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biology 102 ms.barker > lab 1 -taxonomy and prokaryotes > Flashcards

lab 1 -taxonomy and prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Which Domain(s) contain prokaryotic organisms?
a
Domain Archaebacteria

b
Domain Eubacteria

c
Domain Eukarya

A

a-Domain Archaebacteria

b-Domain Eubacteria

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2
Q

Which organisms act as decomposers in their environment? (Choose all that apply.)
a
protists

b
fungi

c
bacteria

d
plants

e
animals

A

b
fungi
c
bacteria

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3
Q

The plaque that forms on your teeth is an example of a ____, formed by bacteria.

A

biofilm

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4
Q

Organisms in the same Class must also be in the same…
a
Phylum

b
Order

c
Species

d
all of the above

A

phylum

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5
Q

What is the genus name of humans?

A

italicized capital first letter

Homo

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6
Q

Organisms that are both autotrophic and heterotrophic are referred to as

A

mixotrophic

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7
Q

Domain Eukarya is divided into how many kingdoms?

A

4

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8
Q

true or false

DNA comparison is the primary basis for the 3 domain system of classification.

A

false

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9
Q

Prokaryotic organisms capable of living in extremely high saline (salty) environments are called

A

halophiles

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10
Q

the current science of ____ , the naming and classification of organisms, is based on principles originated in the 1750’s by Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish biologist.

A

taxonomy

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11
Q

they have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles….

A

prokaryotic

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12
Q

characterized by a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

A

eukaryotic

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13
Q

fungi can be decomposers

tor f

A

true

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14
Q

A cell that moves by the flowing motion of its cytoplasm is using a method called…

An area of the cytoplasm flows in a particular direction, as the rest of the cell follows. This “oozing” motion is…

A

amoeboid movement

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15
Q

mixotrophic are…

A

heterotrophic and autotrophic

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16
Q

study method in which organisms are grouped according to shared features.

each group is called a……. and contains all descendants of the common ancestor.

cladogram- _____

A

cladistics

each group is a… clade

cladogram- visual reconstruction of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, based on the distribution of newly evolved (“derived”) features

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17
Q

Eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose describes organisms in Kingdom _ _ _ _ _.

A

Plantae

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18
Q

Diagrams that are constructed by grouping organisms together based on their shared derived characteristics. These types of diagrams are called…

A

cladograms

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19
Q

extremophiles are found in which domain?

A

archaea

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20
Q

Membrane-bound organelles are found in which domain?

A

Domain Eukarya

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21
Q

Choose ALL of the following that are primary decomposers in an ecosystem

a
bacteria

b
plants

c
fungi

d
animals

A

a-bacteria

c-fungi

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22
Q

Are fungi beneficial or harmful to other organisms?

A

both

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23
Q

A cell that moves by the flowing motion of its cytoplasm is using a method called

A

amoeboid movement

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24
Q

Derived characteristics are those that are found in all the evolutionary ancestors of an organism.
torf

A

false

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25
Q

Each question asked in a dichotomous key has how many answers?

A

2

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26
Q

Characteristics of Eubacteria… the true bacteria

A

Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Motile/Nonmotile
Asexual

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27
Q

Describe the characteristics of organisms in Domain Archae (Archaebacteria).

A

-microscopic, single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
(so they LACK a membrane-bounded nucleus)

  • includes extremophiles like –thermophiles, psychrophiles, and Methanogens
  • the first fossils (3.5 billion years ago)
  • reproduce asexually
  • Greek word archaios, meaning “ancient” or “primitive.”
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28
Q

the domain Eukarya contains which kingdoms

A

plantae
animalia
protista
fungi

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29
Q

produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anaerobic conditions. They are common in wetlands, where they are responsible for marsh gas, and in the digestive tracts of animals such as ruminants and as part of the human microbiota, where they are responsible for the methane content of belching and flatulence.

A

Methanogens…

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30
Q

organisms that can thrive in environments of high acidity, at a pH of 2.0 or below. Examples are found in highly acidic environments such as sulphuric pools, places that have been polluted by acidic mines and even our own stomachs, where Helicobacter pylori is the main cause of stomach ulcers.

