LECTURE 8- LOGICAL REASONING

Question 1

what is inductive reasoning/

Answer 1

making broad generalsiations from specific observations

but these are not always certain

for example hypothesis of research (might not always be true)

Question 2

what is deductive reasoning

Answer 2

researching a specific logical conclusion from general statements of hypothesis,

these are always right or wrong

typically structured with a first premise, second premise, and inference.

related to problem solving

Question 3

what are 2 types of deductive reasoning

Answer 3

conditional= reasonign with ifs, and, then= logical operators are included in the premises which are if, then, or

syllogistic= consists of 2 premises followed by a conclusion that is valid or invalid- containing 3 items with one occuring in both premises. also contains quantifiers (akll, some, no, not)

Question 4

conditional reasoning

valid

Answer 4

2 premises followed by a conclusion

affirming our first sentence=modus ponens (affirmative)= if a is true then b is true, a is true so b is true

denying our first sentence=modus tollens (negative)= If a is ture, b is not true. b is not true therefore a is not true

Question 5

conditional reasoning

invalid

Answer 5

affirmination of the consequent (affirmative)= if a is true then b is true, b is true therefor a is true

denial of the antecedent (negative denying)= if a is true then b is true, a is not true therefore b is not true

Question 6

syllogistic reasoning

Answer 6

contains 3 items (this is the difference between conditional and syllogistic

the validity of the conclusion depends on whether it follows logically (validity of the real world is irrelevent, its not actually logical but follows logically)

this means belief bias causes errors in syylogistic reasoning= we are more likely to accept invalid conclusions if they are believable and reject a valid one if its unbelievable despite if it ‘follows logically’