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BACTERIOLGY > Lecture |Bacilli > Flashcards

Lecture |Bacilli Flashcards

1
Q

Spore formers

A
  1. Bacillus anthracis
  2. Bacillus cereus
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2
Q

Non-spore formers

A
  1. Corynebacterium
  2. Listeria
  3. Erysipelothrix
  4. Gardnerella
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3
Q

Branching, non-spore- formers

A
  1. Nocardia
  2. Aerobic actenomycetes
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4
Q

is Bacillus spp. aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative anaerobic?

A

aerobic & facultative anaerobic

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5
Q

Is Clostridium aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

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6
Q
  1. Gram positive
  2. Aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacilli
  3. Endospores
  4. Catalase positive
A

Bacillus spp.

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7
Q

Clostridium spp. form endospores–

A

anaerobically

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8
Q

Bacillus spp. form endospores—

A

aerobically and anaerobically

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9
Q

causative agent of antrax.

A

Bacillus antracis

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10
Q

a disease of wild and domestic animals including sheep, goats, horses, and cattle.

A

Anthrax

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11
Q

Types of Anthrax

A
  1. Cutaneous Anthrax
  2. Gastrointestinal/Ingestion Anthrax
  3. Inhalation Anthrax (wool sorter’s disease)
  4. Injectional Anthrax
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12
Q

Causes a typical presentation of the ulceration is a black, necrotic lesion known as an

A

eschar

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13
Q

accounts for most human infections and is associated with contact with infected animal products.

A

Cutaneous Anthrax

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14
Q

results from ingestion of endospores

A

Gastrointestinal/Ingestion Anthrax

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15
Q

Gastrointestinal/Ingestion Anthrax presents in two forms:

A

oral or oro pharyngeal

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16
Q

Usually attributed to toxemia and sepsis.

A

Gastrointestinal/Ingestion Anthrax

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17
Q

Most fatal; previously referred to pulmonary anthrax, Woolsorters’ disease and ragpickers’ disease

A

Inhalation Anthrax (wool sorter’s disease)

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18
Q

Bacillus antracis virulence factor

A
  1. Lethal toxin (LT)
  2. Edema toxin (ET)
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19
Q

Each of virelence toxins consists of proteins such as

A

protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF) and edema factor

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20
Q

associated with food borne illness.

A

B. cereus group

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21
Q

organisms are often associated with infections in immunocompromised patients who have debilitating disease such as cancer or diabetes.

A

B. cereus

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22
Q

most common type of non gastrointestinal infection caused by B. cereus

A

endophthalmitis

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23
Q

also referred to as hemolysin IV

A

cytotoxin K

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24
Q

B. cereus group Virulence factors

A
  1. hemolysin BL (HBL)
  2. Nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe)
  3. cytotoxin K (Cytk) (hemolysin IV)
  4. Cereulide
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25
Q

believed to act synergistically

A

hemolysin BL, nonhemolytic enterotoxin, and cytotoxin (hemolysin IV)

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26
Q

heat-stable, proteolysis, and acid-resistant toxin

A

cereulide

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27
Q

Specimen procession for Bacillus spp.

A

heat or alcohol shock

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28
Q

heat specimen 70°C for

A

30 minutes

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29
Q

heat heat specimen 80°C for

A

10 minutes

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30
Q

heat specimen 62°C to 65°C for

A

15-20 minutes (B. anthracis only)

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31
Q

only clinically relevant aerobic organisms capable of producing endospores in the presence of oxygen.

A

Bacillus spp.

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32
Q

inhibited by high concentrations of CO2

A

Sporulation

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33
Q

production of spores may be induced by

A

growth in triple sugar iron (TSI), urea, or nutrient agar containing 5 mg/L manganese sulfate.

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34
Q

a stain required to visualize endospores.

A

malachite green

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35
Q

appear pink from the secondary stain, safranin

A

vegetative cells

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36
Q

stains green

A

endospore

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37
Q

attributed by the fact that the endospores may appear as intra cellular or extracellular clear oval structures upon Gram staining.

A

Box car or bamboo rod appearance

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38
Q

selective agar for gram-positive organisms that isuseful for the removal of contaminating organisms and the isolation of Bacillus spp.

A

Phenylethyl alcohol agar (PEA),

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39
Q

used for selection and isolation from fecal contamination

A

Polymyxin-lysozyme-EDTA-thallous acetate (PLET)

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40
Q

used to induce B. anthracis capsule formation

A

Bicarbonate agar

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41
Q

an agar that should be incubated in increase carbon dioxide environment

A

Bicarbonate agar

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42
Q

in this agar, colonies of B. anthracis are nonhemolytic, large (2 to 5 mm), gray, and flat with an irregular margin because of outgrowths of long, filamentous projections.

