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BACTERIOLGY > Lecture | Bacterial Genetics, Metabolism, & Structure > Flashcards

Lecture | Bacterial Genetics, Metabolism, & Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Lacks nuclear membrane and Belongs to the prokaryotes

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

DNA : complexed with RNA

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

Prokaryotes exist as “?” Where it is highly coiled & mixed with rna, poly amines, & other proteins

A

Nucleoid

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4
Q

DNA exist as a definite structure known as the nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

DNA is linear

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

DNA is circular

A

Prokaryotes

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7
Q

DNA sequence that encodes specific product ➡️ RNA or protein

A

Gene

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8
Q

All the genes in an organism

A

Genome

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9
Q

Genome that is organized into discrete elements

A

Chromosome

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10
Q

Extensively folded and twisted to within bacterial cell. Also termed as “supercoiled”

A

Bacterial chromosomes

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11
Q

Exists as a double-stranded closed, circular macromolecule

A

Bacterial chromosomes

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12
Q

Extrachromosomal elements that replicate and encode information.

A

Plasmids and transposable elements

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13
Q

Double stranded, closed, circular autonomously replicating extrachromosomal

A

Plasmids

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14
Q

Determinant of antimicrobial resistance or unique metabolic process

A

Plasmids

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15
Q

Unable to replicate independently and do not exist as a separate entities

A

Jumping genes/transposons

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16
Q

Pieces of DNA that move from one genetic element to another, from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa

A

Transposable elements

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17
Q

Process by which transposons are REMOVE from one genomic location and INSERTED unto another location

A

Transposition

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18
Q

2 types of transposable elements

A

Simple transposon and composite transposon

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19
Q

Limited to containing the genes that encode information required for movement from one site in the genome to another

A

Insertion sequence

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20
Q

Cassettes (grouping of genes) flanked by insertion sequences

A

Composite transposons

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21
Q

Internal gene embedded in the insertion sequence encodes for an accessory function

A

Antimicrobial resistance

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22
Q

Capable of replication independently of the host chromosome

A

Episome

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23
Q

Process of making a copy of DNA

A

Replication

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24
Q

Converting the copy of DNA into mRNA

A

Transcription

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25
Q

Produce proteins, amino acids, polypeptide are produced from the copy of mRNA

A

Translation

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26
Q

Specific sequence of approximately 300 base pair is recognized by

A

Initiation proteins

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27
Q

Site of active replication

A

Replication fork

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28
Q

Replication fork extends to 2 bidirectional fork until they arrived at ?

A

Terminous

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29
Q

termination of replication occurs when the replication fork?

A

meet

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30
Q

Replication time

A

20 to 40 minutes

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31
Q

Processing of information encoded in genetic elements that result to production of biochemically functional molecules—> RNA & protein

A

Gene expression

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32
Q

Overall process of gene expression in composed of?

A

Transcription and translation

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33
Q

Input: DNA
Output: RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

A

Transcription

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34
Q
  • Sense strand
  • RNA polymerase
  • Polycistronic
A

Transcription

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35
Q

One of the 2 DNA strands that encodes for a functional gene

A

Sense strand

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36
Q

Enzyme central to the transcription process

A

RNA polymerase

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37
Q

mRNA molecules that result from transcription process

A

Polycistronic

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38
Q

proteins are involved in a single or closely related cellular function

A

Polycistronic mRNA

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39
Q

Cluster is under the control of a single of a single promoter sequence

A

Operon

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40
Q

Undergo structural alterations during temperature change

A

RNA thermosensor and riboswitches

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41
Q

Serves as antisense RNA and small regulatory RNA that bind to mRNA sequences to suppress and alter gene expression

