chapter 21 lecture Flashcards
Most protists are single-celled, but some are colonial or multicellular
t or f
true
Cells have a division of labor and depend on one another for survival
Multicellular organisms
Live in groups and behave in an integrated manner, but remain self-sufficient
Colonial organisms
Most single-celled protists have a protective layer at their cell surface….
Green algae and dinoflagellates:
Radiolaria and diatoms:
Euglena:
Green algae and dinoflagellates: cellulose-containing cell wall
Radiolaria and diatoms: Hard-mineral shell (silica “test”)
Euglena: flexible pellicle—plasma membrane with elastic proteins just under it
protective layer in Green algae and dinoflagellates:
cellulose-containing cell wall
protective layer in Radiolaria and diatoms
Hard-mineral shell (silica “test”)
protective layer in Euglena:
flexible PELLICLE —plasma membrane with elastic proteins just under it
-Autotrophs:
-Autotrophs: Carry out photosynthesis
-Heterotrophs:
-Heterotrophs: feed on various sources in the environment; some form symbiotic relationships; some are parasitic
-Mixotrophs:
-Mixotrophs: Can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic depending on conditions
- Autotrophs:
- Heterotrophs:
- Mixotrophs:
- Autotrophs: Carry out photosynthesis
- Heterotrophs: feed on various sources in the environment; some form symbiotic relationships; some are parasitic
- Mixotrophs: Can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic depending on conditions
Diatom
PLANT LIKE
4
1—-Secrete a protective SILICA shell
2—large amount of OIL
- This Helps them float and stores energy
-Ancient diatom oil transformed into petroleum
3—When they die, their shells accumulate on the ocean floor, resulting in “DIATOMACEOUS EARTH”*
4—- Diploid, single-celled or colonial— photosynthetic
Dinoflagellates:
PLANT LIKE
3
Dinoflagellates:
1— two perpendicular flagella that cause forward movement and rotation
2— bioluminescence in tropical waters***
3—Responsible for algal blooms and red tide
(Eutrophication)**
Brown algae:
PLANT LIKE
2?
- multicelled, some appear plant-like***
- kelp
Red algae:
PLANT LIKE
3
Red algae:
1—Photosynthetic, typically multicelled, live in warm currents at great depths.
2**Carageenan= used as stabilizer in ice cream, chocolate, and cosmetics
3**Gracilaria= used to make Agar (thickener in foods)
Green algae:
PLANT LIKE
two lineages-
-An informal group of photosynthetic species belonging to two lineages: chlorophyte and charophyte algae
CHLOROPHYTE algae= Most diverse group
Include freshwater and marine, single-celled (Chlamydomonas), colonial (Volvox), multicellular, filamentous (Spirogyra)
CHAROPHYTE algae= ancestors of land plants, which share many of their characteristics
Metamonads
ANIMAL LIKE
2-3
Flagellates family
***Lack mitochondria and have MULTIPLE FLAGELLA
- **Diplomonads:2 identical nuclei; live in animals as a parasite; example:
- GIARDIA LAMBLIA=Hiker’s Fever—>Dirty water)
- Anaerobic - DONT need oxygen
kinetoplast
accessory clump of DNA
Euglenozoans:
ANIMAL LIKE
EUGLENA
3
Euglenozoans-
***-Free-living flagellated protists that have mitochondria
***-All are heterotrophs, some are mixotrophs
- Can be euglenids or kinetoplastids
- Kinetoplastids -have a single large mitochondrion and a kinetoplast
kinetoplast = accessory clump of DNA
Trypanosoma brucei –
ANIMAL LIKE
VECTOR/SICKNESS?
- Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted to humans and animals via the tsetse fly and causes African Sleeping Sickness
- Flagellates
Ciliates -Paramecium
ANIMAL LIKE
2-3
1*****-Macronucleus – controls daily function and divides by mitosis during asexual reproduction
-Micronucleus – sexual reproduction (meiosis)
Paramecium=A common freshwater ciliate that uses cilia to sweep water with food particles into an oral groove
2*****oral groove—> gullet
gullet-food vacuole
CILIATES= Heterotrophic, aquatic, named for the presence of cilia
Foraminifera:
FORAMS
3
1–*****Shell made of calcium carbonate
2–*****White Cliffs of Dover in England made of CaCO3 shell
3-MOVE BY PSEUDOPODS
–Most live on the seafloor, others are members of marine plankton
-single-celled marine heterotrophs with a protective shell; holes in the shell allow for extending pseudopods
Radiolaria:
ANIMAL LIKE
3-4
1***silica shell
2***Second gas-filled cytoplasmic layer keep cells afloat
3-MOVE BY PSEUDOPODS
- single-celled marine heterotrophs with a protective shell; holes in the shell allow for extending pseudopods
- Planktonic secrete the glassy silica shell
Amoebozoans:
ANIMAL LIKE
2-3
1- Shape-shifting heterotrophic cells that
LACK a wall or a pellicle; form pseudopods
2-Single cells USE PSEUDOPODS to engulf prey
- dysentary
- brain eating amoeba
