Lecture Exam 3 (part 1) Flashcards
1
Q
6 metabolic adaptations to endurance training
A
increase myoglobin concentration increase mitochondrial enzymes increase lipase increase in beta-oxidation enzymes increase in alanine transaminase increase glycogen stores
2
Q
endurance training =
A
aerobic training
3
Q
endurance training does this to the aerobic capabilities of ST and FT fibers
A
improves
4
Q
T/F: when doing endurance training FT fibers improve more than ST fibers
A
F, about the same increase in oxidative properties
5
Q
Iron containing compound in the muscle
A
myoglobin
6
Q
myoglobin has this many O2 binding sites
A
1
7
Q
hemoglobin has this many O2 binding sites
A
4
8
Q
Transport of oxygen: myoglobin (where to where)
A
sarcolemma to mitochondria
9
Q
transport of oxygen: hemoglobin (where to where)
A
lungs to muscle fibers
10
Q
increaseing the myoglobin concentration does this
A
increases the ability to transfer O2 to mitochodria to be the final electron accept-er
11
Q
Mitochondrial enzymes include (2)
A
ETS enzymes
Krebs cycle enzymes
12
Q
The presences of more enzymes causes this
A
more reactant can be converted to product, increasing the turnover rate based on the law of mass action
13
Q
Increase in lipase concentration leads to this
A
more substrate available for aerobic respiration
14
Q
beat oxidation enzymes increasing in concentration causes this
A
shift in energy substrate utilization to FA over carbs
15
Q
More FA used in place of glycogen to avoid depletion of glycogen
A
glycogen sparing effect
16
Q
Glycogen sparing effect occurs during this type of exercise
A
submaximal exercixe
17
Q
increase in alanine transaminase causes this
A
favoring of glucose, alanine, glucose cycle
18
Q
Due to the increase in alanine transaminase more of this is converted to alanine than lactate. The end result of which is this
A
Pyruvate
creation of a more favorable cellular environment for ATP production
19
Q
Increase in this enzyme makes more glucose available for muscles that are fatiguing and need more glucose, and why
A
alanine transaminase
Alanine can leave the cells and be converted to glucose outside of the cell and eventually be transported to another cell for use
20
Q
increase in glycogen sotres causes this
A
increases the ability to fun farther
21
Q
There is no significant change in the concentrations of these enzymes in response to aerobic training
A
glycolytic enzymes
22
Q
Metabolic limitations of aerobic adaptaions occur in here
A
mitochondria
23
Q
Sprint training is a high intensity, short duration exercise that uses these 2 systes
A
ATP-PC system
Anaerobic glycolysis
24
Q
Sprint training causes fatigue in these two ways
A
ATP-PC system (depletion hypothesis) anaerobic glycolysis (accumulation hypothesis)
25
The shorter the sprint training exercise the more adapations to this system
ATP-PC
26
Sprint training causes an increase to this things (4)
ATP stores
CP stores
ATP-PC enzymes
glycolytic enzymes
27
ATP-PC enzymes include
ATPase
| CK
28
Glycolytic enzymes inclue
Phosporylase
PK
PPK
29
More glycolytic enzymes leads to this
more effective breakdown of glucose and glycogen
30
T/F: Trained individuals can tolerate greater levels of cellular lactate concentraions than untrained
T
31
Metabolic adaptations we see are specific to the type of training that we do
specificity principle
32
Two reasons athletes do resistance training
stronger, larger muscles
33
2 ways muscles fiber get larger
Hypertrophy
| Hyperplasia
34
increase in size of exisiting MF
hypertorphy
35
increase in # of MF
hyperplasia
36
More resistance training leads to
more AA transfer across the membrane which stimulates protein synthesis (more contractile proteins)
37
These animals are very responsive to hyperplasia
cats
38
T/F: Hyperplasia is the #1 way humans increase muscle size/strength
F, hypertrophy
39
In order to initiate hyperplasia in cats we must do this
progressivly increase the resistance trained with
40
These two things increase in the muscle during resistance training
ATP stores
| CP stores
41
T/F: there is confliciting evidence on the effect of resistance training on the concentraion of glycolytic enzymes
T
42
Potential confounding factors for determining the increase in glycolytic enzymes after resistance training
```
# of reps, sets, and intensity
super circuits w/active rest periods
```
43
This is not a measure of strength across a ROM
isometric contration
44
during an isometric contraction this occurs
no movement involved
45
This type of contraction has carry over to prediction of sporting activites because it is dynamic in nature
isotonic contraction
46
Amount you can lift over a # of reps
repetition maximum load
47
This type of relationship exisits between a 1-RM and 10-RM
inverse
48
1-RM and 10-RM are used to do this
equate/compare two people
49
this is measured during an isotonic muscle movement
weakest point in the ROM, max weight lifted here
50