A

RNA thermosensor and riboswitch

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42
Q

Input: mRNA
Output: Protein
Codon-anticodon

A

Translation

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43
Q

Involves protein synthesis

A

Translation

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44
Q

triplets of nucleotide bases

A

codon

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45
Q

each codon is specific for how many amino acid

A

single amino acid

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46
Q

Carries the 1 anticodon

A

tRNA

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47
Q

begins with the association of ribosomal subunits, mRNA, formylmethionine (f-met) tRNA , and various initiation factors

A

initiation

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48
Q

carries the initial amino acid of the protein to be synthesized

A

formylmethionine (f-met) tRNA

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49
Q

Involves tRNAs and a host of elongation factors that mediate the sequential addition of amino acids

A

Elongation

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50
Q

final step in translation, occurs when the ribosomal A site encounters a stop or nonsense codon

A

Termination

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51
Q

Posttranslational modification occurs in

A

golgi apparatus

52
Q

A process where proteins undergo modification such as folding and enzymatic trimming

A

Posttranslational modification

53
Q

Regulation and control of gene expression

A

Genetic control

54
Q

Also known as genetic control

A

Transcriptional regulation

55
Q

Involves the direct interactions with genes and their ability to be transcribed to mRNA

A

Genetic control

56
Q

3 mechanism of Genetic Diversity

A

1) Mutation
2) Genetic recombination
3) Genetic exchange between bacteria

57
Q

Change in organisms genotype

A

Mutation

58
Q

Induced by mutagen (chemical/physical factors)

A

Mutation

59
Q

Having a donor and recipient bacterial cell. There is an exchange with DNA segment of the recipient’s genome

A

Recombination

60
Q

In genetic recombination, to create a new DNA strand the 2 bacteria must be be homologous, also called as

A

Homologous recombination

61
Q

Organism’s ability to undergo recombination depend on the acquisition of “foreign “ DNA from donor cell

A

genetic exchange

62
Q

3 mechanisms by which bacteria physically exchange DNA

A

Transformation, transduction, & conjugation

63
Q

Involves recipient cell uptake of naked (free) DNA released into the environment when another bacterial cell dies and undergoes lysis

A

Transformation

64
Q

Bacteria that are able to uptake naked DNA in surroundings; able to undergo transformation

A

Competent bacteria

65
Q

Transformation & recombination plays a major role in the development of

A

Antibiotic resistance and gene dissemination

66
Q

Via transformations and recombination:

Development of antibiotic resistance and dissemination of genes encode factor essential to an organism’s ability to cause

A

Disease

67
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Virus capable of infecting bacteria

68
Q

Process occurs between 2 LIVING cells, cell-cell contact, and requires MOBILIZATION of the donor’s chromosome

A

Conjugation

69
Q

Sex pilus originates from the donor and establishes a conjugative bridge that serves as

A

Conduit for DNA transfer from donor to recipient

70
Q

Plasmids and transposons may be transferred through

A

Conjugation

71
Q

All cellular processes required for the organism’s survival and replication

A

Bacterial metabolism

72
Q

It is essential to:
1. Understand bacterial interaction with human host cells
2. Mechanisms bacteria use to cause disease
3. Basis of diagnostic microbiology

A

Bacterial metabolism

73
Q

Utilization of metabolic pathways

Involved in acquisition of nutrients from environment, production of precursor metabolites, and energy production

A

Fueling

74
Q

Acquisition of Nutrients can enter the cell by what type of diffusion

A

Simple diffusion

75
Q

Precursor metabolite are produced through 2 central pathways such as

A

EMP pathway and TCA cycle

76
Q

EMP pathway is considered the major pathway in the conversion of

A

Glucose to pyruvate

77
Q

Use by many members of enterobacteriaceae family that occurs under —?— environment

A

Anaerobic environment

78
Q

Enterobacteriaceae family are fermenters or not?