A

Acidophiles

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31
Q

they normally grow in extremely hot environments. For example, Pyrolobus fumarii, which currently holds the upper temperature limit for life at 113 °C (235 °F) and was found living in the ocean’s hydrothermal vents. Closer to home, they may even be found thriving in your hot water heater.

A

Thermophiles

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32
Q

type of microorganism that survive in extremely cold temperatures. Examples such as Chryseobacterium greenlandensis can be found in glaciers, deep ocean waters and polar ice.

A

Psychrophiles

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33
Q

require high concentration of salt for survival. (Example: The Dead Sea, the most saline lake on Earth (more than 8-10 times saltier than sea water), is home to halophiles.) A halophile closer to home is Tetragenococcus halophilus, a bacteria which is found in the fermentation processes of soy sauce, miso, fish sauce and salted anchovies.

A

Halophiles

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34
Q

prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes

A

both have dna, ribosomes, and a cell membrane

prokaryotes: no nucleus, small and simple, unicellular, no membrane bound organelles, all are bacteria
eukaryotes: have a nucleus, multicellular or unicellular,

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35
Q

eukaryotes are characterized by:

A
  • membrane-bound nucleus
  • membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
  • Unlike the bacteria or archaea, most are capable of sexual reproduction. Because of its incredible diversity, this domain has been subdivided into four individual kingdoms.»>protist,fungi,animal,plants
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36
Q

kingdom protista characterization:

A
  • eukaryotic cells that evolved 1.5 billion years ago
  • autotrophic or heterotrophic, or a combo: mixotrophic.
  • Some are nonmotile, but many others use flagella, cilia, or amoeboid movement to achieve motility.
  • some have cell walls, while others have various other outer coverings.
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37
Q

kingdom plantae characterization

including all mosses, ferns and fern relatives, seed plants

A
  • composed OF ALL OF THE eukaryotic multicellular photosynthetic (autotrophic) organisms.
  • Almost all plants have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll and additional pigments that absorb light and contribute to the photosynthetic process.
  • cell wall made of cellulose.

Plants range in complexity from tiny aquatic plants to the most advanced flowering plants, with their roots, stems, leaves, and characteristic flowers.

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38
Q

kingdom fungi characterization

including yeasts, molds, mushrooms

A
  • eukaryotic organisms
  • once considered plants because they have cell walls and produce spores, but they are now separated from plants because 1) they are heterotrophs and 2) their cell walls are different from those of plants in that the primary component of the wall is usually chitin, not cellulose.
  • For most fungi, dead plant or animal remains are the nutrient sources. As decomposers, fungi participate with bacteria in recycling biological substances in the environment. As parasites, they cause several diseases in animals, including humans, and they are responsible for numerous plant diseases, destroying billions of dollars’ worth of crops each year. However, some fungi are useful to us as medicines, such as penicillin, and food sources, such as mushrooms and the yeast used in making bread and wine.
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39
Q

Kingdom Animalia characterization

sponges all the way to vertebrates

A
  • contains eukaryotic, multicellular
  • primarily heterotrophic organisms.
  • usually motile and lack the rigid cell walls characteristic of many other eukaryotes.
  • With the exception of sponges, animal cells are organized into tissue layers. Reproduction is primarily sexual. Over a million species of animals have been described and estimates of the total existing species range from ten million to over 30 million.
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40
Q

List the levels of taxonomic classification from least to most specific.

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Sex

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41
Q

what constitutes a clade?

A

it contains all descendants of the common ancestor(derived features)

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42
Q

prokaryotes are found in which two domains

A

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

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43
Q

Describe where bacteria can be found.

A

— everywhere—– (with the exception of a sterile surface/environment).

-they surround us and they thrive inside us. People are normally concerned about bacteria that cause disease. But less that 1% of bacteria are harmful.

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44
Q

name some functions carried out by bacteria

A
  • keep the levels of pathogenic bacteria in our bodies to a minimum by outcompeting them.
  • Some bacteria such as E. coli live in our intestines and aid in the digestion process.
  • act as decomposers to recycle dead organic material into forms that can be used by living organisms.
  • transform (aka “fix”) nitrogen from the air so that it is available to plants.
  • break down solid wastes in sewage treatment plants.
  • useful for cleaning up oil spills.
  • yogurt and cheese are produced with the help of bacteria.
  • used to produce certain antibiotics.
45
Q

Name and describe the structures found in all bacteria cells.
Name and describe the structures found in most bacteria cells.

