Lecture Exam 3 (part 1) Flashcards
6 metabolic adaptations to endurance training
increase myoglobin concentration increase mitochondrial enzymes increase lipase increase in beta-oxidation enzymes increase in alanine transaminase increase glycogen stores
endurance training =
aerobic training
endurance training does this to the aerobic capabilities of ST and FT fibers
improves
T/F: when doing endurance training FT fibers improve more than ST fibers
F, about the same increase in oxidative properties
Iron containing compound in the muscle
myoglobin
myoglobin has this many O2 binding sites
1
hemoglobin has this many O2 binding sites
4
Transport of oxygen: myoglobin (where to where)
sarcolemma to mitochondria
transport of oxygen: hemoglobin (where to where)
lungs to muscle fibers
increaseing the myoglobin concentration does this
increases the ability to transfer O2 to mitochodria to be the final electron accept-er
Mitochondrial enzymes include (2)
ETS enzymes
Krebs cycle enzymes
The presences of more enzymes causes this
more reactant can be converted to product, increasing the turnover rate based on the law of mass action
Increase in lipase concentration leads to this
more substrate available for aerobic respiration
beat oxidation enzymes increasing in concentration causes this
shift in energy substrate utilization to FA over carbs
More FA used in place of glycogen to avoid depletion of glycogen
glycogen sparing effect
Glycogen sparing effect occurs during this type of exercise
submaximal exercixe
increase in alanine transaminase causes this
favoring of glucose, alanine, glucose cycle
Due to the increase in alanine transaminase more of this is converted to alanine than lactate. The end result of which is this
Pyruvate
creation of a more favorable cellular environment for ATP production
Increase in this enzyme makes more glucose available for muscles that are fatiguing and need more glucose, and why
alanine transaminase
Alanine can leave the cells and be converted to glucose outside of the cell and eventually be transported to another cell for use
increase in glycogen sotres causes this
increases the ability to fun farther
There is no significant change in the concentrations of these enzymes in response to aerobic training
glycolytic enzymes
Metabolic limitations of aerobic adaptaions occur in here
mitochondria
Sprint training is a high intensity, short duration exercise that uses these 2 systes
ATP-PC system
Anaerobic glycolysis
Sprint training causes fatigue in these two ways
ATP-PC system (depletion hypothesis) anaerobic glycolysis (accumulation hypothesis)
The shorter the sprint training exercise the more adapations to this system
ATP-PC
Sprint training causes an increase to this things (4)
ATP stores
CP stores
ATP-PC enzymes
glycolytic enzymes
ATP-PC enzymes include
ATPase
CK
Glycolytic enzymes inclue
Phosporylase
PK
PPK
More glycolytic enzymes leads to this
more effective breakdown of glucose and glycogen
T/F: Trained individuals can tolerate greater levels of cellular lactate concentraions than untrained
T
Metabolic adaptations we see are specific to the type of training that we do
specificity principle
Two reasons athletes do resistance training
stronger, larger muscles
2 ways muscles fiber get larger
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
increase in size of exisiting MF
hypertorphy
increase in # of MF
hyperplasia
More resistance training leads to
more AA transfer across the membrane which stimulates protein synthesis (more contractile proteins)
These animals are very responsive to hyperplasia
cats
T/F: Hyperplasia is the #1 way humans increase muscle size/strength
F, hypertrophy
In order to initiate hyperplasia in cats we must do this
progressivly increase the resistance trained with
These two things increase in the muscle during resistance training
ATP stores
CP stores
T/F: there is confliciting evidence on the effect of resistance training on the concentraion of glycolytic enzymes
T
Potential confounding factors for determining the increase in glycolytic enzymes after resistance training
# of reps, sets, and intensity super circuits w/active rest periods
This is not a measure of strength across a ROM
isometric contration
during an isometric contraction this occurs
no movement involved
This type of contraction has carry over to prediction of sporting activites because it is dynamic in nature
isotonic contraction
Amount you can lift over a # of reps
repetition maximum load
This type of relationship exisits between a 1-RM and 10-RM
inverse
1-RM and 10-RM are used to do this
equate/compare two people
this is measured during an isotonic muscle movement
weakest point in the ROM, max weight lifted here
