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biology 102 ms.barker > LECTURE ch 24 part 1 > Flashcards

LECTURE ch 24 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Kingdom Animalia: the animals—>
 Multicelled ___________**

 _____________________*****

_____________________*****
 Most reproduce sexually

A

Kingdom Animalia: the animals
 Multicelled heterotrophs**
(ingest food, digest it, and absorb the released
nutrients)
 Unwalled cells**
 Motile during part or all of their lifetime*****
 Most reproduce sexually

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2
Q

 Sessile –
 Sedentary –
 Motile –

A

 Sessile – attached to substrate & non-moving
 Sedentary – little movement
 Motile – active movement

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3
Q

 Sponges are __________
 Jellies and other cnidarians have _________
 Animals with three-layer body plan have _______

(symmetry)

A

 Sponges are asymmetrical
 Jellies and other cnidarians have radial symmetry
 Animals with three-layer body plan have bilateral symmetry

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4
Q

 Jellies and other cnidarians have 2 tissue layers
 Outer and inner=____________
 Other animals include a middle layer=________
 Internal organs develop from this layer^

A

 Jellies and other cnidarians have 2 Tissue layers
 Outer ECTODERM**
 Inner ENDODERM**
 Other animals include a MESODERM(middle layer)
 Internal organs develop from the mesoderm

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5
Q 
Germ Layers
Outer = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
     -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Middle =\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
     -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Inner = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
     -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
Germ Layers
Outer = ECTODERM
     -body coverings & nervous system
Middle =MESODERM 
     -skeleton & muscles
Inner = ENDODERM
     -digestive organs& intestines
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6
Q

Tissue Development: Embryo structure
 ______(fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions = ______

Forms a hollow ball of cells =_____

A

Tissue Development: Embryo structure
Zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell
divisions =CLEAVAGE*
Forms a hollow ball of cells = BLASTULA*

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7
Q

–Animal Traits and Body Plans–
 Bilateral animals divided into two lineages
-PROTOSTOMES
 First embryonic opening becomes the mouth
 Most invertebrates
-DEUTEROSTOMES
 First embryonic opening becomes the anus, second opening becomes the mouth
 Some invertebrates and all vertebrates

A

–Animal Traits and Body Plans–
 Bilateral animals divided into two lineages
-PROTOSTOMES
 First embryonic opening becomes the mouth
 Most invertebrates
-DEUTEROSTOMES
 First embryonic opening becomes the anus, second opening becomes the mouth
 Some invertebrates and all vertebrates

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8
Q

 Bilateral animals divided into two lineages
1 -PROTOSTOMES

A

 Bilateral animals divided into two lineages
1 -PROTOSTOMES
 First embryonic opening becomes the mouth
 Most invertebrates

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9
Q

 Bilateral animals divided into two lineages
2 -DEUTEROSTOMES

A

 Bilateral animals divided into two lineages
2 -DEUTEROSTOMES
 First embryonic opening becomes the anus, second opening becomes the mouth
 Some invertebrates and all vertebrates

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10
Q

In sponges, digestion is intracellular—

Intracellular=________________

A

In sponges, digestion is intracellular—

 intracellular digestion is the breakdown of substances within the cytoplasm of a cell.

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11
Q

Cnidarians & flatworms digest in the _______

A

Cnidarians & flatworms digest in thegastrovascular cavity**

 In roundworms, this cavity is a pseudocoelompartially lined with tissue from mesoderm

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12
Q

A sac like gut that also functions in gas exchange. Waste is expelled through the same opening that takes in food

A

gastrovascular cavity

 A sac like gut that also functions in gas exchange. Waste is expelled through the same opening that takes in food

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13
Q

acoelom-

A

Flatworms have a solid mass of tissues around their
gut (“acoelom”)
– (do not have a coelom= a/coelom)

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14
Q

Pseudocoelom-

A

Roundworms have a cavity PPARTIALLY lined with
mesoderm (between endo & meso)
PPseudocoelom**
-Pseudocoelom

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15
Q

coelom-

A

Most others have a body cavity fully lined with mesoderm – a space that allows internal organs to
expand and operate freely
coelom

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16
Q

 Flatworms have a solid mass of tissues around their
gut called _______

 Roundworms have a cavity Ppartially lined with
mesoderm (between endo & meso) called _____.