A

-most typical bacterium contain cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall, fimbriae, flagellum, and a capsule.

Found in ALL Bacteria:

  • cytoplasm
  • The nuclear material, DNA, form a single circular chromosome&raquo_space;located in the cytosol of the cell in a region called the nucleoid.
  • Ribosomes synthesize proteins
  • The plasma membrane is closest to the cytoplasm and regulates what enters and leaves the organism.
  • Surrounding the plasma membrane is the cell wall

found in SOME bacteria- fimbriae, pili, flagella,
capsules, endospores,

46
Q

In all bacteria:__________

In some bacteria:_________

A 
In all bacteria:
◦Cytoplasm
◦ One single, circular chromosome
◦ Nucleoid region (no nucleus)
◦ Plasma membrane
◦ Cell wall
-------------------------------------------------------
◦ In some bacteria:
◦ Fimbriae
◦ Pili
◦ Flagella
47
Q

What is fimbriae, pili, and flagella used for?

A 
◦ Fimbriae – short fibers for
attachment
◦ Pili – long hair-like structures
for attachment or transfer of
genes
◦ Flagella – movement *tail*
48
Q

what is the advantage of endospores.

A

It allows the bacterium to produce a dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve the cell’s genetic material in times of extreme stress

49
Q

various modes of nutrition by bacteria

A

Photoautotroph
Chemoautotroph
Photoheterotroph
Chemoheterotroph

—-Most bacteria are saprotrophic -and send out digestive enzymes into the environment, then pick up the digested nutrients from the environment. Saprotrophic organisms are decomposers and play a role in ecosystems by digesting the remains of dead organisms and returning inorganic nutrients to photosynthetic organisms. Some bacteria are parasitic and cause diseases, such as strep throat. Other bacteria, such as cyanobacteria, are photosynthetic and are able to produce oxygen for the environment.—-

50
Q

organism that feeds on nonliving organic matter at a microscopic level, comes from the greek
sapros=rotten putrid
and
trope=nourishment

A

saprotrophics

51
Q

describe the three major bacterial cell shapes

A

coccus- Spherical
bacillus-rod like
spirillum

52
Q

Compare and contrast the features of a Gram positive bacteria and a Gram negative bacteria.

A

Gram-positive bacteria»> peptidoglycan wall is thick ->(retains crystal violet stain)

Gram-negative bacteria»>thinner layer of peptidoglycan sandwiched between the plasma membrane and an additional outer membrane layer. (dont retain crystal violet stain, BUT Gram negative bacteria show a reddish-pink color when stained with safranin)

You should notice that Gram negative bacteria can also be recognized by their additional layer of lipopolysaccharides(LPS) on the outside of the cell

53
Q

Understand the steps and results of a Gram stain.

steps-

gram neg-color
gram pos-color

A

pink— safranin correctly stained gram (-)
purple— crystal violet stain retained by gram (+)
STEPS:
Step 1: Apply crystal violet to the bacteria sample.
Step 2: Apply Gram’s iodine to act as a mordant to adhere the crystal violet to the thick peptidoglycan layer of Gram positive bacteria.
Step 3:Apply an alcohol wash/decolorizer to rinse any stain that did not adhere.
Step 4: Apply safranin to stain the remaining Gram negative bacteria, which will appear reddish-pink.

crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin

54
Q

Explain why Gram staining is important with regards to treating bacterial infections or diseases.

A

—determination of a treatment for certain infections or diseases.

55
Q

explain the difference in the way antibiotics affect Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

A

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is the main reason for resistance to a wide range of antibiotics.

Gram negative bacteria can still be treated with certain antibiotics, including penicillin. Penicillin interferes with the formation of peptidoglycan, resulting in a bacterium with a weakened cell wall, making it more easily destroyed by the immune system of the host.

56
Q

Explain colony morphology and it’s use in identifying bacteria.

