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Nutr-484-Exercise phys > Lecture Exam 1 (part 1) > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

study of systems of the body

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2
Q

exercise

A

performing physical activity or work

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3
Q

Acute effect

A

short term / during exercise

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4
Q

Chronic effect

A

long term effect of exercise

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5
Q

Three types of muscles

A

smooth
cardiac
skeletal

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6
Q

Smooth muscle is under the control of this nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

Smooth muscle is found in these areas of the body

A 
internal organs
circulatory system (assists in vasodialation)
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8
Q

Another name for cardiac muscle

A

myocardium

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9
Q

Cardiac muscle does this w/o stimulation

A

contracts rhythmically

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10
Q

Cardiac contraction originates here

A

Sinal-Atrial node

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11
Q

This is used to test cardiac muscle contractions

A

EKG

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12
Q

Cardiac contractions are depicted in this mannor

A

wave like pattern of stimulation

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13
Q

Heart rate is controlled by this nervous system

A

autonomic

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle is innervated by this

A

somatic nervous system

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15
Q

skeletal muscle is under this type of control

A

voluntary

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16
Q

These muscle types are striated

A

skeletal and cardiac

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17
Q

non-striated muscle =

A

smooth

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18
Q

Basic anatomy of a whole muscle from superficial to deep

A 
Fascia
Epimysium
Parimysium
fasciculus
Endomysium
Muscle fiber/cell
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19
Q

Basic anatomy of a muscle fiber from superficial to deep

A 
Sarcolemma (cell membrane)
Sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)
Myofibrils
Sarcomere
myofilaments
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20
Q

Where is force lost during contraction

A

force is lost at each step of the anatomy of muscle

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21
Q

epimysium

A

connects to tendon

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22
Q

tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

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23
Q

fasciculus

A

bundles of muscle cells (few-100’s of fibers)

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24
Q

perimysium

A

connective tissue surrounding fasciculs

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25
Q

endomysium

A

connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber/cell

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26
Q

T/f: muscle fibers differ dramatically in size

A

T
range from 10 microns-100 microns in width
range from 1 mm length to full length of muscle

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27
Q

An example size of a large muscle fiber

A

size of a fine human hair

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28
Q

another name for muscle cell membrane

A

sarcolemma

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29
Q

sarco means

A

flesh

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30
Q

lemma means

A

membrane

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31
Q

sarcoplasm

A

liquid component of cell

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32
Q

myofibrils

A

column like structures in fiber

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33
Q

sarcomere

A

functional unit of myofibril

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34
Q

myofilaments

A

generic name for contractile proteins

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35
Q

What level of contraction is force produced at

A

myofilaments

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36
Q

Be able to draw/lable sarcomere structures

A

okay

pg 21 fig 2.3

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37
Q

sarcomeres exist from here to here

A

z-line to z-line

38
Q

z-line =

A

membrane that separates sarcomeres

39
Q

z in z-line =

A

zwischenscheibe (membrane)

40
Q

I in I-band =

A

isotropic

41
Q

A in A-band =

A

anisotropic

42
Q

H in H-band =

A

Helle (bright)

43
Q

I-band =

A

parts of two adjacent sarcomeres (area between two myosin filaments, contains only actin)

44
Q

A-band =

A

center of sarcomer (full length of myosin, includes myosin and actin)

45
Q

H-band =

A

middle of a-band (only myosin present at resting state)

46
Q

Four contractile proteins

A

actin
myosin
troponin
tropomyosin

47
Q

Actin

A

thin filament

less dense

48
Q

myosin

A

thick filament

more dense

49
Q

Actin is bound here, and projects here

A

z-line

inwards towards middle of sarcomere

50
Q

The i-band appears dark or light

A

light

51
Q

The A-band appears dark or light

A

darker

52
Q

the H-band appears dark or light

A

lighter than the surrounding a-band

53
Q

What model of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction do we us

A

Huxley Model

54
Q

Electrical current for muscle contraction starts here

A

motor cortex of the brain

area 4 the precentral gyrus(75-76% of the brain)