A

SBA

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43
Q

has been used to describe the colony morphology of B. anthracis.

A

Medusa head

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44
Q

colonies of B. anthracis have what type of consistency

A

tenacious consistency

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45
Q

bacteria having the appearance or characteristic of beaten egg whites.

A

B. anthracis

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46
Q

ferments glucose

A

B. anthracis

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47
Q

produces lecithinase

A

B. anthracis

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48
Q

grows in 7% NaCl and pH<6

A

B. anthracis

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49
Q

susceptible to penicillin (10 U/mL)

A

B. anthracis

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50
Q

B. anthracis does not ferment ?

A

mannitol, arabinose or xylose

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51
Q

Grow on Egg Yolk Agar

A

B. anthracis

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52
Q

opaque zone around colonies

A

Lecithinase

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53
Q

oily sheen

A

Lipase

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54
Q

The hydrolyzed tube remain liquid even after freezing at 4°C

A

Gelatin Hydrolysis test

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55
Q

clearing of the x ray film

A

Gelatin Hydrolysis test

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56
Q

nonmotile bacterias

A

B.anthracis & B. mycoides

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57
Q

motility can be tested by either

A
  1. wet mount preparation
  2. inoculation into motility test medium.
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58
Q

Capsule production by B. anthracis can be detected by

A
  1. India ink staining on blood or CSF specimens
  2. on cells isolated in media supplemented with sodium bicarbonate
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59
Q

penicillin susceptibility of B. anthracis

A

susceptible

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60
Q

penicillin susceptibility of B. cereus

A

resistant

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61
Q

Lecithinase +

A

B. anthracis

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62
Q

Lecithinase -

A

B. cereus

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63
Q

motile -

A

B. anthracis

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64
Q

motile +

A

B. cereus

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65
Q

B. anthracis Hemolysis on BAP

A

none

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66
Q

B. cereus Hemolysis on BAP

A

Beta-hemolysis

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67
Q

B. anthracis gelatin hydrolysis

A

negative

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68
Q

B. cereus gelatin hydrolysis

A

postive

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69
Q

negative growth on PEA

A

B. anthracis

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70
Q

positive growth on PEA

A

B. cereus

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71
Q

Serodiagnosis of B. anthracis is typically available for the detection of the

A

PA antigen or toxin protein, LF, and EF

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72
Q

immunochromatographic test that presumptively identifies B. anthracis from blood agar within 15 minutes

A

Red Line Alert Test

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73
Q

most rapid detection method and differentiation of B. anthracis

A

PCR

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74
Q

recommended vaccine after aerosol exposure to B. anthracis, such as in a bioterrorist event.

A

Chemoprophylaxis with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline

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75
Q

gram positive “club-shape”

A

corynebacteria

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76
Q
  • nonlipophilic/lipophilic
  • catalase +
  • Nonmotile
A

corynebacteria

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77
Q

type of corynebacteria often considered fastidious and grow slowly on standard culture media

A

Lipophilic corynebacteria

78
Q

Disease caused by C. diphtheriae is referred to as

A

diphtheria.

79
Q

2 Forms of Diptheria

A
  1. Respiratory
  2. Cutaneous
80
Q

Humans are the only natural hosts of this bacteria

A

C. diphtheriae.

81
Q

Respiratory Diptheria are carried in the upper respiratory tract and spread by

A

droplet or hand-to-mouth contact.

82
Q

C. diphtheriae most common site of infection

A

tonsils or the pharynx

83
Q

C. diphtheriae produce toxin that requires infection with

A

bacteriophage

84
Q

causes tissue necrosis and exudate formation triggering an inflammatory reaction.

A

C. diptheria

85
Q

combination of cell necrosis and exudate forms this which attaches to the tissues

A

a tough gray-to white pseudomembrane

86
Q

consists of nonhealing ulcers with a dirty gray membrane

A

Cutaneous diphtheria

87
Q

major virulence factor associated with C. diphtheriae.