A

colony morphology-refers to the vast differences in the characteristic shape, size, color, surface appearance, and texture of bacteria

identify the TYPE of bacteria-so you know which antibiotic to use that will work better based on that bacteria

57
Q

Describe cyanobacteria and their major contribution to life on Earth.

A

cyanobacteria- major group of photosynthetic bacteria.

major contribution: Due to the release of oxygen by the process of photosynthesis, cyanobacteria are believed to be responsible for creating the first oxygen released into Earth’s early atmosphere.

58
Q

Explain the process of nitrogen-fixation.

A

process that converts unusable atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form,(nitrate or ammonia)

(It is these “fixed” forms of nitrogen which plants need from the soil for proper growth.
—-Family of plants known as legumes has a SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP with a genus of bacteria known as Rhizobium.
RHIZOBIUM Invades the PLANT ROOT CELLS of a legume and forms a nodule, where nitrogen fixation takes place )

59
Q

rhziobium formed a

A

symbiotic relationship with plant root cells (nitrogen fixation)

60
Q

what is a pathogen and provide examples…

A

any substance that may cause disease

examples:
DIRECT CONTACT: direct exposure to it through exchange of body fluids or contact with an open sore; ex-STD’s

INDIRECT CONTACT: exposure to pathogen that has been LEFT by an infected person; ex: getting dysentery after drinking water contaminated by feces // catching a cold caused by a rhinovirus left on a doorknob by someone’s unwashed hand

VECTOR:mosquitos»malaria protist// tick» bacteria»lyme disease

AIRBORNE: exposure to pathogens expelled from an infected person’s body by coughing or sneezing;
ex= chickenpox, Flu

61
Q

epidemic vs pandemic

A

epidemic -occurs when a disease appears in a population at a greater than expected rate of infection.

pandemic-When an epidemic spreads around the world

ex: Black Death or bubonic plague in the 1300s, the Spanish flu in 1918, AIDS in the 1980’s and COVID-19 today.

62
Q

Epidemiology is the _____

A

is the study of factors affecting public health.

  • Epidemiologists study the rate of infection, distribution, and transmission of diseases in a population.
  • This information can be used to study how diseases spread and to develop good health practices that will decrease disease within a population.
63
Q

cytosol-

cytoplasm-

A

cytoplasm- is the region throughout the cell that is filled with a jelly-like fluid

cytosol-jelly like fluid

64
Q

Nucleiod-

A

region in the cytosol where dna is located

usually a Prokaryotes type of thing?

65
Q

ribosomes

A

synthesize proteins

found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

66
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • regulates what enters and leaves the organism.
  • is closest to the cytoplasm
  • Surrounding the plasma membrane is the cell wall.
67
Q

endospores

A

endospore contains a copy of the genetic material encased by a heavy protective coat. Endospores survive unfavorable conditions and can develop into new cells when conditions improve. (dormant/latent state)

-some bacteria form endospores

68
Q

prokaryotic cells reproduce in what 2 ways

A

Binary fission

conjugation

69
Q

duplicate & pinch in

half – asexual reproduction

A

◦Binary fission

70
Q

transfer of DNA from one
cell to another

-the pili transfer genes in the form of a plasmid from 1 bacteria to another

A

◦Conjugation

71
Q

prokaryotic cell pic with the tail on lab

(innermost layer)-
(middle layer)-
(outermost layer)
(the region where dna is kept
(the stringy stuff) in that region
(the short extensions 
(the longer extensions
(for movement)-
(the organelle)-
A

(innermost layer)-plasma membrane

(middle layer)-cell wall

(outermost layer)-capsule

(the region where dna is kept)-Nucleoid

(the stringy stuff) in that region- chromosomes/ DNA

(the short extensions -fimbriae

(the longer extensions) -pili

(for movement)-Flagella

(the organelle)-ribosome

72
Q

gram pos shows __

and gram neg shows__

A

pos= purple

neg=pink

73
Q

What stain is used to color Gram-positive bacteria?

What stain is used to color Gram-negative bacteria?

