Lecture exam 2 (metabolism up to anaerobic glycolysis) Flashcards
Metabolism as it pertains to exercise
how we produce ATP to give energy for activity
Metabolism underlies this
all forms of muscle contraction
This must continuously be produced during exercise
ATP
This to exercise training change the metabolic process
adaptations
exercise training programs are best designed on this
metabolic needs of the activity
Knowing the metabolic needs of the activity does this
allows us to refine training process
Metabolism =
to change
anabolism =
to build up, produce ATP
catabolism =
to breakdown, breakdown of foodstuffs to produce ATP
Two types of ATP production
aerobic and anaerobic
aerobic ATP production
producing ATP in situtations where enough O2 in cell
anaerobic ATP production
producing ATP W/O O2
Aerobic intensity
moderate
Anaerobic intensity
greater intensity
anaerobic energy substrates
phosphogens (CP, ATP) carbohydrates in form of glucose
aerobic energy substrates
carbohydrates, proteins, fats
T/F: most activities are a blend of aerobic and anaerobic
T
Long-duration actvivites use primarily this
aerobic metabolism
high intensity activities use primarily this
anaerbic metabolism
In enchance training mach this to this
match the activity (exercise) to desired activity (sport)
ability to recover in between exercise
aerobic base
Time course of involvement of metabolic pathways (3)
phosphogens to glycolytic to oxidative (fig 3.6 pg 50)
time is important to this
power production
Work =
F x D
Power =
Work / time
the amount of ATP that can be produced
capacity
the amount of ATP produced/unit time
power
The most to least powerful energy producing systems
phosphogen system
anaerobic glycolysis (of carbs)
carbohydrate oxidation (aerobic)
fatty acid oxidation
Time to produce ATP from fastest to slowest
phosphogen system
anaerobic glycolysis (of carbs)
carbohydrate oxidation (aerobic)
fatty acid oxidation
Phosphogen system (ATP-PC system) is used at this intensity
100% intensity
Anaerobic glycolysis of carbohydrates is used at this intensity
powerful enough for 80-90% max intensity
aerobic/anaerobic: carbohydrate oxidation
aerobic
carbohydrate oxidation does this in comparison to anaerobic glycolysis
produces less energy per unit time
aerobic/anaerobic: fatty acid oxidation
aerobic
Time is not important to this aspect of ATP production
capacity
total ATP production of a system or total amount of energy available =
capacity
Capacity from least to most
phosphogen system
anaerobic glycolysis
carbohydrate oxidation
fatty acid oxidation
phosphogen system capacity is limited by
PC stores (very low capacity)
anaerobic glycolysis capacity is hindered by
lactate build up
carbohydrate oxidation capacity is limited by
glycogen stores
fatty acid oxidation capacity is limited by
fat stores which are nearly unlimited in their capacity
These are nessesary for ATP production
Enzymes
Why does yeast + glucose form alcohol
fermentation
vital spirits
mystical powers of yeast
Enzyme means
in yeast
all enzymes are this type of structure
protein
3 primary actions of enzymes
catalyses
Not changed in the reaction
use of enzymes does not change the nature of the reaction
catalysis
speed up reactions
This says the enzyme-substrate complex does not involve the entire enzyme
lock-and-key method of enzyme-substrate complex
Series of AA that catalyze on the protein
active site
the reason for heating a beaker in the lab (pertaining to enzymes)
for reaction to occur the activation energy is required
Presence of an enzyme decreases this which is needed for the reaction to occur
activation energy
effectiveness of the enzyme depends on this
the enzyme
of molecules reactant converted to product per minute is
the turnover rate of an enzyme
slowest enzyme in a pathway
rate limiting enzyme
This affects the concentration of metabolic enzymes
exercise
In anaerobic glycolysis the rate limiting enzyme is
PFK
4 factors that effect the turnover rate of an enzyme
Temp + pH
[E] + [S]
inhibitor effect of product on enzyme
concentration and availability of coenzymes and cofactors
This could move the body into optimal temperature range
warm up
Temp and pH have this relationship to turnover rate
inverted U
The range of optimal turnover rate is
narrow
ability of reaction to be driven to an area of high to lower concentration. or the ability to drive reactants to products
law of mass action
This increases concentration of enzymes and substrate in the cell
chronic exercise
T/F: Enzyme characteristics and substrate concentration cannot be modified
F
Products of exercise do this to enzymes in a pathway
inhibit
product binds to enzyme in location other than active site and changes the shape of the active site
allosteric inhibition
allosteric means
other site
This is an allosteric inhibitor of PFK
ATP
Metal ion that binds to enzyme and make the active site the proper shape for the reactant
cofactor
example cofactors
Ca++, Mg++, Zn, Cu
When the substrate fits better this happens
facilitates the production of more product
derivatives of vitamins
coenzyme
Primary function of coenzymes in energy metabolism
transport hydrogen in RedOx reaction
NAD is a derivative of
Niacin (B3)
FAD is a derivative of
Riboflavin (B2)
Co-A is a derivative of
panothenic acid (spelling)
Co-Q is a derivative of
Vitamin E
Co-Q is AKA
quebicwenone (spelling)
this is enhanced by the ability to change TO ratio
exercise
This is used when demand is too high for aerobic means
anaerobic production of ATP
The phosphogen system working at max/near max exercise intensity is an example of
anaerobic Production of ATP
Capacity limited by ATP-PC concentrations
ATP-PC system
ATP-PC system is good for this long
20-30 sec
The ATP-PC system only has enough ATP for this
a couple seconds of contraction
ATP-PC system is used during this type of exercise
explosive exercise
Step 1 of ATP-PC system
ATP is bound to myosin head, myosin ATPase is activated by crossbridge formation, ADP + Pi + energy are produced by the reaction
Step 2 of ATP-PC system
PC stored in the muscle cell + ADP are acted on by creatine kinase (CK) to form ATP + creatine
Step 3 of ATP-PC system
2 ADP are acted on by adenylate kinase (AK) to form ATP + AMP
This can be converted to ammonia which is a metabolic by-product
AMP
ammonia build up in the cell leads to this
fatigue
The only energy we can use for crossbridge formation is from here
ATP
Which enzyme is faster, (higher turnover rate) CK or myosin ATPase
myosin ATPase
The first ATP that is attached to the myosin head is used to do this
cause the myosin head to swivel when crossbridge formation occurs
