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biology 102 ms.barker > Chapter 22 LAND PLANTS lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 22 LAND PLANTS lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Plant Ancestry and Diversity
Plants are ____ and ______
they adapted _____________

A

1.)multicellular eukaryotes
2.)primarily photosynthetic
adapted to life on land

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2
Q

land plants are close relatives of ___ and ___

like ALL green algae; they have ____ in their cell walls and ____ with what pigments…

PLANTS CONTAIN WHAT?

A

land plants are….

• Close relatives of RED ALGAE and GREEN ALGAE

• Like all green algae, plants contain:
- cellulose cell walls
-chloroplasts with chlorophylls a and b
-store sugars as starch
-Create a new cell wall via cell plate formation
during cell division

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3
Q

land plants shared traits ties them closely to ____

A

charophyte algae

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4
Q

Embryophytes
• Is the Defining trait of ____ _______
• EMBRYOS FORM WITHIN THE…
•Receive nourishment _____

A
  • Defining trait of LAND PLANTS
  • Embryos form within CHAMBER OF PARENTAL TISSUES
  • Receive nourishment during development
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5
Q

All plants have alternation of generations that alternates between a ______ and a ________

A
  • Diploid (sporophyte)

* Haploid (gametophyte)

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6
Q

DIPLOID:____

A

DIPLOID:sporophyte

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7
Q

HAPLOID:_____

A

HAPLOID:gametophyte

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8
Q

Earliest plant fossils closely resemble______

ex:___________

A

bryophytes—-> (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)

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9
Q

Flower is ____

A

gametophyte stage of a sporophyte plant?

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10
Q

Alternation of Generations

1-5

A

• The diploid generation, the multicellular sporophyte,
produces haploid spores by meiosis
• Spores grow by mitosis to become the alternate
generation, the haploid gametophyte
• The gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis
• The gametes meet, and fertilization occurs to form a
diploid zygote
• The zygote grows by mitosis to become the next diploid sporophyte

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11
Q

Bryophytes examples

A

—liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

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12
Q

Bryophytes

A
  • Gametophyte is larger and longer-lived than the sporophyte
  • Nonvascular plants – do NOT contain transport tissues for nutrient transport
  • Seedless, instead they produce spores
  • Vascular plants – contain tissues for transport of water and nutrients
  • Sporophyte is larger and longer-lived than the gametophyte

• Some do not produce seeds, some do produce seeds

Ex:—liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

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13
Q

Seed-ed plants

A 
• Vascular plants that hold on to their spores and disperse by releasing seeds
• Produce pollen
• Two lineages survive today
       - Gymnosperms
       - Angiosperms
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14
Q

Story of plant evolution

A

Story of plant evolution
• Adapted to life on land
• Adapted to increasingly drier habitats
• Cuticle, Stomata, root systems, leaves and surface area

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15
Q

Sporophyte dominates all vascular plant life cycles—

A
  • Spores more likely to survive in dry conditions
  • Xylem and phloem
       -Ex: Oak tree • Large and complex sporophyte (the tree) • Gametophyte: only a few cells
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16
Q

Evolutionary Trends Among Plants

Genetic factors——–

Structural adaptations———

A

Genetic factors——–
• Haploid vs. diploid

  • As plants spread out onto drier habitats, they evolved features that allowed them to survive without being surrounded by water (vascular systems and seeds)
  • Influenced diploid sporophyte dominance

Structural adaptations———
• Cuticle=Helps reduce evaporative water loss

• Stomata= Open to allow gas exchange for
photosynthesis, Close to conserve water

• Root systems=Thread-like underground parts specialized for absorption of water and minerals

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17
Q

Cuticle

A

Helps reduce evaporative water loss

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18
Q

Stomata

A

Open to allow gas exchange for

photosynthesis, Close to conserve water

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19
Q

Root systems

A

Thread-like underground parts specialized for absorption of water and minerals

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20
Q

Vascular tissues

A
  • Internal system of pipelines
  • Xylem distributes water
  • Phloem distributes sugars
  • Lignin in xylem provides structural support
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21
Q

Leaves

A
  • Contain veins of vascular tissue

* Allow plant to capture sunlight and exchange gases

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22
Q

POLLEN GRAINS—>

SEEDS—->

Angiosperms disperse seeds inside a fruit

A

POLLEN GRAINS—> produced by seed plants are the walled, immature gametophyte
• Gives rise to male gametes
• Travel to female gametophytes on the wind or in insect bodies
• Allow plants to reproduce even in dry environments

SEEDS—-> protect the sporophyte embryo and nutritive tissue, enclosed within a waterproof seed coat
• Many have features that facilitate their dispersal

**Angiosperms disperse seeds inside a fruit

23
Q

Bryophytes -

-
-

—— Phylum Bryophyta: Mosses——

A

Bryophytes -
• Includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
• All have a dominant gametophyte*
• Lack of vascular tissue keeps bryophytes small*
• Small size helps flagellated sperm reach the egg
• Often inhabit areas vascular plants could not grow
• Ex. Colonize rocky sites and harsh conditions where vascular plants cannot take root
• Some of the only plants found in the Arctic and Antarctic

—— Phylum Bryophyta: Mosses——
• Most diverse and familiar group of bryophytes
• Gametophyte is made up of leaflike thalli arranged around a central stalk, and thready, ROOTLIKE RHIZOIDS; both can absorb water and nutrients

24
Q

Life Cycle of a moss:
1.
2.
3.