This is a contraction with a controled velocity
isokinetic
51
accomidating resistance =
max resistance through ROM
52
This is produced on an isokinetic machine like the cybex 2
torque curve
53
second part of the specificity principle - speed of movement
velocity of resistance training should be related to the activity
54
third part of the specificty principle - movement pattern
movement of exercise has impact on performance and should match/mimic movement of the activity participated in
55
Cybex 2 is only this type of measurement
concentric
56
2 muscle action
concentric
| eccentric
57
force is produced while the MF is shortening
concentric
58
force is produced while the MF is legthening
eccentric
59
this is how MF are designed
concentric force
60
when is the most force produced
when all the actin/miosin bindings are ocuring
61
T/F: only concentric muscle movements occur normally
F, both occur in antagonist muscle gorups
62
T/f: takes mroe force to pul actin/myosin appart
T
63
T/F: you are stronger concentrically than eccentrically
F
64
T/F: you are stronger concentricly than iosmetrically
F
65
See graph in notes of torque/velocity as it concerns muscle action
okay
66
T/F: during fast movements only FT fibers are recruited
F
67
T/F: at slow velocites all MF contribute to force
T
68
T/F: at fast velocities all MF contribute to force
F only FT
69
T/F: it takes = force to pull (force) actin/;myosin bindings apart if you are moveing fast or slow it doesnt matter
T, no change in eccentric force production at functional speeds
70
DOMS
delayed onset muscle soreness
71
when does DOMS occur
24-48 hours after unaccustomed exercise bout
72
T/F: DOMS is the same as immediate soreness
F
73
DOMS is a function of these two primary inuries
microtrama of the sarcolemma of the MF
| Z-line streaming
74
what is Z-line streaming
Z-lines pull a part
75
This is used as an indicator for muscle damage
CK
76
Why can CK be used as an indicator for muscle damage
CK leaks into circulation and is present in higher than normal concentrations
77
Besides DOMS what also shows elevated levels of Ck in circulation
heart attack
78
Which types of muscle actions are responsable for DOMS
eccentric
79
These are almost never implicated in DOMS
concentric
80
Cybex is popular during rehab and post-surgical rehab
concentric muscle movements
81
What can be done before/fter exercise to reduce DOMS
Nothing, possible placebo effect
| perhaps low intensity exercise of the same type may have a minor effect
82
T/F: eccentric phase of movement is required for hypertrophy
F
83
T/F: There is greater hypertrophy with eccentric movment
F, same
84
damage of muscle (DOMS) and let it heal and it rarely occurs again
repeated bout effect
85
Males are this much stronger than females
50-80%
forearm flexion females 50% as strong
flexion/extension of the thigh females 80% as strong
86
reference man =
average man
87
reference female has more of this than reference man
body fat
88
greater proportion of this is made of muscle in men than women
FFW
89
T/F: there is a difference in male and female MF
F, no difference in strength per unit of cross-sectional muscle between males and females
90
See graph on strength changes across age in M and F
okay
91
females peak in str when
early/mid 20's
92
T/F: during childhood females increase in str at a faster rate than males
F, same rate
93
T/F: there is a linear increase in STR until puberty
T
94
THis increases in males drastically at puberty
testosterone
95
this much testosterone in children and adult females
20-60 ng/dl
96
this much testosterone in adult males
600 ng/dl
97
How do you determine if a male is in puberty
circulating levels of testosterone
98
T/F: males reach puberty before females
F, after
99
T/F: increase in strength is mirrored by increase in testosterone
T
100
males reach peak strength when
early/mid 20's
101
rate of decay in strength as age is related to this
amount of activity of the individual
102
testosterone is this type of substance
anabolic hormone
103
this % of male HS seniors have used steroids, and this much of them have used it before the age of 16
6.6%
| 1/3
104
This occurs to the growth plates if steroids are used
growth plates close sooner leading to stunted growth
105
Drugs that resemble androgenic hormones like testosterone and androstenedione
anabolic steroids
106
T/F: anabolic steroids are a cholesterol precursor
T
107
Testosterone is produced here
male testes and adrenal cortex of both sexes
108
3 problems with studying anabolic steroids
ripe for placebo effect
safe guards down allow for self medicating
studies use different types of subjects
109
how much steroids can be given in a trial, and how much do athletes say they use
5-10mg
| 300-400 mg
110
2 ways anabolic steroids work
androgenic effect
| anabolic effect
111
changes in primary and secondary sex traits (genitals, voice, aggressivness, hair growth)
androgenic effect
112
accelerated growth of muscle, bone, RBC