This is a contraction with a controled velocity
isokinetic
accomidating resistance =
max resistance through ROM
This is produced on an isokinetic machine like the cybex 2
torque curve
second part of the specificity principle - speed of movement
velocity of resistance training should be related to the activity
third part of the specificty principle - movement pattern
movement of exercise has impact on performance and should match/mimic movement of the activity participated in
Cybex 2 is only this type of measurement
concentric
2 muscle action
concentric
eccentric
force is produced while the MF is shortening
concentric
force is produced while the MF is legthening
eccentric
this is how MF are designed
concentric force
when is the most force produced
when all the actin/miosin bindings are ocuring
T/F: only concentric muscle movements occur normally
F, both occur in antagonist muscle gorups
T/f: takes mroe force to pul actin/myosin appart
T
T/F: you are stronger concentrically than eccentrically
F
T/F: you are stronger concentricly than iosmetrically
F
See graph in notes of torque/velocity as it concerns muscle action
okay
T/F: during fast movements only FT fibers are recruited
F
T/F: at slow velocites all MF contribute to force
T
T/F: at fast velocities all MF contribute to force
F only FT
T/F: it takes = force to pull (force) actin/;myosin bindings apart if you are moveing fast or slow it doesnt matter
T, no change in eccentric force production at functional speeds
DOMS
delayed onset muscle soreness
when does DOMS occur
24-48 hours after unaccustomed exercise bout
T/F: DOMS is the same as immediate soreness
F
DOMS is a function of these two primary inuries
microtrama of the sarcolemma of the MF
Z-line streaming
what is Z-line streaming
Z-lines pull a part
This is used as an indicator for muscle damage
CK
Why can CK be used as an indicator for muscle damage
CK leaks into circulation and is present in higher than normal concentrations
Besides DOMS what also shows elevated levels of Ck in circulation
heart attack
Which types of muscle actions are responsable for DOMS
eccentric
These are almost never implicated in DOMS
concentric
Cybex is popular during rehab and post-surgical rehab
concentric muscle movements
What can be done before/fter exercise to reduce DOMS
Nothing, possible placebo effect
perhaps low intensity exercise of the same type may have a minor effect
T/F: eccentric phase of movement is required for hypertrophy
F
T/F: There is greater hypertrophy with eccentric movment
F, same
damage of muscle (DOMS) and let it heal and it rarely occurs again
repeated bout effect
Males are this much stronger than females
50-80%
forearm flexion females 50% as strong
flexion/extension of the thigh females 80% as strong
reference man =
average man
reference female has more of this than reference man
body fat
greater proportion of this is made of muscle in men than women
FFW
T/F: there is a difference in male and female MF
F, no difference in strength per unit of cross-sectional muscle between males and females
See graph on strength changes across age in M and F
okay
females peak in str when
early/mid 20’s
T/F: during childhood females increase in str at a faster rate than males
F, same rate
T/F: there is a linear increase in STR until puberty
T
THis increases in males drastically at puberty
testosterone
this much testosterone in children and adult females
20-60 ng/dl
this much testosterone in adult males
600 ng/dl
How do you determine if a male is in puberty
circulating levels of testosterone
T/F: males reach puberty before females
F, after
T/F: increase in strength is mirrored by increase in testosterone
T
males reach peak strength when
early/mid 20’s
rate of decay in strength as age is related to this
amount of activity of the individual
testosterone is this type of substance
anabolic hormone
this % of male HS seniors have used steroids, and this much of them have used it before the age of 16
6.6%
1/3
This occurs to the growth plates if steroids are used
growth plates close sooner leading to stunted growth
Drugs that resemble androgenic hormones like testosterone and androstenedione
anabolic steroids
T/F: anabolic steroids are a cholesterol precursor
T
Testosterone is produced here
male testes and adrenal cortex of both sexes
3 problems with studying anabolic steroids
ripe for placebo effect
safe guards down allow for self medicating
studies use different types of subjects
how much steroids can be given in a trial, and how much do athletes say they use
5-10mg
300-400 mg
2 ways anabolic steroids work
androgenic effect
anabolic effect
changes in primary and secondary sex traits (genitals, voice, aggressivness, hair growth)
androgenic effect
