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Nutr-484-Exercise phys > Lecture Exam 3 (part 1) > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

6 metabolic adaptations to endurance training

A 
increase myoglobin concentration
increase mitochondrial enzymes
increase lipase
increase in beta-oxidation enzymes
increase in alanine transaminase
increase glycogen stores
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2
Q

endurance training =

A

aerobic training

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3
Q

endurance training does this to the aerobic capabilities of ST and FT fibers

A

improves

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4
Q

T/F: when doing endurance training FT fibers improve more than ST fibers

A

F, about the same increase in oxidative properties

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5
Q

Iron containing compound in the muscle

A

myoglobin

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6
Q

myoglobin has this many O2 binding sites

A

1

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7
Q

hemoglobin has this many O2 binding sites

A

4

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8
Q

Transport of oxygen: myoglobin (where to where)

A

sarcolemma to mitochondria

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9
Q

transport of oxygen: hemoglobin (where to where)

A

lungs to muscle fibers

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10
Q

increaseing the myoglobin concentration does this

A

increases the ability to transfer O2 to mitochodria to be the final electron accept-er

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11
Q

Mitochondrial enzymes include (2)

A

ETS enzymes

Krebs cycle enzymes

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12
Q

The presences of more enzymes causes this

A

more reactant can be converted to product, increasing the turnover rate based on the law of mass action

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13
Q

Increase in lipase concentration leads to this

A

more substrate available for aerobic respiration

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14
Q

beat oxidation enzymes increasing in concentration causes this

A

shift in energy substrate utilization to FA over carbs

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15
Q

More FA used in place of glycogen to avoid depletion of glycogen

A

glycogen sparing effect

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16
Q

Glycogen sparing effect occurs during this type of exercise

A

submaximal exercixe

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17
Q

increase in alanine transaminase causes this

A

favoring of glucose, alanine, glucose cycle

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18
Q

Due to the increase in alanine transaminase more of this is converted to alanine than lactate. The end result of which is this

A

Pyruvate

creation of a more favorable cellular environment for ATP production

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19
Q

Increase in this enzyme makes more glucose available for muscles that are fatiguing and need more glucose, and why

A

alanine transaminase
Alanine can leave the cells and be converted to glucose outside of the cell and eventually be transported to another cell for use

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20
Q

increase in glycogen sotres causes this

A

increases the ability to fun farther

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21
Q

There is no significant change in the concentrations of these enzymes in response to aerobic training

A

glycolytic enzymes

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22
Q

Metabolic limitations of aerobic adaptaions occur in here

A

mitochondria

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23
Q

Sprint training is a high intensity, short duration exercise that uses these 2 systes

A

ATP-PC system

Anaerobic glycolysis

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24
Q

Sprint training causes fatigue in these two ways

A 
ATP-PC system (depletion hypothesis)
anaerobic glycolysis (accumulation hypothesis)
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25
Q

The shorter the sprint training exercise the more adapations to this system

A

ATP-PC

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26
Q

Sprint training causes an increase to this things (4)

A

ATP stores
CP stores
ATP-PC enzymes
glycolytic enzymes

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27
Q

ATP-PC enzymes include

A

ATPase

CK

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28
Q

Glycolytic enzymes inclue

A

Phosporylase
PK
PPK

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29
Q

More glycolytic enzymes leads to this

A

more effective breakdown of glucose and glycogen

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30
Q

T/F: Trained individuals can tolerate greater levels of cellular lactate concentraions than untrained

A

T

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31
Q

Metabolic adaptations we see are specific to the type of training that we do

A

specificity principle

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32
Q

Two reasons athletes do resistance training

A

stronger, larger muscles

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33
Q

2 ways muscles fiber get larger

A

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

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34
Q

increase in size of exisiting MF

A

hypertorphy

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35
Q

increase in # of MF

A

hyperplasia

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36
Q

More resistance training leads to

A

more AA transfer across the membrane which stimulates protein synthesis (more contractile proteins)