A

Life Cycle of a moss:
1. On the gametophyte, eggs and sperm develop in
gametangia at the shoot tips of the moss.
2. After fertilization, the zygote develops into a mature
sporophyte, which consists of a sporangium in which the spores develop
3. Spores are dispersed by the wind and develop into one or more gametophytes

  • Mosses can also reproduce asexually via
    fragmentation
25
Q

Liverworts:Phylum ____________

A

Liverworts:Phylum Hepaticophyta

26
Q 
liverworts-
-
-
-
-
A
  • Liverworts are in Phylum Hepaticophyta
  • Among oldest known fossils of land plants
  • Gametophytes of liverworts can be leafy liverworts
  • Can reproduce asexually and sexually

• Asexual: gemmae cups on surface of thallus
• Sexual: male and female stalks grow up from thalli and produce
gametes
• Example: Marchantia

27
Q

Hornworts in Phylum ___________
•
•

A

Hornworts in Phylum Anthocerotophyta
• Has a pointy, hornlike sporophyte
• Contain chloroplasts (unlike mosses or liverworts)

28
Q

• Most of the SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS that flourished in the past are extinct…

-
-

A

• Most of the SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS that flourished in the past are extinct…

• **Present day descendants include lycophytes,
horsetails, and ferns
• **Differ from bryophytes with respect to the
sporophytes, which:

   - Develop independently of the gametophytes
   - Have well-developed vascular tissues
   - Are the larger, longer-lived phase of the life cycle

• The spores of seedless vascular plants develop into tiny, short-lived, photosynthetic gametophytes that produce gametes

29
Q

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS OVERVIEW

A

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
• Oldest vascular plant lineages

• ***Disperse by releasing spores directly to the
environment

• ***Have flagellated sperm that swim to eggs

• Dominant sporophytes can be large and long-lived;
have true roots, stems, and leaves

• Two lineages survive today:

-Phylum Pterophyta – ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns

-Phylum Lycophyta (Lycophytes) – club mosses and spike mosses
30
Q 
SEEDLESS/VASCULAR PLANTS: Whisk ferns
 (not true ferns)
-
-
-
A

Whisk ferns (not true ferns):
• Native to the Southeastern United States
• Sporophyte has rhizome, but no roots
• Leafless, photosynthetic stems

31
Q

SEEDLESS/VASCULAR PLANTS: Horsetails

-

A

Horsetails:
• Only one remaining genus, Equisetum
• Sporophyte has hollow stems with whorls of leaves
• Deposits of silica in the cell walls of stems
(scouring rushes)
• Spores produced in sporangia clustered as a
strobilus

32
Q 
SEEDLESS/VASCULAR PLANTS: 
Club mosses
-Most common is\_\_\_\_
-
-
-

-
-

A

Club mosses
• Most common: lycophyte
• Grow on the floor of temperate forests
• Resemble mini pine trees, sometimes called ground pine
• Sporophyte has true roots and stems with small leaves growing from a rhizome

  • Ex: Lycopodium
  • Sporophytes resemble small pine trees
  • Spores produced on a strobilus
  • Waxy coating on spores can be easily ignited when suspended in air
  • Led to the use of spores as flash powder for photography and magic
33
Q 
SEEDLESS/VASCULAR PLANTS: FERNS
-
-
-
-
-
A

SEEDLESS/VASCULAR PLANTS:
Ferns
• Most diverse and familiar seedless vascular plant
• Varied in size and shape
• Most live in the tropics
• Many are epiphytes – a plant that grows on other plants but are not parasitic
• Sporophyte has leaves called fronds and a horizontal stem called a rhizome from which roots grow

34
Q

FERN Sporophyte has leaves called ______ and a horizontal stem called a ______ from which roots grow

  • Fiddlehead is a _______
  • Sorus – _____________
A

Sporophyte has leaves called fronds and a horizontal stem called a rhizome from which roots grow

  • Fiddlehead is young frond
  • Sorus – a cluster of sporangia on underside of frond; where spores are produced
35
Q

