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biology 102 ms.barker > LECTURE CHAPTER 27 PLANT TISSUES > Flashcards

LECTURE CHAPTER 27 PLANT TISSUES Flashcards

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1
Q

PLANT TISSUES

  1. )Plant cells are organized as:
  2. All plant parts consist of what tissues?
  3. ______ AND ______
A

1.)Plant cells are organized as:
CELLS->tissues –>organs –>organ systems
**Vascular plants have two organ systems:
shoots and roots***

  1. All plant parts consist of the same three tissues
    (DERMAL,VASCULAR, GROUND)

3.Monocots and eudicots (flowering plants)
• Examples of monocots
• Lilies, orchids, grasses, and palms

  • Examples of eudicots
  • Shrubs and trees, vines, tomatoes, and dandelions
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2
Q

All plant parts consist of the same three tissues:

•__________

  • __________
    *

• _________

A

All plant parts consist of the same three tissues:

  • ***DERMAL TISSUES: cover and protect plant surfaces
  • Dermal tissue consists of a single tissue called epidermis

• **VASCULAR TISSUES: distribute water and nutrients
• Primary components are Xylem and Phloem
• **Meristems—HELLA CELL DIVISION also associated with vascular tissue
• a region of plant tissue, found chiefly at the growing tips of roots and shoots, consisting of
actively dividing cells forming new tissue
STEM CELLS= unspecialized that become specialized later on

• ***GROUND TISSUES: make up most of a plant

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3
Q

DERMAL TISSUES:

A

DERMAL TISSUES—cover and protect plant surfaces

• Dermal tissue consists of a single tissue called epidermis

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4
Q

VASCULAR TISSUES: ______________________
•
•
•

A

VASCULAR TISSUES: distribute water and nutrients
• Primary components are Xylem and Phloem
• ***Meristems—also associated with vascular tissue
• a region of plant tissue, found chiefly at the growing tips of roots and shoots, consisting of actively dividing cells forming new tissue

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5
Q

GROUND TISSUES:

A

***GROUND TISSUES: make up most of a plant

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6
Q 
3. Monocots and dicots (flowering plants)
• Differences---
• Examples of monocots:
• 
• Examples of dicots:
•
A
  1. Monocots and dicots (flowering plants)
    • Different tissue organization
    • Different number of cotyledons (seed leaves) 1/2
    • Examples of monocots :
    Lilies, orchids, grasses, and palms
    • Examples of eudicots :
    Shrubs and trees, vines, tomatoes, and dandelions
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7
Q

• Simple plant tissues

vs

• Complex plant tissues

A

***Simple plant tissues
(ground tissues – makes up majority of plant)
• Consist of one cell type
• Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma in ground tissue

***Complex plant tissues
• Consist of two or more cell types
• Dermal and vascular tissues

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8
Q

SIMPLE PLANT TISSUES
1. Parenchyma tissue (‘general purpose’ plant cell)

  1. Collenchyma tissue
  2. Sclerenchyma tissue
A

Simple Plant Tissues
1. Parenchyma tissue (‘general purpose’ plant cell)
• Makes up most of the soft primary growth
• Thin walled, pliable cells are alive at maturity and retain capacity to divide
• Participates in photosynthesis, storage, secretion, and wound healing

  1. Collenchyma tissue
    • Remain alive after maturity for growth
    • Flexible cell walls thickened with cellulose give structural support
  2. Sclerenchyma tissue
    • Provide mechanical support and protection in mature plants STRICTLY SUPPORT
    • Secondary walls are thick and strengthens and waterproofs cell wall
    • Rigid cell walls thickened with CELLULOSE and LIGININ (what makes the plant stiff)
    • Structural support to resist stretching or compression
    • Used for cloth, rope, paper and other commercial products
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9
Q

Parenchyma tissue (‘general purpose’ plant cell)

SIMPLE PLANT TISSUES

A

Parenchyma tissue (‘general purpose’ plant cell)
• Makes up most of the soft primary growth
• Thin walled, pliable cells are alive at maturity and retain capacity to divide
• Participates in photosynthesis, storage, secretion, and wound healing

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10
Q

Sclerenchyma tissue

SIMPLE PLANT TISSUES

A

Sclerenchyma tissue
• Provide mechanical support and protection in mature plants
• Secondary walls are thick and strengthens and waterproofs cell wall
• Rigid cell walls thickened with cellulose and lignin (what makes the plant stiff)
• Structural support to resist stretching or compression
• Used for cloth, rope, paper and other commercial products

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11
Q

Collenchyma tissue

SIMPLE PLANT TISSUES

A

Collenchyma tissue
• Remain alive after maturity for growth
• Flexible cell walls thickened with cellulose give structural support

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12
Q

COMPLEX PLANT TISSUES
1.
2.