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37
Q

These animals are very responsive to hyperplasia

A

cats

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38
Q

T/F: Hyperplasia is the #1 way humans increase muscle size/strength

A

F, hypertrophy

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39
Q

In order to initiate hyperplasia in cats we must do this

A

progressivly increase the resistance trained with

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40
Q

These two things increase in the muscle during resistance training

A

ATP stores

CP stores

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41
Q

T/F: there is confliciting evidence on the effect of resistance training on the concentraion of glycolytic enzymes

A

T

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42
Q

Potential confounding factors for determining the increase in glycolytic enzymes after resistance training

A 
# of reps, sets, and intensity
super circuits w/active rest periods
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43
Q

This is not a measure of strength across a ROM

A

isometric contration

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44
Q

during an isometric contraction this occurs

A

no movement involved

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45
Q

This type of contraction has carry over to prediction of sporting activites because it is dynamic in nature

A

isotonic contraction

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46
Q

Amount you can lift over a # of reps

A

repetition maximum load

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47
Q

This type of relationship exisits between a 1-RM and 10-RM

A

inverse

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48
Q

1-RM and 10-RM are used to do this

A

equate/compare two people

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49
Q

this is measured during an isotonic muscle movement

A

weakest point in the ROM, max weight lifted here

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50
Q

This is a contraction with a controled velocity

A

isokinetic

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51
Q

accomidating resistance =

A

max resistance through ROM

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52
Q

This is produced on an isokinetic machine like the cybex 2

A

torque curve

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53
Q

second part of the specificity principle - speed of movement

A

velocity of resistance training should be related to the activity

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54
Q

third part of the specificty principle - movement pattern

A

movement of exercise has impact on performance and should match/mimic movement of the activity participated in

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55
Q

Cybex 2 is only this type of measurement

A

concentric

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56
Q

2 muscle action

A

concentric

eccentric

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57
Q

force is produced while the MF is shortening

A

concentric

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58
Q

force is produced while the MF is legthening

A

eccentric

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59
Q

this is how MF are designed

A

concentric force

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60
Q

when is the most force produced

A

when all the actin/miosin bindings are ocuring

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61
Q

T/F: only concentric muscle movements occur normally

A

F, both occur in antagonist muscle gorups

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62
Q

T/f: takes mroe force to pul actin/myosin appart

A

T

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63
Q

T/F: you are stronger concentrically than eccentrically

A

F

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64
Q

T/F: you are stronger concentricly than iosmetrically

A

F

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65
Q

See graph in notes of torque/velocity as it concerns muscle action

A

okay

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66
Q

T/F: during fast movements only FT fibers are recruited

A

F

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67
Q

T/F: at slow velocites all MF contribute to force

A

T

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68
Q

T/F: at fast velocities all MF contribute to force

A

F only FT

69
Q

T/F: it takes = force to pull (force) actin/;myosin bindings apart if you are moveing fast or slow it doesnt matter

A

T, no change in eccentric force production at functional speeds

70
Q

DOMS

A

delayed onset muscle soreness

71
Q

when does DOMS occur

A

24-48 hours after unaccustomed exercise bout

72
Q

T/F: DOMS is the same as immediate soreness

A

F

73
Q

DOMS is a function of these two primary inuries

A

microtrama of the sarcolemma of the MF

Z-line streaming

74
Q

what is Z-line streaming

A

Z-lines pull a part

75
Q

This is used as an indicator for muscle damage

A

CK

76
Q

Why can CK be used as an indicator for muscle damage

A

CK leaks into circulation and is present in higher than normal concentrations

77
Q

Besides DOMS what also shows elevated levels of Ck in circulation

A

heart attack

78
Q

Which types of muscle actions are responsable for DOMS

A

eccentric

79
Q

These are almost never implicated in DOMS

A

concentric

80
Q

Cybex is popular during rehab and post-surgical rehab

A

concentric muscle movements

81
Q

What can be done before/fter exercise to reduce DOMS

A

Nothing, possible placebo effect

perhaps low intensity exercise of the same type may have a minor effect

82
Q

T/F: eccentric phase of movement is required for hypertrophy

A

F

83
Q

T/F: There is greater hypertrophy with eccentric movment

A

F, same

84
Q

damage of muscle (DOMS) and let it heal and it rarely occurs again

A

repeated bout effect

85
Q

Males are this much stronger than females

A

50-80%
forearm flexion females 50% as strong
flexion/extension of the thigh females 80% as strong

