Lecture Exam 1 (part 1) Flashcards
Physiology
study of systems of the body
exercise
performing physical activity or work
Acute effect
short term / during exercise
Chronic effect
long term effect of exercise
Three types of muscles
smooth
cardiac
skeletal
Smooth muscle is under the control of this nervous system
autonomic nervous system
Smooth muscle is found in these areas of the body
internal organs circulatory system (assists in vasodialation)
Another name for cardiac muscle
myocardium
Cardiac muscle does this w/o stimulation
contracts rhythmically
Cardiac contraction originates here
Sinal-Atrial node
This is used to test cardiac muscle contractions
EKG
Cardiac contractions are depicted in this mannor
wave like pattern of stimulation
Heart rate is controlled by this nervous system
autonomic
Skeletal muscle is innervated by this
somatic nervous system
skeletal muscle is under this type of control
voluntary
These muscle types are striated
skeletal and cardiac
non-striated muscle =
smooth
Basic anatomy of a whole muscle from superficial to deep
Fascia Epimysium Parimysium fasciculus Endomysium Muscle fiber/cell
Basic anatomy of a muscle fiber from superficial to deep
Sarcolemma (cell membrane) Sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) Myofibrils Sarcomere myofilaments
Where is force lost during contraction
force is lost at each step of the anatomy of muscle
epimysium
connects to tendon
tendon
connects muscle to bone
fasciculus
bundles of muscle cells (few-100’s of fibers)
perimysium
connective tissue surrounding fasciculs
endomysium
connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber/cell
T/f: muscle fibers differ dramatically in size
T
range from 10 microns-100 microns in width
range from 1 mm length to full length of muscle
An example size of a large muscle fiber
size of a fine human hair
another name for muscle cell membrane
sarcolemma
sarco means
flesh
lemma means
membrane
sarcoplasm
liquid component of cell
myofibrils
column like structures in fiber
sarcomere
functional unit of myofibril
myofilaments
generic name for contractile proteins
What level of contraction is force produced at
myofilaments
Be able to draw/lable sarcomere structures
okay
pg 21 fig 2.3
sarcomeres exist from here to here
z-line to z-line
z-line =
membrane that separates sarcomeres
z in z-line =
zwischenscheibe (membrane)
I in I-band =
isotropic
A in A-band =
anisotropic
H in H-band =
Helle (bright)
I-band =
parts of two adjacent sarcomeres (area between two myosin filaments, contains only actin)
A-band =
center of sarcomer (full length of myosin, includes myosin and actin)
H-band =
middle of a-band (only myosin present at resting state)
Four contractile proteins
actin
myosin
troponin
tropomyosin
Actin
thin filament
less dense
myosin
thick filament
more dense
Actin is bound here, and projects here
z-line
inwards towards middle of sarcomere
The i-band appears dark or light
light
The A-band appears dark or light
darker
the H-band appears dark or light
lighter than the surrounding a-band
What model of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction do we us
Huxley Model
Electrical current for muscle contraction starts here
motor cortex of the brain
area 4 the precentral gyrus(75-76% of the brain)
Cell bodies of upper motor neurons are found here
motor cortex of the brain
Flow of electrical current from the motor cortex of the brain to the motor end plate
motor cortex
upper motor neurons
lower motor neurons
motor end plate
current flows from the motor cortex through the CNS in these
pyramidal tracts/cordical spinal tracts
This happens in the spinal tracts
cross over of neurons to stimulate muscles on the opposite side of the body
Upper motor neurons innervate lower motor neurons here
ventral horn of spinal cord
location of lower motor neuron cell body
ventral horn
This NT stimulates the LMN to produce an AP
ACh
This NT is released from the end bulb of the LMN and stimulates the muscle fiber
ACh
motor end plate
anatomical location on muscle with ACh receptors
MEP needs to overcome this to stimulate a AP
Threshold levers of ACh
The treshold level of ACh varies from MF to MF
True
Propagation of the AP passes along here after the MEP, and moves into here via this, at this point (4 parts)
Sarcolema
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
t Tubules
Triad
What is the Triad
intersection of tT and SR
THis was once believed to be an organelle
Triad
Stimulation of SR causes the release of this into this
Ca++
sarcoplasma
see fig 2.4, pg 22 for structure/orientation of myofilaments
okay
this is a double helix molecule
actin
these two proteins are present on the actin fiber
tropomyosin
troponin
tropomyosin
in groves of actin molecule groves (not bound)
troponin
bound to tropomyosin
With no inhibition actin and myosin will do this
bind
In the resting states this exists between actin and myosin
inhibition
Sarcoplasmic Ca++ does this
binds to troponin
Inhibition is created by the blocking of the actin binding sites by this
tropomyosin
Ca++/troponin binding does this
changes shape/configuration of tropomyosin
causes tropomyosin to move away from active sites on actin
Lack of inhibition from the movement of tropomyosin cuases this, but not this, and activates this (3)
myosin/actin binding
still no contraction
ATPase
At the resting state fresh ATP binds here, leading to this
myosin head
ATPase breaks ATP to ADP releasing energy
Energy is used to cause myosin head to liedown pulling Z-lines closer together
In the huxley model the resting myosin heads are doing this
standing up
Process of binding/unbinding of actin/myosin is called (2)
crossbridge recharging
crossbridge recycling
After the myosin head lay down completing the power stroke this occurs
Fresh ATP binds to the myosin head causing release of cross bridge.
myosin heads stand back up
What happens to Ca++ after head crossbridge recycling period
remains bound to troponin
Pollack model (theory 2)
natural orientation of myosin head is laying down
energy breakdown of ATP causes myosin head to stand up
naturally lay back down after binding actin
New ATP binds standing the head back up
This occurs at the stoppage of muscle contraction
Ca++ is actively pumbed back into SR
Rigor mortis
muscle become stiff (contract after death)
No fresh ATP to break crossbridge
Ca++ leaks from SR after death, cannot be actively pumped back (no ATP)
Motor unit =
motor neuron (LMN) + all the muscle fibers it innervates
Characteristics of MU (2)
fibers in a MU are not contiguous to eachother (spread out)
All fibers in a MU are same fiber type