accelerated growth of muscle, bone, RBC
anabolic effect
T/F: steroids with greatest anabolic effects have greatest androgenic effects
T
protein synthesis in sex linked tissues
androgenic effect
skeletal muscle growth
anabolic effects
T/F: steroids must use a membrane transport protein to diffuse into the cell
F, diffuse easily through the cell membrane and bind with receptor in the sarcoplasm
THis enters the nucleus of cell and activates specific genes depending on tissue
hormone-receptor complex
hormone-receptor complex in skeletal muscle produces this
contractile proteins
hormone-receptor complex in sex linked tissued produces this
sex specific proteins
4 effects of steroids working at the cellular level
increased protein synthesis
increase AA transport making them more available for protein synthesis
anticatabolic effects
psycosomatic effects
high levels of circulating anabolic steroids reduce the rate of breakdown of skeletal muscle
anticatabolic effects of anabolic steroids
why does the anticatabolic effect take place
steroids block the ability to breakdown muscle due to glucocorticoids released by adrenal glands
individuals experience feeling of well being as it pertains to exercise
psychosomatic effects of anabolic steroids
feel as if recover more quickly, train more frequently, increase in aggresiveness, increase in amount of training
psychosomatic effects
T/F: studies show increase of body weight 4lbs, ffw 6lbs, and increase in bench and squat by 15 and 30 lbs with use of 5-10mg of steroids for 12-20 weeks which is similar to no steroid usage
T
Part of the increase in BW assoicated with steroid usage is due to this
water retention
This natural substance is similar to anabolic steroids in water retention
aldosterone
Athletes use these to remeove water weight
diuretics
Whether anabolic steroids work are not is heavily dependent on this
dosage
Potential systems effected by steroid use
liver
cardiovascular system
reproductive
side effects of steroids are dependent on this
dose and duration
many users of steroids do this due to testing and managing side effects
cycle
4 effects of steroids on the liver
elevated SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphotase in ciruclation
peliosis hepatis
liver cancer
cholestasis
elevated SGOT, SGPT, and alkaline phosphotase in circulation are indicative of this
liver damage
blood filled cysts on the liver
peliosis hepatis
Two problems with peliosis hepatis
can be irreversible and may lead to death if they rupture
stopage of bile flow
cholestasis
particularly common at the common bile duct, butmay be repaired with surgery
cholestasis
oral steroid that is easily digested but his particularly hepatotoxic and stays in the liver
dianabol
Two effects of steroids on CVD
effect blood lipid profiles
hypertension
normal total cholesterol
200
normal HDL
60-55
this elevates HDL
estrogen
total cholesterol/HDL is associated with this
risk of CVD
this ratio of TC / HDL is good, very bad, and is this during steroid use
3: 1
6: 1
30: 1
hypertension during steroid use is due in part to this
water retention
steroids effect this axis of the reproductive system
hypothalmic pituitary gonadal axis (effects the communication between these organs)
Negative feedback loops initiated by steroid used cause this
stopage of natural testosterone production
T/F: estorgens are produced by the aromatization of testosterone
T
This occurs to the testes during steroid use
atrophy
low sperm count
oligospermia
apsence of sperm in semen
azoospermia
development of mammary glands in males
gynecomastia
gynocomasita is caused by this, and takes this long normally to return to normal
estorgen
6 months or longer
T/F: infertility due to steroids is not reversable
F
T/F: testes return to normal faster than sperm count
F
3 side effects of steroid use in females
amenorrhea
inhibition of ovulation
development of male secondary sex traits
amenorrhea
change in menstral cycle
stopage of steroids in women reverses all of these secondary sex traits except
deepening of the voice
growth hormone is this type of structure
polypeptid hormone (short protein)
This is an example of an ergogenic aid
growth hormone
growth hormone is released naturally here
anterior pituitary gland
growth hormone is critical for this
childhood growth
T/F: there are many studies on growth hormone
F, to dangerous
Athletic testimonials say this about growth factor
similar results to anabolic steroids
3 side effects of growth hormone
diabetegense (causes diabetes)
cardiomegally
acromegaly
how does growth hormone cause diabetes
irreversibly effects beta-cells of pancreas
cardiomegally
enlarged heart
acromegaly
elephantitis, enlargement of hands, feet, head, forehead, mandible (bone)
