LECTURE 9- SPEECH AND LANGUAGE Flashcards
WHAT IS orthography phonology semantics synax
orthology= word spelling phonology= word sound semantics= word meaning syntax= grammar
what is higher level discourse
talking about how we communicate
via integration
how do we study reading?
How do we study reading? Naming tasks (say printed word out loud as quickly as possible) = links orthography and phonology.
Lexical decision task (decide rapidly whether string of letters form a real word). = link between orthography and semantics
Prime words task (does a word presented before a target word affect processing of the target?)= testing if prime word related to target in spelling, sound or meaning- effects processing of target
These help us understand reading difficulties. HOWEVER, majority of studies consider English language which is a difficult language as it has lots of angloscentricites (relationship between spelling and sound is inconsistent)/ children learn to read slower in English language
what are the 2 models for phonological processing for meaning of words?
WEAK phonological model= phonological processing is inessential for word identification
STRONG phonological processing model- phonological procezsing is essential for word identification
evidence for the strong model
Homophones- these are words with one pronunciation but 2 spellings. more errors are made when a word is a homophone of a real word e.g. rose and rows. These erros suggest its engaged with phonological processing.
phonological neighbouors- words that differ in one phoneme (differ in just one sound)- if we look at eye tracking research we found when readin a sentence, peoplle look at words with many neighbours for a shorter amount of time. this advantage suggests an engagement in phonoloigcal processing
Final piece of evidence= phonological priming- words are processed faster when prime is phonologically identical to target. The advantage suggests an engagement in phonological processing.
explain the interactive activation model-
model of visual word processing
it suggests we look at words at 3 levels
- feature level
- letter level
- word level
it involves parallel processing and is bottom up and top down- stimulus driven but our prior knowledge also dictates what we are familiar with
interactive activation model
word superiority effect
Word superiority effect- this is when the target letter is readily detected in a letter string when the string forms a word rather than a non-word- (individuals must decide which 2 letters were in a given position when presented a letter string briefly followed by a mask) E.G. given word CAP and then given P A and they asked which was the letter in the third position in the original word, the answer being P
interactive activation model
orthographic neighbours
Orthographic Neighbours- words formed by changing one of the target words letters and this can influence recognition time. Neighbours facilitate target word recognition if they are less frequent in language (Neighbours are less common in English language so don’t distract) and vice versa
interactive activation model
limitations
LIMITATIONS TO THIS MODEL- too much importance is attached to letter order, and this isn’t actually especially important as people are able to read text when first and last letters in correct place, but others are not (but this model would say otherwise).
LIMITATIONS- It cannot account for SEMANTIC PRIMING, cant explain why target word is recognized faster if preceded by semantically related word e.g., doctor and nurse. Semantic priming occurs because it automatically activates related words due to learning/ expectation semantically related word will follow.
