Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology 102 ms.barker > lab 4 PLANT DIVERSITY > Flashcards

lab 4 PLANT DIVERSITY Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

SEEDLESS PLANTS-
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Non-vascular, seedless
    - Hepaticophyta (liverworts)
    - Bryophyta (bryophyte mosses)
    - Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
  2. Vascular, seedless
    - Pteridophyta (ferns)
    - Lycophyta (club mosses)
  3. Vascular, bear seeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

SEEDLESS-?

Common Plant Characteristics
-
-
-
-
-
A

Common Plant Characteristics
•Photoautotrophic

  • ***Cell walls composed of CELLULOSE (starch)
  • Non-motile***
  • some have flagellated sperm
  • Reproduce both sexually & asexually
  • **May be monoecious (both female and male on one plant) or dioecious (separate female and male
  • **Most plants have both haploid & diploid multicellular forms

Alternation of generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

SEEDLESS PLANTS-

AOG

Alternation of generations???

-

A

General Plant Reproduction-
Alternation of generations (AOG):

1.Haploid gametophyte produces sex organs
• Antheridium (MALE) produces
sperm
• Archegonium (FEMALE) produces eggs

2.Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
• Diploid sporophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SEEDLESS PLANTS-

Bryophytes – liverworts and mosses

A

Bryophytes – liverworts and mosses
(Most primitive plants)

  • ***NON-VASCULAR – lack structures for transport of water & nutrients (X & P)
  • Limits size
  • Must live in wet environment
  • RHIZOIDS = root-like structures that anchor the plant
  • Most common group of plants after angiosperms (24,000 known species)
  • We are most interested in MOSS AND LIVERWORTS
  • Hornworts are also in this group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

SEEDLESS PLANTS-

Bryophyte Reproduction

     -Dominant phase of life cycle =\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
     -
     -
     -
     -
A

Bryophyte Reproduction
•***Dominant phase of life cycle = Gametophyte

  • ***Thallus = visible plant “body”
  • Flagellated sperm; must swim to eggs
  • Requires moist environment
  • Zygote (2n) grows into an upright sporophyte (2n) stalk
  • Meiosis produces spores (n) in sporophyte capsule**

•Upon release, spores mature into new
gametophyte (n) plants

•Mosses may reproduce asexually via ______

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SEEDLESS PLANTS-
Phylum Hepaticophyta:

(Liverworts): Marchantia

A

Phylum Hepaticophyta:
(Liverworts): Marchantia
• The gametophyte consists of the flat, lobed thalli
- Gametes are produced within structures that
resemble tiny palm trees
- Sperm must swim to egg and then fertilizes to
produce zygote

• The diploid sporophyte develops from the zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SEEDLESS PLANTS-

Phylum Hepaticophyta:
Liverworts-

What structures are used for asexual reproduction?

A

Gemmae cups- structures for asexual

reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SEEDLESS PLANTS-

Phylum Bryophyta
(Mosses): Mnium

A

Phylum Bryophyta
(Mosses): Mnium
• Gametophyte
-Male and female structures that compose the carpetlike structures usually seen
-*Green leafy structures are the gametophyte
-Male produces sperm that swims to the egg, and the
fertilizes into ZYGOTE

Sporophyte——-
• Diploid zygote becomes the diploid sporophyte via
mitosis
-Stalks with capsule at top

• Spores—> are formed within sporophyte via meiosis
• Spores fall to the ground, germinate and give rise to
new gametophyte structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SEEDLESS PLANTS-

Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns & club mosses

A

Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns & club mosses

•Seedless vascular plants
-Xylem & phloem vessels for transport of water &
nutrients

  • A mature fern is a diploid sporophyte
  • Most common phyla is Pterophyta (true ferns)***
  • Club mosses (phylum Lycophyta) possess true roots, stems & leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

SEEDLESS PLANTS-

Phylum Pterophyta: Fern structures
•Sporophylls: 
• Fronds:
•Stomata: 
•Sori: 
• Each sorus (singular) is a cluster of
individual \_\_\_\_\_\_.
•Prothallus:
A

Phylum Pterophyta: Fern structures
•Sporophylls: leaf-like structures that
bear spores

• Fronds = true fern “leaves”

•Stomata: pores that open & close for
regulation of gas exchange

•Sori: clusters of spores on the
underside of the leaf

• Each sorus (singular) is a cluster of
individual sporangia***

•Prothallus: the haploid gametophyte;
a tiny heart-shaped structure bearing
rhizoids, hold gametes (sperm and
egg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

SEEDLESS PLANTS-

Pterophyta Reproduction-
-
-
-
-
A

Pterophyta Reproduction
•Mature (dominant) form = sporophyte (2n)
•Produces diploid spores
•Spores undergo meiosis, then mitosis, to form the prothallus (gametophyte [n])
•Flagellated sperm must swim to eggs to form zygotes (2n)
•New sporophyte (2n) grows up from gametophyte surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

SEEDLESS PLANTS-

-
-

A

Pterophyta: Horsetails
• Dominant sporophyte is divided into segments
by whorls of leaves