A

Fermenters

79
Q

Pathway notably use by gram-negative bacteria

A

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

80
Q

EDP catalyzes the degration of

A

gluconate and glucose

81
Q

In EDP, gluconate is phosphorylated, dehydrated, and converted into pyruvate leading to the production of

A

ethanol

82
Q

aerobic process under production of metabolites

A

EDP

83
Q

Alternative to EMP for carbohydrate metabolism

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

84
Q

2 general mechanisms for ATP production

A
  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
85
Q

High-energy phosphate bonds produced are donated to ADP to for ATP

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

86
Q

A primary intermediate that serves as the initial substrate to generate ATP

A

Pyruvate

87
Q

Other pathways constitute to —?— which does not require oxygen and produce alcohol, acids, carbon dioxide and hydrogen

A

Fermentative metabolism

88
Q

Involves electron transport system

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

89
Q

Series of electron transfer from reduced carriers (NADPH2, NADH2, FADH2) to a terminal electron acceptor

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

90
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor

A

Aerobic respiration

91
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation that use final electron acceptor

A

Anaerobic respiration

92
Q

Use the precursor products in dozens of pathways to produce amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, nucelotide

A

Biosynthesis

93
Q

A fundamental staining technique : bacterial identification schemes

A

Gram stains

94
Q

Gram stain separates medically relevant bacteria into 2 general types

A

Gram+ and gram-

95
Q

Counter stain in gram stain

A

Safranin

96
Q

Gram negative bacteria gives off color

A

Pink to red

97
Q

Gram positive bacteria gives off the color

A

Deep blue to purple

98
Q

Bacterila identification starts with

A

Gram staining

99
Q

All (most) cocci are positive, except

A

Neisseria, moraxella, veillonella

100
Q

All (most) bacilli are gram negative, except

A

BANS CEL

101
Q

Outermost structure

A

Cell envelope

102
Q

Cell wall is composed of

A

Peptidoglycan

103
Q

Outer membrane is a bilayered structure composed of

A

Lipopolysaccharide

104
Q

Lipopolysaccharide gives the surface of gram-negative bacteria a?

A

Negative charge

105
Q

Water filled structure that controls the passage of nutrients and other solute through outer membrane

A

Porins

106
Q

Cell wall is referred to as peptidoglycan or

A

Murein layer

107
Q

Gives bacterial shape and strength to withstand changes in environmental osmotic pressures

A

Cell wall

108
Q

Cell wall of gram-positive bacteria contains

A

Teichoic acid

109
Q

A layer that contains this makes cell more refractory to toxic substances

A

Mycolic acid

110
Q

Bacteria with mycolic acid require unique staining procedures such as

A

Acid Fast stain

111
Q

Consist of Gel-like substances that assist in capturing nutrients from the environment

A

Periplasmic Space/periplasm

112
Q

Contains several enzymes involved in the degradation of macromolecules and detoxification of environmental solutes that enter through the outer membrane

A

Periplasmic space/periplasm

113
Q

Vital to cellular metabolism

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane

114
Q

Confers protection top of bacteria & allows bacteria to evade the immune system

A

Capsule

115
Q

Facilitates and maintains bacterial colonization of biologic & inanimate surface through the formation of

A

Biofilms or “slime layers”

116
Q

A biofilm may consist of a ? housed in a complex biochemical matrix

A

Monomicrobic /polymicrobic

117
Q

Proteinaceous structure or hairlike

A

Fimbriae or pili

118
Q

Serve as adhesion that helps bacteria to attach to animal host surfaces

A

Fimbriae or pili

119
Q

1st step in establishing infection

A

adhesion of bacteria to animal host surfaces

120
Q

The sex pilus is present only in cells that produce a protein referred to as

A

F factor

121
Q

Responsible for bacterial motility

A

Flagella

122
Q

Contains thousands of enzyme and is the site of protein synthesis

A

Cytosol

123
Q

Under adverse physical and chemical conditions or when nutrients are scarce

A

endospore

124
Q

able to form spore

A

sporulation

125
Q

When cell transforms from an active to dormant metabolic and growing state, the cytosol will

A

Decrease

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