 Most others have a body cavity fully lined with
mesoderm – a space that allows internal organs to
expand and operate freely is called_____

A

 Flatworms have a solid mass of tissues around their
gut –acoelom

 Roundworms have a cavity Ppartially lined with
mesoderm (between endo & meso)
-Ppseudocoelom

 Most others have a body cavity fully lined with
mesoderm – a space that allows internal organs to
expand and operate freely
-coelom

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17
Q
  • –Colonial theory of animal origins
  • First animals evolved from a colonial protist called_____

-___________

A

—Colonial theory of animal origins
 First animals evolved from a colonial protist
(choanoflagellates)
- Colonies had specialized cell types
- Eventually process produced the first animal

Choanoflagellate cells resemble cells in modern sponges

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18
Q

Dramatic adaptive radiation occurred during the Cambrian (542–488 million years ago)
– ________________________

A

Dramatic adaptive radiation occurred during the Cambrian (542–488 million years ago)
* – The Cambrian EXPLOSION
 All animal lineages present by the end of the period
 Environmental factors were probable influences
- Global climate warmed
- Oxygen concentration increased
(Both made the environment more hospitable for life)

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19
Q 
Phylum Porifera
-Sponges
****Porifera Characteristics****





A 
Phylum Porifera
-Sponges
****Porifera Characteristics****
 “pore bearing”
 Sessile
 No organs or tissues
 Asymmetrical
 Filter feeders
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20
Q

Phylum Porifera- sponges
Body plan
 Ostia-______________________
-_________

 Osculum -__________________________
-_________

 Mesohyl -____________________________

- Spicules 
- Spongin
A 
Body plan
 Ostia (sing, “ostium”) = tiny pores
    -Incoming water
 Osculum (Pl. “oscula”) = large exhalant opening
   -Water outlet
 Mesohyl = jellylike middle matrix with structural
components
    -Spicules = CaCO3 or Si “spikes”
    -Spongin = fibrous protein network
21
Q

SPONGE Body plan
 Ostia (singular, “ostium”) = __________
-_________

A

Body plan
 Ostia (sing, “ostium”) = tiny pores
-Incoming water

22
Q

SPONGE Body plan
 Mesohyl = ______________________________
-Spicules =_______________
-Spongin = _______________

A 
Body plan
 Mesohyl = jellylike middle matrix with structural
components
    -Spicules = CaCO3 or Si “spikes”
    -Spongin = fibrous protein network
23
Q

Choanocytes
 AKA-___________

A

Choanocytes
 AKA “collar cells”
 Line canals & chambers
 Collar composed ofmicrovilli

24
Q

Amoebocytes
 move with________

A

Amoebocytes
 Move with pseudopods
 Clean pores
 Differentiate into more specialized cells

25
SPONGES:Phylum Porifera ``` ----what for Structural support?  _____________ - contain: -_______ - _______  ______________ ```
``` what for Structural support?  spicules - Calcium carbonate - Silica  spongin ```
26
``` Sponge Reproduction SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL ASEXUALLY-----    ``` SEXUALLY----   Phylum Porifera- sponges
Sponge Reproduction SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL ASEXUALLY-----  Breaking into fragments  Budding  Internal buds – gemmules can remain dormant -(Freshwater sponges only)- SEXUALLY----  Most sponges are hermaphrodites (each individual can produce both eggs & sperm) -Don’t self-fertilize – Sperm are released into water  Fertilization produces a zygote that develops into a CILIATED PLANKTON LARVA
27
ASEXUAL Sponge Reproduction - - - Phylum Porifera- sponges
Sponge Reproduction -SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL - ASEXUALLY-----  Breaking into fragments  Budding  Internal buds – gemmules can remain dormant -(Freshwater sponges only)-
28
SEXUAL Sponge Reproduction - - Phylum Porifera- sponges
SEXUALLY----  Most sponges are HERMAPHRODITES (each individual can produce both eggs & sperm) -Don’t self-fertilize – Sperm are released into water  Fertilization produces a zygote that develops into a CILIATED PLANKTON LARVA
29
Phylum Cnidaria BODY STRUCTURE---- ``` ---Cnidarian body structure---     - - - ```  2 tissue layers _____ and ______  
Phylum Cnidaria--- ``` ---Cnidarian body structure---  Radial Symmetry  “Hydrostatic skeleton”  ***Tentacles with cnidocytes=(Stinging cells)*** -Cnidocytes contain springtriggered, barbed nematocysts  Nerve Net (no brain / cephalization) -Detects and responds to stimuli - Swimming -Tentacle movement ```  2 tissue layers (endo- & ectoderm)  Mesoglea “middle jelly” between = hydrostatic skeleton  Gastrovascular cavity (vs. digestive tract)
30
Cnidocytes –
Cnidocytes – cells that Contain specialized organelles called nematocysts for stinging and prey capture & predator defense
31
cells that Contain specialized organelles called nematocysts for stinging and prey capture & predator defense
Cnidocytes – cells that Contain specialized organelles called nematocysts for stinging and prey capture & predator defense
32
``` Cnidarian body plans  Phylum Cnidaria: stinging Cnidarians  Body plans: - Medusa: ``` -Polyp:
Cnidarian body plans  Phylum Cnidaria: stinging Cnidarians Body plans:  MEDUSA: “umbrella” shaped w/ mouth & tentacles usually downward*** -Mobile*** -Typically reproduce sexually  POLYP: “cup” shaped w/ mouth & tentacles usually upward -Sessile / sedentary -Typically reproduce asexually w/ “medusa buds"
33
Cnidarians---Classes of Phylum Cnidaria--- | Healthcare sucks ass
Cnidarians---Classes of Phylum Cnidaria--- HEALTHCARE SUCKS ASS --HYDROZOANS -Example: Hydra, a freshwater predatory polyp -Portuguese Man-o-War = colony of polyps & medusae - -CUBOZOANS - Box jellies - - SCYPHOZOANS - Jellies that wash up on beaches - --ANTHOZOANS - Corals and sea anemones
34
``` Class Hydrozoa: Hydra***  ***   -  - - ```
``` Class Hydrozoa: Hydra  ***Fresh water Mobile polyp***  5-6 tentacles surround the mouth  Basal disk -For attachment  Movement -Floating -cartwheel ```
35
``` Class Scyphozoa: Typical Jellies Solitary***  -   ```
``` Class Scyphozoa: Typical Jellies Solitary***  Both polyp & medusa stages -Medusa = dominant body form  Stinging tentacles  All marine ```
36
``` Class Cubozoa: Box Jellies  -   ```
``` Class Cubozoa: Box Jellies  strong swimming medusa forms*** -Fish predators  Image-forming eyes  Strong neurotoxin sting -Australian sea wasp is the world’s deadliest (64 deaths known) (Sting can produce an excruciating pain accompanied by an intense burning sensation, like being branded with a red hot iron) ```
37
``` Phylum Cnidaria: Class Anthozoa includes - - - - - - ```
``` Phylum Cnidaria: Class Anthozoa Hard corals Soft corals Sea anenomes Sea pansies Sea whips Sea fans CORALS AND PAWF ```