A

Diphtheria toxin

88
Q

Diphtheria toxin s produced by strains of C. diphtheriae infected with a

A

lysogenic β-phage

89
Q
  1. one of the Corynebacterium species most frequently recovered from human specimens.
  2. It is part of the normal skin microbiota
  3. Often been misidentified by clinical laboratories as C. striatum, C. xerosis, and C. minutissimum.
  4. Opportunist
A

C. amycolatum

90
Q

named after Johnson and Kaye

A

C. jeikeium

91
Q

most common cause of Corynebacterium-
associated prosthetic valve endocarditis in adults

A

C. jeikeium

92
Q

also causes septicemia, meningitis, prosthetic joint infections, and skin complications, such as rash and subcutaneous nodules.

A

C. jeikeium

93
Q

veterinary pathogens .

A

C. pseudotuberculosis & C. ulcerans

94
Q

Human infections typically have been associated with contact with sheep and are rare.

A

C. pseudotuberculosis

95
Q
  1. Causes a granulomatous lymphadenitis in humans.
  2. The organism produces a dermonecrotic toxin that causes death of various cell types, and it can produce diphtheria toxin.
A

C. pseudotuberculosis

96
Q
  1. most commonly associated with UTIs
  2. Up and incoming cause of cystitis
A

C. urealyticum

97
Q
  1. Cause skin ulcers and oxidative pharyngitis
  2. isolated from humans with diphtheria-like illness, and a significant number of isolates produce the diphtheria toxin
A

C. urealyticum

98
Q

a veterinary pathogen That causes mastitis in cattle and other domestic and wild animals

A

C.ulcerans

99
Q
  1. gram positive bacillus
  2. appears in palisades
  3. “V” and “L” formations
  4. club-shaped swellings
  5. Babès-Ernst granules.
A

C. diphtheriae

100
Q

C. diphtheriae often stain irregularly, also giving a beaded appearance with the stain?

A

methylene blue

101
Q

In C. diphtheriae, The metachromatic areas of the cell, which stain more intensely than other parts

A

Ernst granules or Volutin granules

102
Q

The presence of this in C. diphtheriae indicates the accumulation of nutrient reserves and differs with the type of medium and the metabolic state of the individual cells.

A

Babès-Ernst granules

103
Q

Corynebacterium spp. usually grow on what type of agars

A

5% sheep blood and chocolate agars

104
Q

produce much larger colonies when cultured on 5% sheep blood agar supplemented with 1% Tween 80

A
  1. C. jeikeium
  2. C. urealyticum
  3. C. afermentans subsp. lipophi lum
  4. C. accolens
  5. C. macginleyi
105
Q

lipophilic coryneform bacteria demonstrate better growth in broths supplemented with

A

rabbit serum

106
Q

is corynebacterium facultatively anarobe?

A

YES

107
Q

medias to be used if diphtheria is suspected.

A

Selective and differential media for C. diphtheriae

108
Q

medium that can promote production of metachromatic granules because it contains egg yolk

A

Loeffler medium

109
Q

medium C. diptheria shows brown-black colonies with a gray-brown halo

A

Tinsdale medium

110
Q

a modification of Tinsdale medium, contains sheep red blood cells, bovine serum, cystine, and potassium tellurite.

A

Cystine-tellurite blood agar (CTBA)

111
Q

inhibits many noncoryneform bacteria

A

potassium tellurite

112
Q

When grown on CTBA, corynebacteria form – ? –(color) colonies from the reduction of tellurite

A

black or brownish

113
Q

On Sheep Blood Agar, corynebacteria can display what type of hemolysis

A

very small zone of beta-hemolysise

114
Q

useful for differentiating corynebacteria because only C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans, and C. pseudotuberculosis form a brown halo as a result of cystinase activity.

A

Cystine-tellurite blood agar (CTBA)

115
Q
  1. urease negative
  2. ferments glucose and maltose (w/o gas
    production
  3. reduces nitrate to nitrite
A

C. diptheriae

116
Q

produces urease and on SBA forms small, yellowish-white colonies.

A

C.pseudotuberculosis

117
Q

colonies of this are flat and dry, have a matte or waxy appearance, and are nonlipophilic. It does not produce any halo in Tinsdale medium; negative for urease; is only able to produce acid from glucose

A

C. amycolatum

118
Q

produce acid from starch and is gelatin hydrolysis positive, does not reduce nitrate, urease positive

A

C.ulcerans

119
Q
  1. pinpoint, nonhemolytic, white colonies 2. lipophilic
  2. coryneform morphology
  3. nitrate -
  4. catalase +
  5. urease +
A

C. urealyticum

120
Q

urease positive within minutes after inoculation on a Christensen urea slant.

A

C. urealyticum

121
Q

test whether diphtheria antitoxin neutralizes the lethal effect of a cell-free suspension of the suspect organism

A

Guinea pig lethality test

122
Q

test utilizes the principle of immunodiffusion.

