lab 4 PLANT DIVERSITY Flashcards
SEEDLESS PLANTS-
1.
2.
3.
- Non-vascular, seedless
- Hepaticophyta (liverworts)
- Bryophyta (bryophyte mosses)
- Anthocerophyta (hornworts) - Vascular, seedless
- Pteridophyta (ferns)
- Lycophyta (club mosses) - Vascular, bear seeds
SEEDLESS-?
Common Plant Characteristics - - - - -
Common Plant Characteristics
•Photoautotrophic
- ***Cell walls composed of CELLULOSE (starch)
- Non-motile***
- some have flagellated sperm
- Reproduce both sexually & asexually
- **May be monoecious (both female and male on one plant) or dioecious (separate female and male
- **Most plants have both haploid & diploid multicellular forms
Alternation of generations
SEEDLESS PLANTS-
AOG
Alternation of generations???
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General Plant Reproduction-
Alternation of generations (AOG):
1.Haploid gametophyte produces sex organs
• Antheridium (MALE) produces
sperm
• Archegonium (FEMALE) produces eggs
2.Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
• Diploid sporophyte
SEEDLESS PLANTS-
Bryophytes – liverworts and mosses
Bryophytes – liverworts and mosses
(Most primitive plants)
- ***NON-VASCULAR – lack structures for transport of water & nutrients (X & P)
- Limits size
- Must live in wet environment
- RHIZOIDS = root-like structures that anchor the plant
- Most common group of plants after angiosperms (24,000 known species)
- We are most interested in MOSS AND LIVERWORTS
- Hornworts are also in this group
SEEDLESS PLANTS-
Bryophyte Reproduction
-Dominant phase of life cycle =\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
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Bryophyte Reproduction
•***Dominant phase of life cycle = Gametophyte
- ***Thallus = visible plant “body”
- Flagellated sperm; must swim to eggs
- Requires moist environment
- Zygote (2n) grows into an upright sporophyte (2n) stalk
- Meiosis produces spores (n) in sporophyte capsule**
•Upon release, spores mature into new
gametophyte (n) plants
•Mosses may reproduce asexually via ______
SEEDLESS PLANTS-
Phylum Hepaticophyta:
(Liverworts): Marchantia
Phylum Hepaticophyta:
(Liverworts): Marchantia
• The gametophyte consists of the flat, lobed thalli
- Gametes are produced within structures that
resemble tiny palm trees
- Sperm must swim to egg and then fertilizes to
produce zygote
• The diploid sporophyte develops from the zygote
SEEDLESS PLANTS-
Phylum Hepaticophyta:
Liverworts-
What structures are used for asexual reproduction?
Gemmae cups- structures for asexual
reproduction
SEEDLESS PLANTS-
Phylum Bryophyta
(Mosses): Mnium
Phylum Bryophyta
(Mosses): Mnium
• Gametophyte
-Male and female structures that compose the carpetlike structures usually seen
-*Green leafy structures are the gametophyte
-Male produces sperm that swims to the egg, and the
fertilizes into ZYGOTE
Sporophyte——-
• Diploid zygote becomes the diploid sporophyte via
mitosis
-Stalks with capsule at top
• Spores—> are formed within sporophyte via meiosis
• Spores fall to the ground, germinate and give rise to
new gametophyte structure
SEEDLESS PLANTS-
Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns & club mosses
Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns & club mosses
•Seedless vascular plants
-Xylem & phloem vessels for transport of water &
nutrients
- A mature fern is a diploid sporophyte
- Most common phyla is Pterophyta (true ferns)***
- Club mosses (phylum Lycophyta) possess true roots, stems & leaves
SEEDLESS PLANTS-
Phylum Pterophyta: Fern structures •Sporophylls: • Fronds: •Stomata: •Sori: • Each sorus (singular) is a cluster of individual \_\_\_\_\_\_. •Prothallus:
Phylum Pterophyta: Fern structures
•Sporophylls: leaf-like structures that
bear spores
• Fronds = true fern “leaves”
•Stomata: pores that open & close for
regulation of gas exchange
•Sori: clusters of spores on the
underside of the leaf
• Each sorus (singular) is a cluster of
individual sporangia***
•Prothallus: the haploid gametophyte;
a tiny heart-shaped structure bearing
rhizoids, hold gametes (sperm and
egg)
SEEDLESS PLANTS-
Pterophyta Reproduction- - - - -
Pterophyta Reproduction
•Mature (dominant) form = sporophyte (2n)
•Produces diploid spores
•Spores undergo meiosis, then mitosis, to form the prothallus (gametophyte [n])
•Flagellated sperm must swim to eggs to form zygotes (2n)
•New sporophyte (2n) grows up from gametophyte surface
SEEDLESS PLANTS-
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Pterophyta: Horsetails
• Dominant sporophyte is divided into segments
by whorls of leaves
- Stems are hollow and contain silica (“scouring rushes”)
- Spores produced in strobili
SEEDLESS PLANTS-
Phylum Lycophyta: club mosses
Phylum Lycophyta: club mosses
•This confusing plant produces strobili like a gymnosperm, but does not produce seeds
-this is where spores are produced
•Oldest living lineage of vascular plants
