Lecture Exam 1 (part 1) Flashcards
1
Q
Physiology
A
study of systems of the body
2
Q
exercise
A
performing physical activity or work
3
Q
Acute effect
A
short term / during exercise
4
Q
Chronic effect
A
long term effect of exercise
5
Q
Three types of muscles
A
smooth
cardiac
skeletal
6
Q
Smooth muscle is under the control of this nervous system
A
autonomic nervous system
7
Q
Smooth muscle is found in these areas of the body
A
internal organs circulatory system (assists in vasodialation)
8
Q
Another name for cardiac muscle
A
myocardium
9
Q
Cardiac muscle does this w/o stimulation
A
contracts rhythmically
10
Q
Cardiac contraction originates here
A
Sinal-Atrial node
11
Q
This is used to test cardiac muscle contractions
A
EKG
12
Q
Cardiac contractions are depicted in this mannor
A
wave like pattern of stimulation
13
Q
Heart rate is controlled by this nervous system
A
autonomic
14
Q
Skeletal muscle is innervated by this
A
somatic nervous system
15
Q
skeletal muscle is under this type of control
A
voluntary
16
Q
These muscle types are striated
A
skeletal and cardiac
17
Q
non-striated muscle =
A
smooth
18
Q
Basic anatomy of a whole muscle from superficial to deep
A
Fascia Epimysium Parimysium fasciculus Endomysium Muscle fiber/cell
19
Q
Basic anatomy of a muscle fiber from superficial to deep
A
Sarcolemma (cell membrane) Sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) Myofibrils Sarcomere myofilaments
20
Q
Where is force lost during contraction
A
force is lost at each step of the anatomy of muscle
21
Q
epimysium
A
connects to tendon
22
Q
tendon
A
connects muscle to bone
23
Q
fasciculus
A
bundles of muscle cells (few-100’s of fibers)
24
Q
perimysium
A
connective tissue surrounding fasciculs
25
endomysium
connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber/cell
26
T/f: muscle fibers differ dramatically in size
T
range from 10 microns-100 microns in width
range from 1 mm length to full length of muscle
27
An example size of a large muscle fiber
size of a fine human hair
28
another name for muscle cell membrane
sarcolemma
29
sarco means
flesh
30
lemma means
membrane
31
sarcoplasm
liquid component of cell
32
myofibrils
column like structures in fiber
33
sarcomere
functional unit of myofibril
34
myofilaments
generic name for contractile proteins
35
What level of contraction is force produced at
myofilaments
36
Be able to draw/lable sarcomere structures
okay
| pg 21 fig 2.3
37
sarcomeres exist from here to here
z-line to z-line
38
z-line =
membrane that separates sarcomeres
39
z in z-line =
zwischenscheibe (membrane)
40
I in I-band =
isotropic
41
A in A-band =
anisotropic
42
H in H-band =
Helle (bright)
43
I-band =
parts of two adjacent sarcomeres (area between two myosin filaments, contains only actin)
44
A-band =
center of sarcomer (full length of myosin, includes myosin and actin)
45
H-band =
middle of a-band (only myosin present at resting state)
46
Four contractile proteins
actin
myosin
troponin
tropomyosin
47
Actin
thin filament
| less dense
48
myosin
thick filament
| more dense
49
Actin is bound here, and projects here
z-line
| inwards towards middle of sarcomere
50
The i-band appears dark or light
light
51
The A-band appears dark or light
darker
52
the H-band appears dark or light
lighter than the surrounding a-band
53
What model of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction do we us
Huxley Model
54
Electrical current for muscle contraction starts here
motor cortex of the brain
| area 4 the precentral gyrus(75-76% of the brain)
55
Cell bodies of upper motor neurons are found here
motor cortex of the brain
56
Flow of electrical current from the motor cortex of the brain to the motor end plate
motor cortex
upper motor neurons
lower motor neurons
motor end plate
57
current flows from the motor cortex through the CNS in these
pyramidal tracts/cordical spinal tracts
58
This happens in the spinal tracts
cross over of neurons to stimulate muscles on the opposite side of the body
59
Upper motor neurons innervate lower motor neurons here
ventral horn of spinal cord
60
location of lower motor neuron cell body
ventral horn
61
This NT stimulates the LMN to produce an AP
ACh
62
This NT is released from the end bulb of the LMN and stimulates the muscle fiber
ACh
63
motor end plate
anatomical location on muscle with ACh receptors
64
MEP needs to overcome this to stimulate a AP
Threshold levers of ACh
65
The treshold level of ACh varies from MF to MF
True
66
Propagation of the AP passes along here after the MEP, and moves into here via this, at this point (4 parts)
Sarcolema
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
t Tubules
Triad
67
What is the Triad
intersection of tT and SR
68
THis was once believed to be an organelle
Triad
69
Stimulation of SR causes the release of this into this
Ca++
| sarcoplasma
70
see fig 2.4, pg 22 for structure/orientation of myofilaments
okay
71
this is a double helix molecule
actin
72
these two proteins are present on the actin fiber
tropomyosin
| troponin
73
tropomyosin
in groves of actin molecule groves (not bound)
74
troponin
bound to tropomyosin
75
With no inhibition actin and myosin will do this
bind
76
In the resting states this exists between actin and myosin
inhibition
77
Sarcoplasmic Ca++ does this
binds to troponin
78
Inhibition is created by the blocking of the actin binding sites by this
tropomyosin
79
Ca++/troponin binding does this
changes shape/configuration of tropomyosin
| causes tropomyosin to move away from active sites on actin
80
Lack of inhibition from the movement of tropomyosin cuases this, but not this, and activates this (3)
myosin/actin binding
still no contraction
ATPase
81
At the resting state fresh ATP binds here, leading to this
myosin head
ATPase breaks ATP to ADP releasing energy
Energy is used to cause myosin head to liedown pulling Z-lines closer together
82
In the huxley model the resting myosin heads are doing this
standing up
83
Process of binding/unbinding of actin/myosin is called (2)
crossbridge recharging
| crossbridge recycling
84
After the myosin head lay down completing the power stroke this occurs
Fresh ATP binds to the myosin head causing release of cross bridge.
myosin heads stand back up
85
What happens to Ca++ after head crossbridge recycling period
remains bound to troponin
86
Pollack model (theory 2)
natural orientation of myosin head is laying down
energy breakdown of ATP causes myosin head to stand up
naturally lay back down after binding actin
New ATP binds standing the head back up
87
This occurs at the stoppage of muscle contraction
Ca++ is actively pumbed back into SR
88
Rigor mortis
muscle become stiff (contract after death)
No fresh ATP to break crossbridge
Ca++ leaks from SR after death, cannot be actively pumped back (no ATP)
89
Motor unit =
motor neuron (LMN) + all the muscle fibers it innervates
90
Characteristics of MU (2)
fibers in a MU are not contiguous to eachother (spread out)
| All fibers in a MU are same fiber type