anabolic effect
113
T/F: steroids with greatest anabolic effects have greatest androgenic effects
T
114
protein synthesis in sex linked tissues
androgenic effect
115
skeletal muscle growth
anabolic effects
116
T/F: steroids must use a membrane transport protein to diffuse into the cell
F, diffuse easily through the cell membrane and bind with receptor in the sarcoplasm
117
THis enters the nucleus of cell and activates specific genes depending on tissue
hormone-receptor complex
118
hormone-receptor complex in skeletal muscle produces this
contractile proteins
119
hormone-receptor complex in sex linked tissued produces this
sex specific proteins
120
4 effects of steroids working at the cellular level
increased protein synthesis
increase AA transport making them more available for protein synthesis
anticatabolic effects
psycosomatic effects
121
high levels of circulating anabolic steroids reduce the rate of breakdown of skeletal muscle
anticatabolic effects of anabolic steroids
122
why does the anticatabolic effect take place
steroids block the ability to breakdown muscle due to glucocorticoids released by adrenal glands
123
individuals experience feeling of well being as it pertains to exercise
psychosomatic effects of anabolic steroids
124
feel as if recover more quickly, train more frequently, increase in aggresiveness, increase in amount of training
psychosomatic effects
125
T/F: studies show increase of body weight 4lbs, ffw 6lbs, and increase in bench and squat by 15 and 30 lbs with use of 5-10mg of steroids for 12-20 weeks which is similar to no steroid usage
T
126
Part of the increase in BW assoicated with steroid usage is due to this
water retention
127
This natural substance is similar to anabolic steroids in water retention
aldosterone
128
Athletes use these to remeove water weight
diuretics
129
Whether anabolic steroids work are not is heavily dependent on this
dosage
130
Potential systems effected by steroid use
liver
cardiovascular system
reproductive
131
side effects of steroids are dependent on this
dose and duration
132
many users of steroids do this due to testing and managing side effects
cycle
133
4 effects of steroids on the liver
elevated SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphotase in ciruclation
peliosis hepatis
liver cancer
cholestasis
134
elevated SGOT, SGPT, and alkaline phosphotase in circulation are indicative of this
liver damage
135
blood filled cysts on the liver
peliosis hepatis
136
Two problems with peliosis hepatis
can be irreversible and may lead to death if they rupture
137
stopage of bile flow
cholestasis
138
particularly common at the common bile duct, butmay be repaired with surgery
cholestasis
139
oral steroid that is easily digested but his particularly hepatotoxic and stays in the liver
dianabol
140
Two effects of steroids on CVD
effect blood lipid profiles
| hypertension
141
normal total cholesterol
200
142
normal HDL
60-55
143
this elevates HDL
estrogen
144
total cholesterol/HDL is associated with this
risk of CVD
145
this ratio of TC / HDL is good, very bad, and is this during steroid use
3: 1
6: 1
30: 1
146
hypertension during steroid use is due in part to this
water retention
147
steroids effect this axis of the reproductive system
hypothalmic pituitary gonadal axis (effects the communication between these organs)
148
Negative feedback loops initiated by steroid used cause this
stopage of natural testosterone production
149
T/F: estorgens are produced by the aromatization of testosterone
T
150
This occurs to the testes during steroid use
atrophy
151
low sperm count
oligospermia
152
apsence of sperm in semen
azoospermia
153
development of mammary glands in males
gynecomastia
154
gynocomasita is caused by this, and takes this long normally to return to normal
estorgen
| 6 months or longer
155
T/F: infertility due to steroids is not reversable
F
156
T/F: testes return to normal faster than sperm count
F
157
3 side effects of steroid use in females
amenorrhea
inhibition of ovulation
development of male secondary sex traits
158
amenorrhea
change in menstral cycle
159
stopage of steroids in women reverses all of these secondary sex traits except
deepening of the voice
160
growth hormone is this type of structure
polypeptid hormone (short protein)
161
This is an example of an ergogenic aid
growth hormone
162
growth hormone is released naturally here
anterior pituitary gland
163
growth hormone is critical for this
childhood growth
164
T/F: there are many studies on growth hormone
F, to dangerous
165
Athletic testimonials say this about growth factor
similar results to anabolic steroids
166
3 side effects of growth hormone
diabetegense (causes diabetes)
cardiomegally
acromegaly
167
how does growth hormone cause diabetes
irreversibly effects beta-cells of pancreas
168
cardiomegally
enlarged heart
169
acromegaly
elephantitis, enlargement of hands, feet, head, forehead, mandible (bone)