A 
pos=crystal violet
neg=safranin
74
Q

A strand of sphere-shaped bacteria, connected end-to-end, would be identified as

A

streptococcus/streptococci

75
Q

Gram positive bacteria have a _ _ _ _ _ wall of peptidoglycan.

A

thick wall

76
Q

Gram negative bacteria have a _ _ _ _ _ wall of peptidoglycan.

A

thin wall

77
Q

Bacteria, such as Rhizobium, form structures called _ _ _ _ _, where nitrogen fixation occurs.

A

nodules

78
Q

A cyanobacteria, together with a _ _ _ _ _ _, can form a lichen.

A

fungi

79
Q

Which is NOT TRUE of bacteria?

a
They can protect your body from other harmful bacteria.

b
They can be used in the production of food products.

c
They can be helpful to plants and animals.

d
The majority of bacteria can cause disease.

e
They can remove unwanted materials from the environment.

A

d-

The majority of bacteria can cause disease.

80
Q

Gram-negative bacteria have a ________(thicker/thinner) layer of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides are
_______(absent/present).

A

thinner layer of peptidoglycan

and lipopolysaccharides present

81
Q

The atmosphere’s first oxygen is believed to have been produced by a group of specialized bacteria called

by using a process called

A

cyanobacteria

process is photosynthesis

82
Q

Gram- POSITIVE bacteria have a ________(thicker/thinner) layer of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides are
_______(absent/present).

A

thicker layer -leaving no room for the…
ABSENT lipopolysaccharides

positive= THICC
THICC means no lipopolysaccahrides

83
Q

How many chromosomes are in a bacterial cell?

A

1

one

84
Q

Gram-positive bacteria are more resistant to the affects of antibiotics.

A

false,

GRAM NEGATIVE ARE MORE RESISTANT BECAAUSE THEY HAVE THE LPS LAYER

85
Q

An _ _ _ _ contains a copy of a bacteria’s genetic material, encased by a heavy protective coat, and is able to survive unfavorable conditions.

A

endospore

86
Q

Put the following bacteria in order from inside > outside.

capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm

A

cytoplasm
plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule

87
Q

The characteristic shape, size, color, surface appearance, and texture of a bacteria is known as its _ _ _ _

A

colony morphology

88
Q

Pili may be used for attachment but are also used to transfer genes, in the form of a plasmid, from one bacteria to another, a process called…

A

conjugation

bacterial conjugation

89
Q

When a pathogen is introduced into the body by another animal, that animal is acting as a _______ ______.

A

biological vector

90
Q

Taxonomy is the…

it is a form of____.
professionals are called_____.

A

Taxonomy is the arrangement of
organisms into orderly GROUPS
based on their SIMILARITIES

it is a form of classification

-Taxonomists

91
Q

_______is the general name
for a group that shares particular
traits.

a category into
which related organisms are placed

A

Taxon (taxa = pl.)

92
Q

benefits of taxonomy classification-

A

-same language being used

-Prevents misnomers (Ex: starfish
& jellyfish aren’t really fish)

-Accurately & uniformly names
organisms

93
Q
  • 18th century taxonomist
  • “Father of Taxonomy”
  • Developed binomial nomenclature
  • Classified organisms by their structure
  • Developed the naming system still used today
A

Carolus Linnaeus

94
Q

•Binomial nomenclature RULES

A

•Binomial nomenclature

•Genus and specific epithet
(together make the species’ name)

If the genus name is being used alone, it is still italicized or underlined

  • Typically Latin
  • Capitalize genus, but NOT specific epithet
  • Italicize in print or Underline when writing
95
Q

2 Domains are Prokaryotic and Only 1 Domain is Eukaryotic

t or f

A

true

2 Domains are Prokaryotic:
• Domain Bacteria (Eubacteria)
• Kingdom Bacteria
• Domain Archae (Archaebacteria)
• Kingdom Archae
Only 1 Domain is Eukaryotic:
• Domain Eukarya
    -Kingdom Protist
    -Kingdom Fungi
    -Kingdom Plantae
    -Kingdom Animalia
96
Q

chracteristics of Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA

they are Found in…

A 
Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Probably the 1st cells to evolve
• Live in HARSH environments
• Found in:
–Sewage treatment plants and
marshes (Methanogens)
–Thermal or Volcanic Vents, Hot
Springs or Geysers that are acidic
(Thermacidophiles)
–Very salty water ex: Dead Sea and
Great Salt Lake (Halophiles)
97
Q

Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
harmful, harmless, or beneficial?

where are they found?

what re they used for?