- Often called “little pines” or “ground pines” due to appearance of pine tree
- Lycopodia is flammable because of the high oil content in spores
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
DIVISIONS OF KINGDOM PLANTAE
Non-vascular, seedless
Bryophyta (moss)
Hepaticophyta (liverworts)
Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
Vascular, seedless
Pteridophyta (true ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails)
Lycophyta (club moss)
Vascular, bear seeds on cones
Coniferophyta (conifers / pines)
Cycadophyta (sago palms)
Gingkophyta (ginkgo)
Gnetophyta
Vascular, bear flowers / fruit
Anthophyta (flowering plants)
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
COMMON PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
1-6
COMMON PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
1. Photoautotrophic
2. Cell walls composed of cellulose (starch)
3. Non-motile
some have flagellated sperm
4. Reproduce both sexually & asexually
5. May be monoecious or dioecious
6. Most plants have both haploid & diploid
multicellular forms
in animals, only gametes are haploid
PLANTS WITH SEEDS - GENERAL PLANT REPRODUCTION Alternation of generations (AOG): 1. 2. 3.
GENERAL PLANT REPRODUCTION
Alternation of generations (AOG):
- Haploid gametophyte produces sex organs
Antheridium (male) produces sperm
Archegonium (female) produces eggs - Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
Diploid sporophyte - Through meiosis, zygote produces haploid
spores which can develop into gametophyte
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
--POLLEN & SEEDS-- - - - -
POLLEN & SEEDS
•As an evolutionary advantage, plants moved away from water onto land. In order to get sperm to fertilize the egg, plants evolved POLLEN
• POLLEN- the male gametophyte of seed plants
-Only contain a few cells
• Most gymnosperms are anemophilous– they rely on
wind to disperse pollen
-Have to produce large quantities of pollen to
ensure success
• Many angiosperms rely on a variety of animals
(insects, birds, bats, etc.) to help transfer pollen. Plants
pollinated by animals are referred to as zoophilous
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
-POLLEN & SEEDS
POLLEN & SEEDS
•Pollen solved the problem of transferring sperm to egg..however it would be an evolutionary disadvantage
to have embryos grow right next to parent plant..thus seeds evolved for better dispersion.
• *****Seeds – embryonic developing structure of gymnosperms and angiosperms
- Embryo remains safe while being transported various distances before being deposited in fertile soil
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
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Phyla include: 1. 2. 3. 4.
GYMNOSPERMS
• Vascular
• “Naked” seeds carried on male or female cones
• Male cones make pollen, females make eggs
• Phyla include:
1.Coniferophyta (pine trees) = most common
2.Cycadophyta (sago palms)
3.Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) – dioecious; no cones
4.Gnetophyta live in West Africa; but are used
sometimes for landscaping
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
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1.
2.
3.
PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA CONE BEARERS
• Have needle-like leaves with strong cuticle
- Few are deciduous, but most are evergreen not annual
- Most are monoecious – male and female cones produced on same tree
- 2 types of cones (for the 2 types of spores)
- Pollen-bearing cone = male
- Seed-bearing cone = female
Development of the seed takes
3 years
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
PHYLUM GINKGOPHYTA • One species - • Commonly called the “Maidenhair tree” • • •
PHYLUM GINKGOPHYTA
• One species— (Gingko biloba)
• Commonly called the “Maidenhair tree”
• DiCIDuous – shed leaves annually
• Dioecious – separate male and female plants
• Male trees widely cultivated
• Female trees produce foul-smelling seed pods
(& therefore, are not so avidly cultivated)**
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
ANGIOSPERMS • • • •
ANGIOSPERMS
• Produce flowers & fruit (encases seeds)
• *****Most diverse & numerous (& edible!) of plants
• Only phyla that undergoes DOUBLE FERTILIZATION
• Classified as monocots or dicots
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
• Peduncle:
• Peduncle: stalk
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
Receptacle:
Receptacle: base of flower
• Sepal:
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
• Sepal: outermost, leafy; form the calyx
• Petal:
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
• Petal: form the corolla
• Stamen:
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
• Stamen: male portion; filament, anther,
& pollen grains
• Carpel:
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
• Carpel: female portion; ovary, style &
stigma