A

1.EPIDERMIS
2.VASCULAR TISSUES
(XYLEM, PHLOEM)

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13
Q 
COMPLEX PLANT TISSUES 
1. Epidermis
•
•
•
•
A

EPIDERMIS

  • Single layer of cells that covers all primary plant parts
  • Waxy secretions form cuticle; covers the external surfaces of plant to restrict water loss
  • Specialized openings called stomata regulate water and gaseous exchange with air
  • ***PERIDERM- replaces epidermis when roots and stems increase in diameter and become woody
  • Cork cambium, cork cells, and parenchyma cells
  • Cork cambium – LATERAL MERISTEM that is responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems
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14
Q

COMPLEX PLANT TISSUES
2.Vascular tissues –
-
-

A

2.Vascular tissues – function in the distribution of water,
minerals, and sugars throughout the plant
-Xylem

        -Phloem
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15
Q

-Xylem

COMPLEX PLANT TISSUES

A

-Xylem
• Water conducting tubes
• Made up of tracheids, vessel elements – both waterproofed with lignin and can transport water upward and laterally in the plant—

  • TRACHEIDS- are long cells with tapered, overlapping ends
  • VESSEL ELEMENTS- are short cells joined end to end to form a tube with perforation plates
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16
Q

-Phloem

COMPLEX PLANT TISSUES

A

-Phloem
• Sugar conducting tubes
• Made up of sieve elements and supporting companion cells—

  • SIEVE ELEMENTS are connected end to end at a sieve plate to form tubes
  • COMPANION CELLS – a type of parenchyma cell, located adjacent to the tubes and function toLOAD AND UNLOAD SUGARS from the phloem
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17
Q

Stems: Internal Structure

A

Stems: Internal Structure
• Stems provide support and position leaves
for photosynthesis
• *Typically have nodes, which give rise to new
shoots or roots
• Xylem and phloem are organized as
vascular bundles
• A vascular bundle is= a cord of primary xylem
and phloem running lengthwise through the
ground tissue of shoots

• Arrangement differs between monocots and
eudicots
• **In Eudicots, vascular bundles arranged as a ring
around a central pith on the peripheral
•*****In Monocots the vascular bundles are scattered

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18
Q

STEM SPECIALIZATIONS

Stolons:
AKA STOLEN=RUNNERS

A

• Stolons: Stems that branch horizontally from the main
stem of the plant
• Roots and shoots that sprout from nodes develop into new plants
• AKA runners

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19
Q

STEM SPECIALIZATIONS

Rhizomes:

A

• Rhizomes: Fleshy stems that grow under the soil
parallel to its surface
• Found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes
• In many plants, main stem is a rhizome; often serves as the primary region for storing

GINGER ROOT- STEM SPECIALIZATION NOT A ROOT

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20
Q

STEM SPECIALIZATIONS

Bulbs:

A
  • Bulbs: stem and scales (leaves)
  • Structurally a short stem with fleshy leaves
  • Contain starch reserves (food reserves)
  • Example: ONIONS / SHALLOTS
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21
Q

STEM SPECIALIZATIONS

Corms:

A

• Corms: Swollen base of a stem
• Store nutrients, but unlike bulbs, are solid
• Underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ to survive hard conditions (winters, summer drought and heat)
WATER CHESTNUTS HOLD LOTTA WATER

22
Q

STEM SPECIALIZATIONS

Tubers:

A

• Tubers: Thick, fleshy underground storage structures
• Example: POTATOES
FLESHY THICK CUT TATORS/TUBERS

23
Q

STEM SPECIALIZATIONS

Cladodes:

A

• Cladodes: Flattened leaf-like stems specialized to store water
• Present in many cacti and other succulents
ASPARGUS

24
Q

Transpiration:

leaves

A

Transpiration: evaporation of water
from the leaves
HELPS TO DRAW MORE WATER UP THE PLANT

25
Q

• Most leaves are thin with a ____________ratio

A

• Most leaves are thin with a HIGH SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO

HIGH SURFACE AREA

26
Q

Eudicot leaves—–

A

• Eudicot leaves—– consist of two layers of
mesophyll and have branched leaf veins.
Upper and lower surfaces of the leave are
enclosed in a layer of epidermis one cell
thick.

  1. The epidermis has small openings, or stomata,
    that allow gas exchange
  2. Epidermis secretes waxy cuticle to minimize
    water loss
27
Q

• Monocot leaves have________________

A

• Monocot leaves have a single layer of

mesophyll and parallel veins

28
Q

ROOTS: EXTERNAL STRUCTURE

A

The root system is as extensive as the shoot system. Main functions are to take up water and mineral ions from the soil, anchor the plant, and store nutrients.

The primary root germinates from seed develops into a
taproot in Eudicots and a fibrous root system in monocots.

29
Q

EUDICOTS VS MONOCOTS ROOT SYSTEMS

A
  • Most DICOTS= taproot system – one primary root and lateral branching
  • Most MONOCOTS= fibrous root system – adventitious with lateral branches
30
Q

Roots: INTERNAL Structure
1.