A 
Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
• Some may cause disease but most are
harmless or even beneficial
• Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh
ones
• Important decomposers for the
environment (along with fungi)
• Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk,
medicines, etc. as well as making your
own digestive tract function properly
98
Q

PROTISTA-

fungi-

plantae-

animalia-

A

PROTISTA-
•Most are unicellular, some are multicellular
•Some are autotrophic, while others are
heterotrophic

FUNGI- •Multicellular; few exceptions
•Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)
•Cell wall-chitin

PLANTAE •Multicellular -Autotrophic
•Absorb sunlight to make glucose via photosynthesis
•Cell wall= cellulose

ANIMALIA- Multicellular
• Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)

99
Q

breakdown of archae and bacteria

A

◦Domain Archaea
-Kingdom Archaebacteteria—–»> are prokaryotes that live in extreme & stressful environments

◦Domain Eubacteria
-Kingdom Bacteria=Common bacteria

100
Q

prokaryote characteristics

A 
Prokaryotic Cells
◦Prokaryote means “before nucleus”
◦Unicellular
◦Lack a nucleus
◦No membrane- bound organelles 
(Ex:Golgi, rough ER, smooth ER, etc)
◦Have ribosomes
101
Q

◦ In all bacteria ___ ___ ____ ____

◦ In some bacteria: _____ _____ ____

A 
◦ In all bacteria:
◦ Cytoplasm
◦ One single, circular
chromosome
◦ Nucleoid region (no nucleus)
◦ Plasma membrane
◦ Cell wall
◦ In some bacteria:
◦ Fimbriae – short fibers for
attachment
◦ Pili – long hair-like structures
for attachment or transfer of
genes
◦ Flagella – movement
102
Q

Thermoacidophile, Halophiles, and Methanogens are all apart of which domain……

A

Domain Archaea

103
Q

◦Coccus:

  • Diplococcus:
  • Tetrad:
  • Staphylococcus:
  • Streptococcus:

◦Bacillus:
◦Spirillum:

A

Coccus: sphere-shaped

◦Diplococcus: pairs of cocci
◦Tetrad: group of four cocci
◦Staphylococcus: clusters of cocci.
◦Streptococcus: chains of cocci.

◦Bacillus: rod-shaped
◦Spirillum: fixed-spiral-shaped

104
Q

GRAM STAIN TECHNIQUE PROCESS
1-4

DYE
MORDANT
DECOLORIZER
COUNTERSTAIN

A 
GRAM STAIN
TECHNIQUE
1. Crystal violet is applied
to the bacteria
 dye
2. Gram’s iodine is applied
to the bacteria
◦ mordant
3. An alcohol wash is
applied to the bacteria
◦ Decolorizer
4. Safranin (dye)is applied
to the bacteria
◦ Counterstain
105
Q

WHAT OCCURS IN THE Heterocyst

A

nitrogen fixation occurs

106
Q

GLOEOCAPSA

NOSTOC

OSCILLIATORIA

A

Gloeocapsa
◦Forms CLUSTERS of cells = colonial body form
◦Thick gelatinous sheath

Oscillatoria
◦Trichomes -> long chains of cell- looks HAIR-LIKE

Nostoc

  • has a heterocyst in the middle of the “chain”
  • nitroen fixation occurs there in the heterocyst
107
Q

bacteria & cyanobacteria can do nitrogen fixation

◦Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) —–>
to useful ammonia (NH3) required to make proteins & nucleic acids

◦No life would be possible on earth without this
activity!

A

.

108
Q

tell me about rhizobium

what is it

where is it found

what relationships with others

A

Rhizobium
◦Nitrogen fixation bacteria
◦Found within the root nodules of legumes
◦Mutualistic symbiotic relationship with plant root cells
◦Bacteria provide nitrogen
◦Plants provides sugar and nutrients

biology 102 ms.barker (14 decks)

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