LECTURE 11= LANGUAGE/SPEECH

Question 1

what are some strategies to reduce processing demand

Answer 1

Preformulation= production of phrases used before

Under specification= use more simplified expressions

Question 2

effects of intoxication on speech

Answer 2

Impairs attention, memory, thinking, and reasoning

Produce more dysfluencies in language (stammer, stutter)

Speak slower

Use more simplified language

Question 3

can you explain the first stage of speech production

Answer 3

Speech planning is the first stage

Might occur on different levels- levels on how we plan speech

One level is the cause= part of the sentence containing a subject and a verb- (speech errors provide evidence that speech planning extends over the entire clause)

Another level is the phrase= a group of words that express a single idea

Martin et al 2004=Phrase level – ppts have to describe moving pictures, condition 1= produce the simple initial noun phrase, condition 2= conjoined initial noun phrase. Tested reaction time to produce speech. FINDINGS= Take longer for conjoined initial noun phrase as it has 2 noun phrases.

Question 4

speech error types-

Answer 4

Word exchange errors= speech planning extends over the entire clause, switching words . E.g. My chair seems empty without my room

Sound exchange errors= tell us sounds of words planned shortly in advance e.g. bedbugs but saying bud begs

Spoonerism= letter o 2 words are switched e.g. go and shake a tower

Semantic substitution= word replaced with another word with similar meaning e.g. where is my cricket racket

Morpheme exchange= inflexions, or suffices attached to the wrong word e.g. he has already trunked 2 packs

Number agreement= plurals of words do not make sense e.g. the team has won the match

Question 5

spreading actiavtion theory of speech production

Answer 5

Suggests when we plan and produce there is activation at semantic (meaning), lexical (words), phonological levels(sounds)

The thing that gets produced is the thing that is most activated

Do all of these things in parallel (at the same time)

Assumptions= we use Categorical rules, this is when we produce speech there are constraints at the number of items and categories that are acceptable at each level

Assumption 2= we use insertion rules, these mean we only select highly activated items to be spoken

Strengths= parallel helps us understand and account for speech errors. Gives us a link between speech production and other cognitive activities.

Weakness= does not extend interactive processes involved in speech production

Question 6

weaver ++ model of speech production

Answer 6

Word form Encoding by activation verification

Serial model

There are 3 main levels

1. highest level= nodes represent lexical concepts (conceptual preparation)
2. second level- nodes represent lemmas (abstract words, meaning of words- our mental dictionary but don’t represent words we see everyday )

Lowest level- nodes representing word forms (morphemes)

Assumptions= speech production proceeds from meaning to sound.

Strength= explains tip of the Tongue state= where we have the semantic activation, but phonological processing is still unsuccessful/ shifts focus on relying on speech production from speech errors/ simple model that makes it easy to test predictions

Weaknesses= does not allow interaction between different levels/ speech errors occur more than the model predicts