86
Q

reference man =

A

average man

87
Q

reference female has more of this than reference man

A

body fat

88
Q

greater proportion of this is made of muscle in men than women

A

FFW

89
Q

T/F: there is a difference in male and female MF

A

F, no difference in strength per unit of cross-sectional muscle between males and females

90
Q

See graph on strength changes across age in M and F

A

okay

91
Q

females peak in str when

A

early/mid 20’s

92
Q

T/F: during childhood females increase in str at a faster rate than males

A

F, same rate

93
Q

T/F: there is a linear increase in STR until puberty

A

T

94
Q

THis increases in males drastically at puberty

A

testosterone

95
Q

this much testosterone in children and adult females

A

20-60 ng/dl

96
Q

this much testosterone in adult males

A

600 ng/dl

97
Q

How do you determine if a male is in puberty

A

circulating levels of testosterone

98
Q

T/F: males reach puberty before females

A

F, after

99
Q

T/F: increase in strength is mirrored by increase in testosterone

A

T

100
Q

males reach peak strength when

A

early/mid 20’s

101
Q

rate of decay in strength as age is related to this

A

amount of activity of the individual

102
Q

testosterone is this type of substance

A

anabolic hormone

103
Q

this % of male HS seniors have used steroids, and this much of them have used it before the age of 16

A

6.6%

1/3

104
Q

This occurs to the growth plates if steroids are used

A

growth plates close sooner leading to stunted growth

105
Q

Drugs that resemble androgenic hormones like testosterone and androstenedione

A

anabolic steroids

106
Q

T/F: anabolic steroids are a cholesterol precursor

A

T

107
Q

Testosterone is produced here

A

male testes and adrenal cortex of both sexes

108
Q

3 problems with studying anabolic steroids

A

ripe for placebo effect
safe guards down allow for self medicating
studies use different types of subjects

109
Q

how much steroids can be given in a trial, and how much do athletes say they use

A

5-10mg

300-400 mg

110
Q

2 ways anabolic steroids work

A

androgenic effect

anabolic effect

111
Q

changes in primary and secondary sex traits (genitals, voice, aggressivness, hair growth)

A

androgenic effect

112
Q

accelerated growth of muscle, bone, RBC

A

anabolic effect

113
Q

T/F: steroids with greatest anabolic effects have greatest androgenic effects

A

T

114
Q

protein synthesis in sex linked tissues

A

androgenic effect

115
Q

skeletal muscle growth

A

anabolic effects

116
Q

T/F: steroids must use a membrane transport protein to diffuse into the cell

A

F, diffuse easily through the cell membrane and bind with receptor in the sarcoplasm

117
Q

THis enters the nucleus of cell and activates specific genes depending on tissue

A

hormone-receptor complex

118
Q

hormone-receptor complex in skeletal muscle produces this

A

contractile proteins

119
Q

hormone-receptor complex in sex linked tissued produces this

A

sex specific proteins

120
Q

4 effects of steroids working at the cellular level

A

increased protein synthesis
increase AA transport making them more available for protein synthesis
anticatabolic effects
psycosomatic effects

121
Q

high levels of circulating anabolic steroids reduce the rate of breakdown of skeletal muscle

A

anticatabolic effects of anabolic steroids

122
Q

why does the anticatabolic effect take place

A

steroids block the ability to breakdown muscle due to glucocorticoids released by adrenal glands

123
Q

individuals experience feeling of well being as it pertains to exercise

A

psychosomatic effects of anabolic steroids

124
Q

feel as if recover more quickly, train more frequently, increase in aggresiveness, increase in amount of training