Ferns
•
•
•

A

Ferns
• Fern spores form by meiosis in sori, which germinate
into small heart-shaped gametophytes
• Eggs and sperm form in the gametangia, which
release sperm when it rains
• A fertilized egg develops into a new sporophyte, and
the parental gametophyte dies

36
Q 
Advantages of seed-bearing plants:
1. Reproductive traits
-
-
-
  1. ## Structural traits-
A

Advantages of seed-bearing plants:
1. Reproductive traits——-
• Gametophyte protected within sporophyte

  • Microspores and megaspores produced (this means the gametophyte is not dependent on external conditions anymore)
  • Seeds contain embryo and provide stored food wrapped in a protective seed coat
  1. Structural traits——-
    • Secondary growth (increases diameter)

• Some produce wood made of lignin for strength and protection

37
Q

Gymnosperms were the first seed plants to evolve

t or f

A

true

38
Q

-
-

• Types-
• 
• 
• 
•
A

Gymnosperms
• Vascular seed plants that produce “naked”
seeds
• “naked” refers to not having fruit around the seed
• Some may be in a paper or fleshy covering
• Types-
• Cycads
• Ginkgos
• Gnetophytes
• Conifers

39
Q

-
-

A

Cycads
• Only about 130 species still exist – confined to tropics and subtropics
• Often resemble palms, though not closely related
• Flagellated sperm

40
Q 
CONIFERS----
-
-
-
-
-
A

CONIFERS—–

  • Most diverse gymnosperm lineage (about 600 species)
  • Trees and shrubs with woody cones
  • Needle-like or scale-like leaves with a thick cuticle
  • More resistant to drought and cold than flowering plants
  • Evergreen
  • Include the longest lived plants
  • Some bristlecone pines are 4,000 years old
  • Great economic importance
  • Source of oils, bark mulch, and lumber
41
Q

FLOWER:

-
-

A

Angiosperm Traits
• Vascular seed plants that make flowers and fruits (i.e.
seeds produced in fruits)

Flower————
• Contains sepals, petals, stamen, and carpel
• Innermost part of the flower is the ovary
• Double fertilization produces a seed from an ovule and endosperm (stored food)
• Ovary becomes the fruit

42
Q

Angiosperm Diversity

A

Angiosperm Diversity————————
**90 percent of all species today are angiosperms*

• Angiosperm characteristics give them a selective
advantage over gymnosperms
• Shorter life cycle
• Most angiosperms develop rapidly and
produce seeds quicker than gymnosperms

Animal-pollinated flowers——————
• The development of flower leads to the attraction of insects, birds, and other
animals that helped reproduction occur rapidly

• Enhanced seed dispersal

43
Q

• Monocots and eudicots have different characteristics—

A

• Monocots and eudicots have different
characteristics:
• Monocots and dicots derive their names from the number of seed leaves (cotelydons)
—— Monocots have one, dicots have two

  • Vary in their leaf venation, arrangement of vascular tissue, and number of flower parts (petals)
  • Unlike Dicots, monocots only undergo primary growth, meaning they get long or tall, but not thick. They do not produce true wood
44
Q

why is it critical for ferns to live in a moist enviorment ?

A

ferns require water for fertilization

45
Q

Unlike Dicots, monocots only undergo ______ growth,

meaning they get long or tall, but not thick. They do not produce true wood

A

Unlike Dicots, monocots only undergo PRIMARY growth, meaning they get long or tall, but not thick. They do not produce true wood

46
Q

most of the fruits and vegetables we eat are…

A

eudicots/ dicots

47
Q

what structure grows from a true fern spore upon germination

A

prothallus

48
Q

what group of plants are commonly called sago palms and used locally for landscaping

A

cycads

49
Q

which plants were the first to have true leaves and roots in addition to true stems…

A

club mosses*

Phylum- lycophyta

Lycopodium

50
Q

what does the term dioecious mean

A

separate male and female plants

51
Q

which of the following characteristics describes a monocot SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

  • petals in 4s and 5s
  • petals in 3’s
  • fibrous root system
  • taproot system
A

petals in 3s

fibrous root system

52
Q

what were the first plants to have pollen

A

gymnosperms

53
Q

which of the following is TRUE about nonvascular plants ?

a-they reproduce w/ seeds
b-they can grow to greats heights due to water and nutrient transport efficiency
c-they have a gametophyte-dominant lifecycle
d-they have roots
e- non-vasuclar plants all have the same phylum

A

c-they have a gametophyte-dominant lifecycle

54
Q

Alternation of generations

A

diploid gen. MEIOSIS=haploid spores–>spores–> MITOSIS —> gameto gen. —>makes gametes by MITOSIS—>the gametes meet, fertilization=
=DIPLOID ZYGOTE—> zygote grows by MITOSIS—–> becomes next diploid sporophyte

biology 102 ms.barker (14 decks)

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