3.

A

Roots: Internal Structure
1-WATER AND SUBSTANCES ENTER A ROOT BY CROSSING EPIDERMAL CELLS; SEEP INTO PCHYME CELLS THAT FORM CORTEX REGION OF ROOT
*GROUND TISSUE=PCHYME=NUTRIENTS

2 WATER REACHES THE ENDODERMIS -SURROUNDS THE VASCULAR SYSTEM ROOTS ARE THE ONLY SYSTEM THAT HAVE THIS SOLUTES ENTER VASCULAR SYSTEM

  1. Inside the endodermis is the…
    CYLINDER OF PERICYCLE= one or two layers of parenchyma cells –> CYLINDER GIVES RISE TO LATERAL ROOTS
    ———————————————————
  2. Water and dissolved substances enter a root by
    crossing epidermal cells and seeping into
    parenchyma cells that form the cortex region of the
    root
  3. Water then reaches the *ENDODERMIS** – a cylindrical layer or parenchyma that control which solutes enter the vascular system
  4. Inside the endodermis is the…
    CYLINDER OF PERICYCLE= one or two layers of parenchyma cells –> CYLINDER GIVES RISE TO LATERAL ROOTS

• The vascular cylinder - YOU FIND THE PERICYCLE AND VASUCLAR TISSUE

31
Q

Patterns of Growth: Primary Growth

Primary growth in _________
• Increases length/height
• Originates in apical meristems (regions of undifferentiated cells) in roots and shoots

A

Primary growth in shoots and roots

  • Increases length/height
  • Originates in apical meristems (regions of undifferentiated cells) in roots and shoots
32
Q

Patterns of Growth: Primary Growth

Apical meristem

A

• Apical meristem – region of dividing cells located at the tips of plant’s shoots and at the ends of plant’s roots. Main function is to encourage cell division and maintain the plant’s growth process

33
Q

Patterns of Growth: Secondary growth

A

A young plant grows primarily by lengthening; an older plant grows by both lengthening and thickening.

34
Q

Lateral meristems -

Patterns of Growth: Secondary growth

A

Lateral meristems are cylindrical tissue that runs lengthwise through stems and roots, giving rise to woody secondary growth in eudicots and gymnosperms.

35
Q

• Vascular cambium—

A

• Vascular cambium— produces secondary vascular tissue between cortex and pith; cells on the outer side giving rise to secondary phloem and on the inner side, secondary xylem (wood).

36
Q

Cork cambium—

A

Cork cambium— forms in the cortex, producing a tissue called cork on the outer surface. Cork is part of the periderm, which is often called bark.

37
Q

Tree rings form from_____________

A

Tree rings form from seasonal growth
• Early wood: large diameter, thin-walled xylem in spring
• Late wood: small diameter, thick-walled xylem in summer

38
Q

• ***Meristems—

A

• ***Meristems—HELLA CELL DIVISION
-also associated with vascular tissue

    • a region of plant tissue, found chiefly at the growing tips of roots and shoots, consisting of     ***actively dividing cells forming new tissue*** STEM CELLS= unspecialized that become specialized later on
39
Q

PERIDERM CELLS AND LATERAL MERISTEM

A

CELLS: Cork cambium, cork cells, and parenchyma cells

LATERAL MERISTEMS- LOCATION WHERE THERE IS RAPID CELL DIVISIONS FOR LATERAL GROWTH (STEM CELLS)

• Cork cambium = LATERAL MERISTEM that is responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems

40
Q

STEMS VASUCLAR BUNDLES

MONOCOT VS DICOT

A

• Arrangement differs between monocots and
eudicots
• **In Eudicots, vascular bundles arranged as a ring
around a central pith on the peripheral
•*****In Monocots the vascular bundles are scattered

41
Q

a new seedling can easily bend without breaking because it has a large amount of _____ cells

xylem 
phloem 
collenchyma
paraenchyma
sclerenchyma
A

collenchyma

42
Q

what is the supporting stem that connects a leaf to the rest of the plant?

A

petiole

43
Q

which type of plant ground tissue cells are responsible for sugar and starch storage

A

parenchyma

44
Q

what is the tissue that contributes to primary growth of roots and shoots?

a-vascular canibium
b-ground tissue
c-lateral meristems
d-apical meristems

A

d-apical meristems

45
Q

nutrients and hormones are transported throughout a plant by

A

phloem

46
Q

after eating through the upper epidermis the caterpillar will then eat the….

A

palisade mesophyll cells

47
Q

pores found on the lower epidermis of a leaf

A

stomata

48
Q

what is used to open and close stomata

A

guard cells

49
Q

potatoes are an example of which type of stem specialization

A

tuber

50
Q

which plant tissue allows tree stems to thicken and produce annual rings ?

a-apical meristem
b-xylem
c-phloem
d-lateral meristem 
e-ground tissue
A

b-xylem

biology 102 ms.barker (14 decks)

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