A

psychosomatic effects

125
Q

T/F: studies show increase of body weight 4lbs, ffw 6lbs, and increase in bench and squat by 15 and 30 lbs with use of 5-10mg of steroids for 12-20 weeks which is similar to no steroid usage

A

T

126
Q

Part of the increase in BW assoicated with steroid usage is due to this

A

water retention

127
Q

This natural substance is similar to anabolic steroids in water retention

A

aldosterone

128
Q

Athletes use these to remeove water weight

A

diuretics

129
Q

Whether anabolic steroids work are not is heavily dependent on this

A

dosage

130
Q

Potential systems effected by steroid use

A

liver
cardiovascular system
reproductive

131
Q

side effects of steroids are dependent on this

A

dose and duration

132
Q

many users of steroids do this due to testing and managing side effects

A

cycle

133
Q

4 effects of steroids on the liver

A

elevated SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphotase in ciruclation
peliosis hepatis
liver cancer
cholestasis

134
Q

elevated SGOT, SGPT, and alkaline phosphotase in circulation are indicative of this

A

liver damage

135
Q

blood filled cysts on the liver

A

peliosis hepatis

136
Q

Two problems with peliosis hepatis

A

can be irreversible and may lead to death if they rupture

137
Q

stopage of bile flow

A

cholestasis

138
Q

particularly common at the common bile duct, butmay be repaired with surgery

A

cholestasis

139
Q

oral steroid that is easily digested but his particularly hepatotoxic and stays in the liver

A

dianabol

140
Q

Two effects of steroids on CVD

A

effect blood lipid profiles

hypertension

141
Q

normal total cholesterol

A

200

142
Q

normal HDL

A

60-55

143
Q

this elevates HDL

A

estrogen

144
Q

total cholesterol/HDL is associated with this

A

risk of CVD

145
Q

this ratio of TC / HDL is good, very bad, and is this during steroid use

A

3: 1
6: 1
30: 1

146
Q

hypertension during steroid use is due in part to this

A

water retention

147
Q

steroids effect this axis of the reproductive system

A

hypothalmic pituitary gonadal axis (effects the communication between these organs)

148
Q

Negative feedback loops initiated by steroid used cause this

A

stopage of natural testosterone production

149
Q

T/F: estorgens are produced by the aromatization of testosterone

A

T

150
Q

This occurs to the testes during steroid use

A

atrophy

151
Q

low sperm count

A

oligospermia

152
Q

apsence of sperm in semen

A

azoospermia

153
Q

development of mammary glands in males

A

gynecomastia

154
Q

gynocomasita is caused by this, and takes this long normally to return to normal

A

estorgen

6 months or longer

155
Q

T/F: infertility due to steroids is not reversable

A

F

156
Q

T/F: testes return to normal faster than sperm count

A

F

157
Q

3 side effects of steroid use in females

A

amenorrhea
inhibition of ovulation
development of male secondary sex traits

158
Q

amenorrhea

A

change in menstral cycle

159
Q

stopage of steroids in women reverses all of these secondary sex traits except

A

deepening of the voice

160
Q

growth hormone is this type of structure

A

polypeptid hormone (short protein)

161
Q

This is an example of an ergogenic aid

A

growth hormone

162
Q

growth hormone is released naturally here

A

anterior pituitary gland

163
Q

growth hormone is critical for this

A

childhood growth

164
Q

T/F: there are many studies on growth hormone

A

F, to dangerous

165
Q

Athletic testimonials say this about growth factor

A

similar results to anabolic steroids

166
Q

3 side effects of growth hormone

A

diabetegense (causes diabetes)
cardiomegally
acromegaly

167
Q

how does growth hormone cause diabetes

A

irreversibly effects beta-cells of pancreas

168
Q

cardiomegally

A

enlarged heart

169
Q

acromegaly

A

elephantitis, enlargement of hands, feet, head, forehead, mandible (bone)

Nutr-484-Exercise phys (14 decks)

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