  • Stems are hollow and contain silica (“scouring rushes”)
  • Spores produced in strobili
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SEEDLESS PLANTS-

Phylum Lycophyta: club mosses

A

Phylum Lycophyta: club mosses
•This confusing plant produces strobili like a gymnosperm, but does not produce seeds
-this is where spores are produced

•Oldest living lineage of vascular plants

  • Often called “little pines” or “ground pines” due to appearance of pine tree
  • Lycopodia is flammable because of the high oil content in spores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

DIVISIONS OF KINGDOM PLANTAE

A 
Non-vascular, seedless
      Bryophyta (moss)
      Hepaticophyta (liverworts)
      Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
Vascular, seedless
       Pteridophyta (true ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails)
       Lycophyta (club moss)
Vascular, bear seeds on cones
      Coniferophyta (conifers / pines)
      Cycadophyta (sago palms)
      Gingkophyta (ginkgo)
      Gnetophyta

Vascular, bear flowers / fruit
Anthophyta (flowering plants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

COMMON PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
1-6

A

COMMON PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
1. Photoautotrophic
2. Cell walls composed of cellulose (starch)
3. Non-motile
 some have flagellated sperm
4. Reproduce both sexually & asexually
5. May be monoecious or dioecious
6. Most plants have both haploid & diploid
multicellular forms
 in animals, only gametes are haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q 
PLANTS WITH SEEDS -
GENERAL PLANT REPRODUCTION
Alternation of generations (AOG):
1.
2.
3.
A

GENERAL PLANT REPRODUCTION
Alternation of generations (AOG):

  1. Haploid gametophyte produces sex organs
     Antheridium (male) produces sperm
     Archegonium (female) produces eggs
  2. Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
     Diploid sporophyte
  3. Through meiosis, zygote produces haploid
    spores which can develop into gametophyte
17
Q

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

--POLLEN & SEEDS--
-
-
-
-
A

POLLEN & SEEDS
•As an evolutionary advantage, plants moved away from water onto land. In order to get sperm to fertilize the egg, plants evolved POLLEN

• POLLEN- the male gametophyte of seed plants
-Only contain a few cells
• Most gymnosperms are anemophilous– they rely on
wind to disperse pollen
-Have to produce large quantities of pollen to
ensure success
• Many angiosperms rely on a variety of animals
(insects, birds, bats, etc.) to help transfer pollen. Plants
pollinated by animals are referred to as zoophilous

18
Q

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

-POLLEN & SEEDS

A

POLLEN & SEEDS
•Pollen solved the problem of transferring sperm to egg..however it would be an evolutionary disadvantage
to have embryos grow right next to parent plant..thus seeds evolved for better dispersion.

• *****Seeds – embryonic developing structure of gymnosperms and angiosperms
- Embryo remains safe while being transported various distances before being deposited in fertile soil

19
Q

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

-
-

Phyla include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A

GYMNOSPERMS
• Vascular
• “Naked” seeds carried on male or female cones
• Male cones make pollen, females make eggs
• Phyla include:
1.Coniferophyta (pine trees) = most common
2.Cycadophyta (sago palms)
3.Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) – dioecious; no cones
4.Gnetophyta live in West Africa; but are used
sometimes for landscaping

20
Q

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

-
-

1.
2.
3.

A

PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA CONE BEARERS
• Have needle-like leaves with strong cuticle

  • Few are deciduous, but most are evergreen not annual
  • Most are monoecious – male and female cones produced on same tree
  • 2 types of cones (for the 2 types of spores)
  1. Pollen-bearing cone = male
  2. Seed-bearing cone = female
    Development of the seed takes
    3 years
21
Q

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

PHYLUM GINKGOPHYTA
• One species -
• Commonly called the “Maidenhair tree”
• 
• 
•
A

PHYLUM GINKGOPHYTA
• One species— (Gingko biloba)
• Commonly called the “Maidenhair tree”
• DiCIDuous – shed leaves annually
• Dioecious – separate male and female plants
• Male trees widely cultivated
• Female trees produce foul-smelling seed pods
(& therefore, are not so avidly cultivated)**

22
Q

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

ANGIOSPERMS
• 
• 
•
•
A

ANGIOSPERMS
• Produce flowers & fruit (encases seeds)
• *****Most diverse & numerous (& edible!) of plants
• Only phyla that undergoes DOUBLE FERTILIZATION
• Classified as monocots or dicots

23
Q

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

• Peduncle:

A

• Peduncle: stalk

24
Q

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

Receptacle:

A

Receptacle: base of flower

25
Q

• Sepal:

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

A

• Sepal: outermost, leafy; form the calyx

26
Q

• Petal:

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

A

• Petal: form the corolla

27
Q

• Stamen:

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

A

• Stamen: male portion; filament, anther,

& pollen grains

28
Q

• Carpel:

PLANTS WITH SEEDS -

A

• Carpel: female portion; ovary, style &

stigma

biology 102 ms.barker (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions