lab 1 -taxonomy and prokaryotes Flashcards
1
Q
Which Domain(s) contain prokaryotic organisms?
a
Domain Archaebacteria
b
Domain Eubacteria
c
Domain Eukarya
A
a-Domain Archaebacteria
b-Domain Eubacteria
2
Q
Which organisms act as decomposers in their environment? (Choose all that apply.)
a
protists
b
fungi
c
bacteria
d
plants
e
animals
A
b
fungi
c
bacteria
3
Q
The plaque that forms on your teeth is an example of a ____, formed by bacteria.
A
biofilm
4
Q
Organisms in the same Class must also be in the same…
a
Phylum
b
Order
c
Species
d
all of the above
A
phylum
5
Q
What is the genus name of humans?
A
italicized capital first letter
Homo
6
Q
Organisms that are both autotrophic and heterotrophic are referred to as
A
mixotrophic
7
Q
Domain Eukarya is divided into how many kingdoms?
A
4
8
Q
true or false
DNA comparison is the primary basis for the 3 domain system of classification.
A
false
9
Q
Prokaryotic organisms capable of living in extremely high saline (salty) environments are called
A
halophiles
10
Q
the current science of ____ , the naming and classification of organisms, is based on principles originated in the 1750’s by Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish biologist.
A
taxonomy
11
Q
they have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles….
A
prokaryotic
12
Q
characterized by a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
A
eukaryotic
13
Q
fungi can be decomposers
tor f
A
true
14
Q
A cell that moves by the flowing motion of its cytoplasm is using a method called…
An area of the cytoplasm flows in a particular direction, as the rest of the cell follows. This “oozing” motion is…
A
amoeboid movement
15
Q
mixotrophic are…
A
heterotrophic and autotrophic
16
Q
study method in which organisms are grouped according to shared features.
each group is called a……. and contains all descendants of the common ancestor.
cladogram- _____
A
cladistics
each group is a… clade
cladogram- visual reconstruction of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, based on the distribution of newly evolved (“derived”) features
17
Q
Eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose describes organisms in Kingdom _ _ _ _ _.
A
Plantae
18
Q
Diagrams that are constructed by grouping organisms together based on their shared derived characteristics. These types of diagrams are called…
A
cladograms
19
Q
extremophiles are found in which domain?
A
archaea
20
Q
Membrane-bound organelles are found in which domain?
A
Domain Eukarya
21
Q
Choose ALL of the following that are primary decomposers in an ecosystem
a
bacteria
b
plants
c
fungi
d
animals
A
a-bacteria
c-fungi
22
Q
Are fungi beneficial or harmful to other organisms?
A
both
23
Q
A cell that moves by the flowing motion of its cytoplasm is using a method called
A
amoeboid movement
24
Q
Derived characteristics are those that are found in all the evolutionary ancestors of an organism.
torf
A
false
25
Each question asked in a dichotomous key has how many answers?
2
26
Characteristics of Eubacteria... the true bacteria
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Motile/Nonmotile
Asexual
27
Describe the characteristics of organisms in Domain Archae (Archaebacteria).
-microscopic, single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
(so they LACK a membrane-bounded nucleus)
- includes extremophiles like --thermophiles, psychrophiles, and Methanogens
- the first fossils (3.5 billion years ago)
- reproduce asexually
- Greek word archaios, meaning “ancient” or “primitive.”
28
the domain Eukarya contains which kingdoms
plantae
animalia
protista
fungi
29
produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anaerobic conditions. They are common in wetlands, where they are responsible for marsh gas, and in the digestive tracts of animals such as ruminants and as part of the human microbiota, where they are responsible for the methane content of belching and flatulence.
Methanogens...
30
organisms that can thrive in environments of high acidity, at a pH of 2.0 or below. Examples are found in highly acidic environments such as sulphuric pools, places that have been polluted by acidic mines and even our own stomachs, where Helicobacter pylori is the main cause of stomach ulcers.
Acidophiles
31
they normally grow in extremely hot environments. For example, Pyrolobus fumarii, which currently holds the upper temperature limit for life at 113 °C (235 °F) and was found living in the ocean's hydrothermal vents. Closer to home, they may even be found thriving in your hot water heater.
Thermophiles
32
type of microorganism that survive in extremely cold temperatures. Examples such as Chryseobacterium greenlandensis can be found in glaciers, deep ocean waters and polar ice.
Psychrophiles
33
require high concentration of salt for survival. (Example: The Dead Sea, the most saline lake on Earth (more than 8-10 times saltier than sea water), is home to halophiles.) A halophile closer to home is Tetragenococcus halophilus, a bacteria which is found in the fermentation processes of soy sauce, miso, fish sauce and salted anchovies.
Halophiles
34
prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes
both have dna, ribosomes, and a cell membrane
prokaryotes: no nucleus, small and simple, unicellular, no membrane bound organelles, all are bacteria
eukaryotes: have a nucleus, multicellular or unicellular,
35
eukaryotes are characterized by:
- membrane-bound nucleus
- membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
- Unlike the bacteria or archaea, most are capable of sexual reproduction. Because of its incredible diversity, this domain has been subdivided into four individual kingdoms.>>>protist,fungi,animal,plants
36
kingdom protista characterization:
- eukaryotic cells that evolved 1.5 billion years ago
- autotrophic or heterotrophic, or a combo: mixotrophic.
- Some are nonmotile, but many others use flagella, cilia, or amoeboid movement to achieve motility.
- some have cell walls, while others have various other outer coverings.
37
kingdom plantae characterization
| including all mosses, ferns and fern relatives, seed plants
- composed OF ALL OF THE eukaryotic multicellular photosynthetic (autotrophic) organisms.
- Almost all plants have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll and additional pigments that absorb light and contribute to the photosynthetic process.
- cell wall made of cellulose.
Plants range in complexity from tiny aquatic plants to the most advanced flowering plants, with their roots, stems, leaves, and characteristic flowers.
38
kingdom fungi characterization
| including yeasts, molds, mushrooms
- eukaryotic organisms
- once considered plants because they have cell walls and produce spores, but they are now separated from plants because 1) they are heterotrophs and 2) their cell walls are different from those of plants in that the primary component of the wall is usually chitin, not cellulose.
- For most fungi, dead plant or animal remains are the nutrient sources. As decomposers, fungi participate with bacteria in recycling biological substances in the environment. As parasites, they cause several diseases in animals, including humans, and they are responsible for numerous plant diseases, destroying billions of dollars’ worth of crops each year. However, some fungi are useful to us as medicines, such as penicillin, and food sources, such as mushrooms and the yeast used in making bread and wine.
39
Kingdom Animalia characterization
| sponges all the way to vertebrates
- contains eukaryotic, multicellular
- primarily heterotrophic organisms.
- usually motile and lack the rigid cell walls characteristic of many other eukaryotes.
- With the exception of sponges, animal cells are organized into tissue layers. Reproduction is primarily sexual. Over a million species of animals have been described and estimates of the total existing species range from ten million to over 30 million.
40
List the levels of taxonomic classification from least to most specific.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Sex
41
what constitutes a clade?
it contains all descendants of the common ancestor(derived features)
42
prokaryotes are found in which two domains
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
43
Describe where bacteria can be found.
--- everywhere----- (with the exception of a sterile surface/environment).
-they surround us and they thrive inside us. People are normally concerned about bacteria that cause disease. But less that 1% of bacteria are harmful.
44
name some functions carried out by bacteria
- keep the levels of pathogenic bacteria in our bodies to a minimum by outcompeting them.
- Some bacteria such as E. coli live in our intestines and aid in the digestion process.
- act as decomposers to recycle dead organic material into forms that can be used by living organisms.
- transform (aka "fix") nitrogen from the air so that it is available to plants.
- break down solid wastes in sewage treatment plants.
- useful for cleaning up oil spills.
- yogurt and cheese are produced with the help of bacteria.
- used to produce certain antibiotics.
45
Name and describe the structures found in all bacteria cells.
Name and describe the structures found in most bacteria cells.
-most typical bacterium contain cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall, fimbriae, flagellum, and a capsule.
Found in ALL Bacteria:
- cytoplasm
- The nuclear material, DNA, form a single circular chromosome >>located in the cytosol of the cell in a region called the nucleoid.
- Ribosomes synthesize proteins
- The plasma membrane is closest to the cytoplasm and regulates what enters and leaves the organism.
- Surrounding the plasma membrane is the cell wall
found in SOME bacteria- fimbriae, pili, flagella,
capsules, endospores,
46
In all bacteria:__________
In some bacteria:_________
```
In all bacteria:
◦Cytoplasm
◦ One single, circular chromosome
◦ Nucleoid region (no nucleus)
◦ Plasma membrane
◦ Cell wall
-------------------------------------------------------
◦ In some bacteria:
◦ Fimbriae
◦ Pili
◦ Flagella
```
47
What is fimbriae, pili, and flagella used for?
```
◦ Fimbriae – short fibers for
attachment
◦ Pili – long hair-like structures
for attachment or transfer of
genes
◦ Flagella – movement *tail*
```
48
what is the advantage of endospores.
It allows the bacterium to produce a dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve the cell's genetic material in times of extreme stress
49
various modes of nutrition by bacteria
Photoautotroph
Chemoautotroph
Photoheterotroph
Chemoheterotroph
----Most bacteria are saprotrophic -and send out digestive enzymes into the environment, then pick up the digested nutrients from the environment. Saprotrophic organisms are decomposers and play a role in ecosystems by digesting the remains of dead organisms and returning inorganic nutrients to photosynthetic organisms. Some bacteria are parasitic and cause diseases, such as strep throat. Other bacteria, such as cyanobacteria, are photosynthetic and are able to produce oxygen for the environment.----
50
organism that feeds on nonliving organic matter at a microscopic level, comes from the greek
sapros=rotten putrid
and
trope=nourishment
saprotrophics
51
describe the three major bacterial cell shapes
coccus- Spherical
bacillus-rod like
spirillum
52
Compare and contrast the features of a Gram positive bacteria and a Gram negative bacteria.
Gram-positive bacteria>>> peptidoglycan wall is thick ->(retains crystal violet stain)
Gram-negative bacteria>>>thinner layer of peptidoglycan sandwiched between the plasma membrane and an additional outer membrane layer. (dont retain crystal violet stain, BUT Gram negative bacteria show a reddish-pink color when stained with safranin)
You should notice that Gram negative bacteria can also be recognized by their additional layer of lipopolysaccharides(LPS) on the outside of the cell
53
Understand the steps and results of a Gram stain.
steps-
gram neg-color
gram pos-color
pink--- safranin correctly stained gram (-)
purple--- crystal violet stain retained by gram (+)
STEPS:
Step 1: Apply crystal violet to the bacteria sample.
Step 2: Apply Gram's iodine to act as a mordant to adhere the crystal violet to the thick peptidoglycan layer of Gram positive bacteria.
Step 3:Apply an alcohol wash/decolorizer to rinse any stain that did not adhere.
Step 4: Apply safranin to stain the remaining Gram negative bacteria, which will appear reddish-pink.
crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin
54
Explain why Gram staining is important with regards to treating bacterial infections or diseases.
---determination of a treatment for certain infections or diseases.
55
explain the difference in the way antibiotics affect Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is the main reason for resistance to a wide range of antibiotics.
Gram negative bacteria can still be treated with certain antibiotics, including penicillin. Penicillin interferes with the formation of peptidoglycan, resulting in a bacterium with a weakened cell wall, making it more easily destroyed by the immune system of the host.
56
Explain colony morphology and it's use in identifying bacteria.
colony morphology-refers to the vast differences in the characteristic shape, size, color, surface appearance, and texture of bacteria
identify the TYPE of bacteria-so you know which antibiotic to use that will work better based on that bacteria
57
Describe cyanobacteria and their major contribution to life on Earth.
cyanobacteria- major group of photosynthetic bacteria.
major contribution: Due to the release of oxygen by the process of photosynthesis, cyanobacteria are believed to be responsible for creating the first oxygen released into Earth’s early atmosphere.
58
Explain the process of nitrogen-fixation.
process that converts unusable atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form,(nitrate or ammonia)
(It is these "fixed" forms of nitrogen which plants need from the soil for proper growth.
----Family of plants known as legumes has a SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP with a genus of bacteria known as Rhizobium.
RHIZOBIUM Invades the PLANT ROOT CELLS of a legume and forms a nodule, where nitrogen fixation takes place )
59
rhziobium formed a
symbiotic relationship with plant root cells (nitrogen fixation)
60
what is a pathogen and provide examples...
any substance that may cause disease
examples:
DIRECT CONTACT: direct exposure to it through exchange of body fluids or contact with an open sore; ex-STD's
INDIRECT CONTACT: exposure to pathogen that has been LEFT by an infected person; ex: getting dysentery after drinking water contaminated by feces // catching a cold caused by a rhinovirus left on a doorknob by someone’s unwashed hand
VECTOR:mosquitos>>malaria protist// tick>> bacteria>>lyme disease
AIRBORNE: exposure to pathogens expelled from an infected person’s body by coughing or sneezing;
ex= chickenpox, Flu
61
epidemic vs pandemic
epidemic -occurs when a disease appears in a population at a greater than expected rate of infection.
pandemic-When an epidemic spreads around the world
ex: Black Death or bubonic plague in the 1300s, the Spanish flu in 1918, AIDS in the 1980’s and COVID-19 today.
62
Epidemiology is the _____
is the study of factors affecting public health.
- Epidemiologists study the rate of infection, distribution, and transmission of diseases in a population.
- This information can be used to study how diseases spread and to develop good health practices that will decrease disease within a population.
63
cytosol-
cytoplasm-
cytoplasm- is the region throughout the cell that is filled with a jelly-like fluid
cytosol-jelly like fluid
64
Nucleiod-
region in the cytosol where dna is located
| usually a Prokaryotes type of thing?
65
ribosomes
synthesize proteins
| found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
66
plasma membrane
- regulates what enters and leaves the organism.
- is closest to the cytoplasm
- Surrounding the plasma membrane is the cell wall.
67
endospores
endospore contains a copy of the genetic material encased by a heavy protective coat. Endospores survive unfavorable conditions and can develop into new cells when conditions improve. (dormant/latent state)
-some bacteria form endospores
68
prokaryotic cells reproduce in what 2 ways
Binary fission
| conjugation
69
duplicate & pinch in
| half – asexual reproduction
◦Binary fission
70
transfer of DNA from one
cell to another
-the pili transfer genes in the form of a plasmid from 1 bacteria to another
◦Conjugation
71
prokaryotic cell pic with the tail on lab
```
(innermost layer)-
(middle layer)-
(outermost layer)
(the region where dna is kept
(the stringy stuff) in that region
(the short extensions
(the longer extensions
(for movement)-
(the organelle)-
```
(innermost layer)-plasma membrane
(middle layer)-cell wall
(outermost layer)-capsule
(the region where dna is kept)-Nucleoid
(the stringy stuff) in that region- chromosomes/ DNA
(the short extensions -fimbriae
(the longer extensions) -pili
(for movement)-Flagella
(the organelle)-ribosome
72
gram pos shows __
| and gram neg shows__
pos= purple
| neg=pink
73
What stain is used to color Gram-positive bacteria?
| What stain is used to color Gram-negative bacteria?
```
pos=crystal violet
neg=safranin
```
74
A strand of sphere-shaped bacteria, connected end-to-end, would be identified as
streptococcus/streptococci
75
Gram positive bacteria have a _ _ _ _ _ wall of peptidoglycan.
thick wall
76
Gram negative bacteria have a _ _ _ _ _ wall of peptidoglycan.
thin wall
77
Bacteria, such as Rhizobium, form structures called _ _ _ _ _, where nitrogen fixation occurs.
nodules
78
A cyanobacteria, together with a _ _ _ _ _ _, can form a lichen.
fungi
79
Which is NOT TRUE of bacteria?
a
They can protect your body from other harmful bacteria.
b
They can be used in the production of food products.
c
They can be helpful to plants and animals.
d
The majority of bacteria can cause disease.
e
They can remove unwanted materials from the environment.
d-
| The majority of bacteria can cause disease.
80
Gram-negative bacteria have a ________(thicker/thinner) layer of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides are
_______(absent/present).
thinner layer of peptidoglycan
| and lipopolysaccharides present
81
The atmosphere's first oxygen is believed to have been produced by a group of specialized bacteria called
by using a process called
cyanobacteria
process is photosynthesis
82
Gram- POSITIVE bacteria have a ________(thicker/thinner) layer of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides are
_______(absent/present).
thicker layer -leaving no room for the...
ABSENT lipopolysaccharides
positive= THICC
THICC means no lipopolysaccahrides
83
How many chromosomes are in a bacterial cell?
1
| one
84
Gram-positive bacteria are more resistant to the affects of antibiotics.
false,
GRAM NEGATIVE ARE MORE RESISTANT BECAAUSE THEY HAVE THE LPS LAYER
85
An _ _ _ _ contains a copy of a bacteria's genetic material, encased by a heavy protective coat, and is able to survive unfavorable conditions.
endospore
86
Put the following bacteria in order from inside > outside.
capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule
87
The characteristic shape, size, color, surface appearance, and texture of a bacteria is known as its _ _ _ _
colony morphology
88
Pili may be used for attachment but are also used to transfer genes, in the form of a plasmid, from one bacteria to another, a process called...
conjugation
| bacterial conjugation
89
When a pathogen is introduced into the body by another animal, that animal is acting as a _______ ______.
biological vector
90
Taxonomy is the...
it is a form of____.
professionals are called_____.
Taxonomy is the arrangement of
organisms into orderly GROUPS
based on their SIMILARITIES
it is a form of classification
-Taxonomists
91
_______is the general name
for a group that shares particular
traits.
a category into
which related organisms are placed
Taxon (taxa = pl.)
92
benefits of taxonomy classification-
-same language being used
-Prevents misnomers (Ex: starfish
& jellyfish aren't really fish)
-Accurately & uniformly names
organisms
93
- 18th century taxonomist
- “Father of Taxonomy”
- Developed binomial nomenclature
* Classified organisms by their structure
* Developed the naming system still used today
Carolus Linnaeus
94
•Binomial nomenclature RULES
•Binomial nomenclature
•Genus and specific epithet
(together make the species’ name)
****If the genus name is being used alone, it is still italicized or underlined****
* Typically Latin
* Capitalize genus, but NOT specific epithet
* Italicize in print or Underline when writing
95
2 Domains are Prokaryotic and Only 1 Domain is Eukaryotic
t or f
true
```
2 Domains are Prokaryotic:
• Domain Bacteria (Eubacteria)
• Kingdom Bacteria
• Domain Archae (Archaebacteria)
• Kingdom Archae
```
```
Only 1 Domain is Eukaryotic:
• Domain Eukarya
-Kingdom Protist
-Kingdom Fungi
-Kingdom Plantae
-Kingdom Animalia
```
96
chracteristics of Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
| they are Found in...