38
``` Class Anthozoa: Corals    ```
``` Class Anthozoa: Corals  Most are colonial  “hard” or “stony” corals: Polyp builds & lives in CaCo3 case ----> form reefs  “Soft” corals: No CACO3 Case ```
39
Phylum Platyhelminthes--------- PLAT=FLAT Flukes pLanaria AND Tapeworms flat
Phylum Platyhelminthes---------  Class Turbellaria – Planaria  Class Cestoda – Tapeworms  Class Trematoda – Flukes
40
``` Characteristics of Platyhelminthes      ```
``` Characteristics of Platyhelminthes  Common= flatworms  Three tissue layers***  Acoelomate body with bilateral symmetry**** -Organ system, but no coelom  Cephalization (simple brain) ```
41
``` Platyhelminthes Flatworms – Class Turbellaria: -Planarian    ```
Platyhelminthes Flatworms – Class Turbellaria: -Planarian  ***Planarian: type of free living flatworm common in ponds -Muscular tube called a *PHARNYX* sucks food into gastrovascular cavity -Simple brain of paired *GANGLIA* ->EYESPOTS on head to detect light***  Excess water and small wastes removed via diffusion from FLAME CELLS***  HERMAPHRODITIC, but cannot fertilize its own eggs -Swap sperm or engage in copulation -Many can reproduce asexually & can regenerate
42
``` Platyhelminthes – Class Cestoda -Tapeworms (Class Cestoda)   Scolex=  Proglottids= -  - ***from eating undercooked beef and pork*** ```
Platyhelminthes – Class Cestoda -Tapeworms (Class Cestoda)  Live and reproduce in the vertebrate gut  Scolex= includes hooks and/or suckers to attach to the gut wall  Proglottids= (body segments) continuously grow from the scolex -Complete hermaphroditic unit  Do not have a gastrovascular cavity -Absorb nutrients across the body wall ***from eating undercooked beef and pork***
43
Platyhelminthes – Class Trematoda (Flukes) ```    ex- ex- ```
Platyhelminthes – Class Trematoda (Flukes)  Oral and ventral suckers Ex: *Schistosoma: a blood fluke that causes * ***Schistosomaisis**** - Human disease -200 mil ppl -800,000 deaths/year  Larvae develop in aquatic snails (secondary host) and enter humans (primary host) through the skin and into the bloodstream**** -Causes weakness, fever, and damage to internal organs ``` Clonorchis ---->Chinese Liver Fluke  FROM eating larvae-infested raw fish (sushi) 1. larvae infest snails 2. Then more mature larvae infest fish 3. Man eats raw fish (sushi) - Liver deteriorates ```
44
Platyhelminthes – Class Trematoda (Flukes) | Clonorchis ---->______________
Platyhelminthes – Class Trematoda (Flukes) ``` Clonorchis ---->Chinese Liver Fluke  FROM eating larvae-infested raw fish (sushi) 1. larvae infest snails 2. Then more mature larvae infest fish 3. Man eats raw fish (sushi) - Liver deteriorates ```
45
Phylum Nematoda (round worms): Pinworms   ---Must sterilize bedding, towels, etc. ----
``` Phylum Nematoda (round worms): Pinworms  Highly communicable -Passed with worm's eggs -Live in lower colon & rectum -Move to the anus to lay eggs  Causes severe anal itching ---Must sterilize bedding, towels, etc. ---- ```
46
Phylum Nematoda: Trichinella spiralis  “Trichina worms”  
Phylum Nematoda: Trichinella spiralis  “Trichina worms” ***Causes Trichinosis (rare in US)***  Contracted by eating ***encysted larva*** in undercooked pork  ♀ female burrows into intestine & releases live offspring into the blood stream -Form painful cysts in muscle tissue***
47
Phylum Nematoda: Filarial worms– Heartworms   
Phylum Nematoda: Filarial worms– Heartworms  Microfilaria transmitted by mosquito bite***  Grows in the heart & SLOWS BLOOD FLOW  Preventive medicine available
48
Phylum Nematoda: Ascaris   
Phylum Nematoda: Ascaris  “Small intestinal worms”  Infest mammalian digestive & respiratory pathways  Passed through infected feces
49
Cndiocytes---> stinginging cell that contains: barbed nematocysts----->
Cndiocytes---> stinginging cell that contains: barbed nematocysts-----> the orangelle that does the stinging

biology 102 ms.barker (14 decks)

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