osteoporosis –

  • Caused by _________ changes, lack of _________, lack of exercise, and smoking
  • Can lead to compression _________ in the vertebrae, or a broken hip
A
  • hormonal
  • calcium
  • fractures
130
Q

-Bone Conditions-

_________ – osteoblasts and osteoclasts are hyperactive

A

Paget’s Disease

131
Q

-Bone Conditions-

Paget’s Disease –

i. Not enough compact _________ is formed
ii. Reduced _________
iii. Causes weakening of bones, but they become larger and more rugged
iv. Cause is unknown, but a virus may bring it on

A
  • bone

- mineralization

132
Q

-Bone Conditions-

Paget’s Disease –

i. Not enough compact bone is formed
ii. Reduced mineralization
iii. Causes _________ of bones, but they become _________ and more rugged
iv. Cause is unknown, but a _________ may bring it on

A
  • weakening
  • larger
  • virus
133
Q

-Bone Conditions-

_________ – condition of the lungs – caused by a bacterial infection

A

Tuberculosis

134
Q

-Bone Conditions-

Tuberculosis -
If it gets to the _________, it can cause compression fractures in the _________ .

A
  • skeleton

- vertebrae

135
Q

-Bone Conditions-

_________ – is inflammation of bone

A

Osteomyelitis

136
Q

-Bone Conditions-

Osteomyelitis -

i. Caused by _________ that usually gets in through a wound
ii. Causes _________ of bone and lots of pus is formed
iii. Can be _________

A
  • bacteria
  • swelling
  • fatal
137
Q

-Bone Conditions-

_________ – immobility in a joint

A

Ankylosing Spondylitis

138
Q

-Bone Conditions-

Ankylosing Spondylitis –

i. Usually affects the _________
ii. Ligaments around the spine _________, so intervertebral joints become _________

A
  • spinal column
  • ossify
  • immobile

Anatomy & Physiology 151 (22 decks)

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