A

ELEK test

123
Q

only effective control of diphtheria

A

immunization with a multidose diphtheria toxoid

124
Q

in ELEK test, the presence of this indicates that the strain produced toxin that reacted with the homologous antitoxin.

A

fine precipitin lines

125
Q

only effective control of diphtheria is through immunization with

A

multidose diphtheria toxoid

126
Q

a preparation of antibodies capable of toxin neu tralization before its entry into the patient’s cells.

A

Hyperimmune antiserum produced in horses, diphtheria anti toxin (DAT)

127
Q
  1. facultative anaerobe
  2. catalase-positive
  3. nonbranching,
  4. oxidase-negative
  5. gram-positive rod
A

Listeria monocytogenes

128
Q

a common cause of meningitis in neonates and immunocompromised individuals especially those who undergone renal transplantation and cancer patients.

A

Listeria monocytogenes

129
Q

Contaminated ice cream, hot dogs, and luncheon meats have served as vehicles for this foodborne disease.

A

L. monocytogenes

130
Q

a common cause of meningitis in neonates and immunocompromised individuals especially those who undergone renal transplantation and cancer patients

A

L. monocytogenes

131
Q

the major virulence factor of L. monocytogenes

A

Listeriolysin O

132
Q

a pore- forming toxin that reduces T-cell responsiveness.

A

Listeriolysin O

133
Q

This toxin-induced unresponsiveness, in combination with phospholipases, enables the organism to escape from the phagosome of white blood cells, avoid intracellular killing, and spread to the bloodstream

A

Listeriolysin O

134
Q

forms pseudopod-like projections that are then ingested by neighboring cells. This provides a means of cell-to-cell spread of the organism. The bacterium eventually reaches the central nervous system and the placenta, resulting in disease (listeriosis).

A

Actin polymerization

135
Q

organism produces a bacterial surface protein that induces host cell actin polymerization

A

Actin polymerization or Act A

136
Q

short, gram-positive rod that may occur singly or in short chains, resembling streptococci

A

L. monocytogenes

137
Q

The colonies are small, round, smooth, and translucent. They are surrounded by a narrow zone of β-hemolysis, which may be visualized only if the colony is removed. The colonies and hemolysis resemble those seen with S. agalactiae

A

L. monocytogenes

138
Q

The optimal growth temperature for L. monocytogenes

A

30° to 35° C

139
Q

L. monocytogenes grows at 4° C and this technique may be used to isolate the organism from polymicrobial clinical specimens.

A

cold enrichment

140
Q

also called a refrigerator bacilli

A

L. monocytogenes

141
Q
  1. Motile
  2. Ferments salicin
  3. Hydrolyzes esculin
A

L.monocytogenes

142
Q
  1. Non motile
  2. Does not ferment salicin
  3. Do not hydrolyzes esculin
A

Corynebacterium

143
Q
  1. hippurate hydrolysis positive
  2. catalase positive
  3. bile esculin hydrolysis positive
  4. motile at room temperature
A

L.monocytogenes

144
Q

exhibits tumbling motility (end-over-end motility)

A

In wet mount

145
Q

In motility semi-solid medium “umbrella” pattern is seen when the organism is incubated at temperature?

A

22° to 25° C but not at 35° C

146
Q

Block type

A

CAMP +

147
Q

Confirmatory findings of L.monocytogenes include

A

acid production from glucose and positive Voges-Proskauer and methyl red reactions.

148
Q

Anton’s test–ocular test

A

Keratoconjuctivitis

149
Q

The organism may be transmitted through direct contact or ingestion of contaminated water or meat.

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

150
Q
  1. gram-positive
  2. catalase-negative
  3. non–spore-forming, pleomorphic rod that has a tendency to form long filaments
A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

151
Q

the most common infection caused by E. rhusiopathiae in humans, and a localized skin infection

A

Erysipeloid

152
Q

Erysipelas =

A

S. pyogenes

153
Q

ssociated with individuals employed in occupations such as fish handlers, farmers, slaughterhouse workers, food preparation workers, and veterinarians

A

Erysipelothrix infections

154
Q

Erysipeloid =

A

Erysipelothrix

155
Q

make use of Tissue biopsy of the skin lesion

A

E. rhusiopathiae

156
Q
  1. Gram positive
  2. Short rods/long filaments
  3. Singly, in short chains, or in “V” shape
A

E. rhusiopathiae

157
Q

grows on standard culture media, including SBA and chocolate agar. The colonies often appear α-hemolytic after a few days of growth.

