chapter 21 lecture Flashcards
Most protists are single-celled, but some are colonial or multicellular
t or f
true
Cells have a division of labor and depend on one another for survival
Multicellular organisms
Live in groups and behave in an integrated manner, but remain self-sufficient
Colonial organisms
Most single-celled protists have a protective layer at their cell surface….
Green algae and dinoflagellates:
Radiolaria and diatoms:
Euglena:
Green algae and dinoflagellates: cellulose-containing cell wall
Radiolaria and diatoms: Hard-mineral shell (silica “test”)
Euglena: flexible pellicle—plasma membrane with elastic proteins just under it
protective layer in Green algae and dinoflagellates:
cellulose-containing cell wall
protective layer in Radiolaria and diatoms
Hard-mineral shell (silica “test”)
protective layer in Euglena:
flexible PELLICLE —plasma membrane with elastic proteins just under it
-Autotrophs:
-Autotrophs: Carry out photosynthesis
-Heterotrophs:
-Heterotrophs: feed on various sources in the environment; some form symbiotic relationships; some are parasitic
-Mixotrophs:
-Mixotrophs: Can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic depending on conditions
- Autotrophs:
- Heterotrophs:
- Mixotrophs:
- Autotrophs: Carry out photosynthesis
- Heterotrophs: feed on various sources in the environment; some form symbiotic relationships; some are parasitic
- Mixotrophs: Can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic depending on conditions
Diatom
PLANT LIKE
4
1—-Secrete a protective SILICA shell
2—large amount of OIL
- This Helps them float and stores energy
-Ancient diatom oil transformed into petroleum
3—When they die, their shells accumulate on the ocean floor, resulting in “DIATOMACEOUS EARTH”*
4—- Diploid, single-celled or colonial— photosynthetic
Dinoflagellates:
PLANT LIKE
3
Dinoflagellates:
1— two perpendicular flagella that cause forward movement and rotation
2— bioluminescence in tropical waters***
3—Responsible for algal blooms and red tide
(Eutrophication)**
Brown algae:
PLANT LIKE
2?
- multicelled, some appear plant-like***
- kelp
Red algae:
PLANT LIKE
3
Red algae:
1—Photosynthetic, typically multicelled, live in warm currents at great depths.
2**Carageenan= used as stabilizer in ice cream, chocolate, and cosmetics
3**Gracilaria= used to make Agar (thickener in foods)
Green algae:
PLANT LIKE
two lineages-
-An informal group of photosynthetic species belonging to two lineages: chlorophyte and charophyte algae
CHLOROPHYTE algae= Most diverse group
Include freshwater and marine, single-celled (Chlamydomonas), colonial (Volvox), multicellular, filamentous (Spirogyra)
CHAROPHYTE algae= ancestors of land plants, which share many of their characteristics
Metamonads
ANIMAL LIKE
2-3
Flagellates family
***Lack mitochondria and have MULTIPLE FLAGELLA
- **Diplomonads:2 identical nuclei; live in animals as a parasite; example:
- GIARDIA LAMBLIA=Hiker’s Fever—>Dirty water)
- Anaerobic - DONT need oxygen
kinetoplast
accessory clump of DNA
Euglenozoans:
ANIMAL LIKE
EUGLENA
3
Euglenozoans-
***-Free-living flagellated protists that have mitochondria
***-All are heterotrophs, some are mixotrophs
- Can be euglenids or kinetoplastids
- Kinetoplastids -have a single large mitochondrion and a kinetoplast
kinetoplast = accessory clump of DNA
Trypanosoma brucei –
ANIMAL LIKE
VECTOR/SICKNESS?
- Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted to humans and animals via the tsetse fly and causes African Sleeping Sickness
- Flagellates
Ciliates -Paramecium
ANIMAL LIKE
2-3
1*****-Macronucleus – controls daily function and divides by mitosis during asexual reproduction
-Micronucleus – sexual reproduction (meiosis)
Paramecium=A common freshwater ciliate that uses cilia to sweep water with food particles into an oral groove
2*****oral groove—> gullet
gullet-food vacuole
CILIATES= Heterotrophic, aquatic, named for the presence of cilia
Foraminifera:
FORAMS
3
1–*****Shell made of calcium carbonate
2–*****White Cliffs of Dover in England made of CaCO3 shell
3-MOVE BY PSEUDOPODS
–Most live on the seafloor, others are members of marine plankton
-single-celled marine heterotrophs with a protective shell; holes in the shell allow for extending pseudopods
Radiolaria:
ANIMAL LIKE
3-4
1***silica shell
2***Second gas-filled cytoplasmic layer keep cells afloat
3-MOVE BY PSEUDOPODS
- single-celled marine heterotrophs with a protective shell; holes in the shell allow for extending pseudopods
- Planktonic secrete the glassy silica shell
Amoebozoans:
ANIMAL LIKE
2-3
1- Shape-shifting heterotrophic cells that
LACK a wall or a pellicle; form pseudopods
2-Single cells USE PSEUDOPODS to engulf prey
- dysentary
- brain eating amoeba
Odd-Ball: Apicomplexans
- all are animal parasites
* **INCLUDES- Plasmodium, which causes malaria
Water molds (aka Oomycetes):
FUNGI LIKE
2
Water molds (aka Oomycetes): FUNGI LIKE- use cellulose instead of chitin like fungi do
heterotrophs, form a mesh of nutrient-absorbing filaments
Which of the following protists is photosynthetic?
- Amoeba
- Diatoms
- Paramecium
- Radiolarians
-Diatoms
The failure of the potato crop & the Irish famine in the 1840s was due to which of the following?
- slime molds
- water molds
- cyanobacteria
- nematodes
-water molds
What organism is the cause of Sleeping Sickness?
Giardia
Plasmodium
Trypanosoma
Toxoplasma
Trypanosoma
What structure provides membrane support & coordinates membrane movement in many unwalled protists?
pellicle
capsid
envelope
endospore
pellicle
How do foraminiferans & radiolarians move?
pseudopodia
Paramecium move by…
Cilia
how do Amoebozoans move?
pseudopodia
how do Metamonads move?
multiple Flagella
how do Euglena move?
Flagella
how does Trypanosoma brucei move?
flagella
the protist Plasmodium is associated with what illnesses?
malaria
Which statement about euglenids is false?
Move with pseudopods
Many contain chloroplasts
Belongs to the same group as kinetoplastids
Use a contractile vacuole to maintain water balance
Move with pseudopods -false they move with flagella
What are three lineages included in the SAR super group?
Stramenopiles, alveolates, & rhizarians
Which protist can be contracted from drinking unclean stream water & causes “Hiker’s Fever?”
Giardia
Which pigment(s) is/are characteristic of red algae?
phycobilins
Which protist organisms exchange micronuclei during the process of sexual reproduction?
Ciliates (e.g. Paramecium)
All animals likely evolved from which type of protist?
Choanoflagellates
organisms transmit the organisms that cause Sleeping Sickness?
the vector—-
Tsetse flies
Land plants are thought to be most closely related to
–cyanobacteria
- lichens
- chlorophyte green algae
- charophyte green algae
charophyte green algae
Most diverse group of green algae
Includes freshwater and marine, single-celled (Chlamydomonas), colonial (Volvox), multicellular, filamentous (Spirogyra)
Chlorophyte algae
type of algae with ancestors of land plants, which share many of their characteristics
Charophyte algae
Euglenids –
Example: Euglena
EUGLENIDS-Typically freshwater, free-living, with multiple mitochondria
Kinetoplastids /kinetoplast
Kinetoplastids have a single large mitochondrion and a kinetoplast –>(clump of DNA)
