LAB 6 FUNGI

Question 1

-
-

Answer 1

CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
-Eukaryotic

-Non-photosynthetic absorptive heterotrophs (secrete digestive enzymes & absorb nutrients)
Extracellular digestion***
Most are SAPROBES (consume dead organic
material); -some are parasitic

-Most are multicellular (exception: yeasts)
Cell walls made of chitin
Haploid-dominant (gametophyte) life cycle

Question 2

(FUNGAL MORPHOLOGY)

Hyphae:

Answer 2

Hyphae: multinucleated filaments

Question 3

Mycelium:

FUNGAL MORPHOLOGY

Answer 3

Mycelium: mass of hyphae that make up the organism

Question 4

Haustoria:

FUNGAL MORPHOLOGY

Answer 4

Haustoria: found in parasites, extensions that penetrate and absorb nutrients from host cells

Question 5

Mycorrhizae:

FUNGAL MORPHOLOGY

Answer 5

Mycorrhizae: mutualistic symbiotic relation between roots and fungi
Two types: 
-Ectomycorrizae 
       &
-Endomycorrhizae

Question 6

Spores:

FUNGAL MORPHOLOGY

Answer 6

Spores: in fungi, they are always haploid! (except zygospores)

Question 7

FUNGAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
— Unlike animals, most of the fungal
life cycle is in _______ FORM
(spores)

Fungi can reproduce via:
A
B
F

Answer 7

FUNGAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

—Unlike animals, most of the fungal
life cycle is in HAPLOID FORM (spores)

Fungi can reproduce via:
ASEXUAL—- spore production (mitotic production of haploid spores)

BUDdING —-(UNEVEN Division of cytoplasm)

FRAGMENTATION—- (pieces of one organism can develop into new, complete individuals)

Question 8

FUNGAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• HOW ARE MAJOR PHYLA CLASSIFIED ?
• WHAT KIND OF STAGES DO THEY HAVE ?

Answer 8

FUNGAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• -Major phyla are…..
  
  • classified by mode of sexual reproduction

–Fungal reproduction is unique. In addition
to a haploid and diploid stage, they have
an additional stage called DIKARYOTIC.

Question 9

FUNGAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• PLASMOGAMY
• DIKARYOTIC
• KARYOGAMY
• SYNGAMY

Answer 9

FUNGAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

During reproduction two different mating strains produce hyphae that grow toward each other…
When they touch, their cytoplasm fuses in a
process called PLASMOGAMY (nuclei do not fuse,
this creates a DIKARYOTIC CELL)

Finally, the nuclei do fuse via KARYOGAMY and
the cell becomes a zygote

Collectively, plasmogamy & karyogamy are
referred to as SYNGAMY

Question 10

PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA: BREAD MOLD

Answer 10

PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA: BREAD MOLD

-RHIZOPUS is a common mold genus
Modified hyphae called RHIZOIDS anchor it to
food surfaces
**STOLON: modified hyphae that connects sporangia

ASEXUAL structure
Upright SPORANGIOPHORE supports SPORANGIA,
where spores form

SEXUAL structure:
Mating strains fuse to form ZYGOSPORANGIA;
where zygotes form.
Meiosis occurs, producing haploid spores
which mature into new sporangia.

Question 11

-sexual reproduction:

ex: Pencillium

-

Answer 11

PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA – SAC FUNGUS
-Spores look like peas in a pod at the end of hyphae
-Sexual reproduction:
Fusion produces cup-shaped ascocarp
Meiosis within the ascus sac forms 8 ascospores

EXAMPLE:

• **PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA – PENCILLIUM
• Asexual conidiospores/conidia form on the tips of special hyphae called conidiophores*

Question 12

-sexual reproduction:

-

Answer 12

PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA – SAC FUNGUS
-Spores look like peas in a pod at the end of hyphae
-Sexual reproduction:
Fusion produces cup-shaped ascocarp
Meiosis within the ascus sac forms 8 ascospores

EXAMPLE:
PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA – YEAST
Single-celled
Reproduction
Asexual budding*****
Fusion of 2 cells

• Used in baking & brewing
• Some are parasitic

Question 13

PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA: CLUB FUNGI

Answer 13

PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA: CLUB FUNGI
Common edible mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf/ bracket fungi; some are toxic

SEXUAL reproduction:
1.A basidiocarp (mushroom) consists of the cap &
lamellae (gills)
2.Club-shaped basidia form on the gill
surface
3.Basidia nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote
4.Zygote produces haploid basidiospores
through meiosis

ASEXUAL: basidiospore matures into new
organism

Question 14

LICHENS
Mutualistic symbiotic relationship
between a photosynthetic green
algae / cyanobacteria & an Ascomycota
[sac] fungus
NOT AN INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM!
Absorb nutrients from the air  sensitive to air pollution
3 growth patterns





Answer 14

LICHENS
Mutualistic symbiotic relationship
between a photosynthetic green
algae / cyanobacteria & an Ascomycota
[sac] fungus
NOT AN INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM!
Absorb nutrients from the air 
sensitive to air pollution
3 growth patterns
Crustose: flat
Foliose: peels partly away (looks “leafy”)
 Fruiticose: 3-dimensional; often have stalks