55
Q

Cell bodies of upper motor neurons are found here

A

motor cortex of the brain

56
Q

Flow of electrical current from the motor cortex of the brain to the motor end plate

A

motor cortex
upper motor neurons
lower motor neurons
motor end plate

57
Q

current flows from the motor cortex through the CNS in these

A

pyramidal tracts/cordical spinal tracts

58
Q

This happens in the spinal tracts

A

cross over of neurons to stimulate muscles on the opposite side of the body

59
Q

Upper motor neurons innervate lower motor neurons here

A

ventral horn of spinal cord

60
Q

location of lower motor neuron cell body

A

ventral horn

61
Q

This NT stimulates the LMN to produce an AP

A

ACh

62
Q

This NT is released from the end bulb of the LMN and stimulates the muscle fiber

A

ACh

63
Q

motor end plate

A

anatomical location on muscle with ACh receptors

64
Q

MEP needs to overcome this to stimulate a AP

A

Threshold levers of ACh

65
Q

The treshold level of ACh varies from MF to MF

A

True

66
Q

Propagation of the AP passes along here after the MEP, and moves into here via this, at this point (4 parts)

A

Sarcolema
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
t Tubules
Triad

67
Q

What is the Triad

A

intersection of tT and SR

68
Q

THis was once believed to be an organelle

A

Triad

69
Q

Stimulation of SR causes the release of this into this

A

Ca++

sarcoplasma

70
Q

see fig 2.4, pg 22 for structure/orientation of myofilaments

A

okay

71
Q

this is a double helix molecule

A

actin

72
Q

these two proteins are present on the actin fiber

A

tropomyosin

troponin

73
Q

tropomyosin

A

in groves of actin molecule groves (not bound)

74
Q

troponin

A

bound to tropomyosin

75
Q

With no inhibition actin and myosin will do this

A

bind

76
Q

In the resting states this exists between actin and myosin

A

inhibition

77
Q

Sarcoplasmic Ca++ does this

A

binds to troponin

78
Q

Inhibition is created by the blocking of the actin binding sites by this

A

tropomyosin

79
Q

Ca++/troponin binding does this

A

changes shape/configuration of tropomyosin

causes tropomyosin to move away from active sites on actin

80
Q

Lack of inhibition from the movement of tropomyosin cuases this, but not this, and activates this (3)

A

myosin/actin binding
still no contraction
ATPase

81
Q

At the resting state fresh ATP binds here, leading to this

A

myosin head
ATPase breaks ATP to ADP releasing energy
Energy is used to cause myosin head to liedown pulling Z-lines closer together

82
Q

In the huxley model the resting myosin heads are doing this

A

standing up

83
Q

Process of binding/unbinding of actin/myosin is called (2)

A

crossbridge recharging

crossbridge recycling

84
Q

After the myosin head lay down completing the power stroke this occurs

A

Fresh ATP binds to the myosin head causing release of cross bridge.
myosin heads stand back up

85
Q

What happens to Ca++ after head crossbridge recycling period

A

remains bound to troponin

86
Q

Pollack model (theory 2)

A

natural orientation of myosin head is laying down
energy breakdown of ATP causes myosin head to stand up
naturally lay back down after binding actin
New ATP binds standing the head back up

87
Q

This occurs at the stoppage of muscle contraction

A

Ca++ is actively pumbed back into SR

88
Q

Rigor mortis

A

muscle become stiff (contract after death)
No fresh ATP to break crossbridge
Ca++ leaks from SR after death, cannot be actively pumped back (no ATP)

89
Q

Motor unit =

A

motor neuron (LMN) + all the muscle fibers it innervates

90
Q

Characteristics of MU (2)

A

fibers in a MU are not contiguous to eachother (spread out)

All fibers in a MU are same fiber type

Nutr-484-Exercise phys (14 decks)

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