```
Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Probably the 1st cells to evolve
• Live in HARSH environments
• Found in:
–Sewage treatment plants and
marshes (Methanogens)
–Thermal or Volcanic Vents, Hot
Springs or Geysers that are acidic
(Thermacidophiles)
–Very salty water ex: Dead Sea and
Great Salt Lake (Halophiles)
```
97
Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
harmful, harmless, or beneficial?
where are they found?
what re they used for?
```
Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
• Some may cause disease but most are
harmless or even beneficial
• Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh
ones
• Important decomposers for the
environment (along with fungi)
• Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk,
medicines, etc. as well as making your
own digestive tract function properly
```
98
PROTISTA-
fungi-
plantae-
animalia-
PROTISTA-
•Most are unicellular, some are multicellular
•Some are autotrophic, while others are
heterotrophic
FUNGI- •Multicellular; few exceptions
•Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)
•Cell wall-chitin
PLANTAE •Multicellular -Autotrophic
•Absorb sunlight to make glucose via photosynthesis
•Cell wall= cellulose
ANIMALIA- Multicellular
• Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)
99
breakdown of archae and bacteria
◦Domain Archaea
-Kingdom Archaebacteteria----->>> are prokaryotes that live in extreme & stressful environments
◦Domain Eubacteria
-Kingdom Bacteria=Common bacteria
100
prokaryote characteristics
```
Prokaryotic Cells
◦Prokaryote means “before nucleus”
◦Unicellular
◦Lack a nucleus
◦No membrane- bound organelles
(Ex:Golgi, rough ER, smooth ER, etc)
◦Have ribosomes
```
101
◦ In all bacteria ___ ___ ____ ____
◦ In some bacteria: _____ _____ ____
```
◦ In all bacteria:
◦ Cytoplasm
◦ One single, circular
chromosome
◦ Nucleoid region (no nucleus)
◦ Plasma membrane
◦ Cell wall
◦ In some bacteria:
◦ Fimbriae – short fibers for
attachment
◦ Pili – long hair-like structures
for attachment or transfer of
genes
◦ Flagella – movement
```
102
Thermoacidophile, Halophiles, and Methanogens are all apart of which domain......
Domain Archaea
103
◦Coccus:
- Diplococcus:
- Tetrad:
- Staphylococcus:
- Streptococcus:
◦Bacillus:
◦Spirillum:
Coccus: sphere-shaped
◦Diplococcus: pairs of cocci
◦Tetrad: group of four cocci
◦Staphylococcus: clusters of cocci.
◦Streptococcus: chains of cocci.
◦Bacillus: rod-shaped
◦Spirillum: fixed-spiral-shaped
104
GRAM STAIN TECHNIQUE PROCESS
1-4
DYE
MORDANT
DECOLORIZER
COUNTERSTAIN
```
GRAM STAIN
TECHNIQUE
1. Crystal violet is applied
to the bacteria
dye
2. Gram’s iodine is applied
to the bacteria
◦ mordant
3. An alcohol wash is
applied to the bacteria
◦ Decolorizer
4. Safranin (dye)is applied
to the bacteria
◦ Counterstain
```
105
WHAT OCCURS IN THE Heterocyst
nitrogen fixation occurs
106
GLOEOCAPSA
NOSTOC
OSCILLIATORIA
Gloeocapsa
◦Forms CLUSTERS of cells = colonial body form
◦Thick gelatinous sheath
Oscillatoria
◦Trichomes -> long chains of cell- looks HAIR-LIKE
Nostoc
- has a heterocyst in the middle of the "chain"
- nitroen fixation occurs there in the heterocyst
107
bacteria & cyanobacteria can do nitrogen fixation
◦Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) ----->
to useful ammonia (NH3) required to make proteins & nucleic acids
◦No life would be possible on earth without this
activity!
.
108
tell me about rhizobium
what is it
where is it found
what relationships with others
Rhizobium
◦Nitrogen fixation bacteria
◦Found within the root nodules of legumes
◦Mutualistic symbiotic relationship with plant root cells
◦Bacteria provide nitrogen
◦Plants provides sugar and nutrients