A

E. rhusiopathiae

158
Q
  1. Catalase negative
  2. Nonmotile
  3. VP negative
  4. Hydrogen sulfide production positive
A

E. rhusiopathiae

159
Q

Growth of E. rhusiopathiae in a gelatin stab culture yields a highly characteristic “test tube brush– like” pattern at a temperature of

A

22° C

160
Q

short, pleomorphic gram-positive rod or coccobacillus that often stains gram variable or gram negative

A

Gardnella vaginalis

161
Q

primarily known for its association with bacterial vaginosis (BV) in humans.

A

G.vaginalis

162
Q

characterized by a malodorous discharge (fish-like odor) and vaginal pH greater than 4.5 (alkaline)

A

bacterial vaginosis

163
Q

BV generally results from a reduction in the

A

Lactobacillus population in the vagina

164
Q

Gram staining of vaginal secretions is generally regarded as the

A

reference method for diagnosing BV.

165
Q

aids the diagnosis of BV

A
  1. “clue cells,”
  2. large squamous epithelial cells with gram positive
  3. gram- variable bacilli and coccobacilli clustered on the edges
  4. Lactobacillus rods are absent in the wet mount.
166
Q

low lactobacillus in vagina gives this bacteria the chance to grow

A

Gardnella

167
Q

Culture Media of Gardnella

A
  1. Human blood bilayer Tween (HBT( agar
  2. 5% to 7% CO2 at a temperature of 35C to 37C
168
Q

G. vaginalis also produces what type of hemolysis

A

β-hemolytic

169
Q

G. vaginalis also produces β- hemolytic colonies on media made with

A

rabbit or human blood

170
Q

AEROBIC ACTINOMYCETES

A
  1. Nocardia
  2. Rhodococcus
  3. Gordonia
  4. Tsukamurella
  5. Streptomyces
  6. Actinomadura
171
Q
  1. aerobic, branched, beaded, gram-positive bacilli
  2. Catalase positive
  3. partially acid fast, meaning they are able to retain the primary stain only when a weak acid is used as the decolorizer during the acid-fast staining process
A

Nocardia spp.

172
Q

decolorizer used in Nocardia spp.

A

0.5-1% H2SO4 Sulfuric acid

173
Q

Generally, infections caused by Nocardia occur in

A

immunocompromised patients.

174
Q

Nocardia infection begins as a localized subcutaneous abscess that is invasive and quite destructive of the tissues and underlying bone that is termed as

A

actinomycotic mycetomas

175
Q

Nocardia infection occurs by two routes:

A

pulmonary and or other disseminated infections

176
Q

In Nocardia infection, the pus may be pigmented and contain

A

“sulfur granules”

177
Q

“sulfur granules” appear color

A

yellow or orange

178
Q

These granules contain masses of filamentous organisms with pus materials

A

“sulfur granules”

179
Q

Nocardia spp. grow well on

A

selective laboratory media

180
Q

Nocardia spp. grow well on most common nonselective laboratory media incubated at temperatures between

A

22° and 37° C

181
Q

days before Nocardia spp. growth is seen

A

3 to 6 days or more

182
Q

may enhance recovery of Nocardia spp. by inhibiting the growth of contaminating organisms.

A

modified Thayer-Martin agar

183
Q

Nocardia spp. grow on nonselective BCYE agar. what is BCYE agar

A

buffered charcoal–yeast extract agar.

184
Q

Colonies have a chalky, matte, velvety, or powdery appearance and may be white, yellow, pink, orange, peach, tan, or gray pigmented.

A

Nocardia spp.

185
Q

grow at the presence of enhanced 10% CO2 and in 48 hours but colonies typically appear in 5 to 10 days. They can have a dry, crumbly appearance similar to breadcrumbs

A

Nocardia spp.

186
Q

Unique Characteristic of Nocardia spp.

A

Lysozyme Resistant

187
Q
  1. partially acid fast or acid fast
  2. On SBA, the colonies resemble Klebsiella and can form a salmon pink pigment
  3. diphtheroid gram-positive rods with traces of branching
A

Rhodococcus equi

188
Q
  1. agent of Whipple disease
  2. gram-positive actinomycete
  3. A facultative intracellular pathogen (culture is useless)
A

TROPHERYMA WHIPPLEI

189
Q

The presence of characteristic periodic acid–Schiff staining is strongly suggestive of

A

Whipple disease.

190
Q
A

BACTERIOLGY (14 decks)

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