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FA1 Immunology > Lecture 9 9/14/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 9/14/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 1st order cytokine for Th1 activation?

A

IFN-gamma

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2
Q

What is the 1st order cytokine for Th2?

A

IL-4

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3
Q

What is the 2nd order cytokine for Th1?

A

IFN-gamma

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4
Q

What are the 2nd order cytokines for Th2?

A

-IL-4
-IL-5
-IL-13

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5
Q

What are the 2nd order cytokines for Th17?

A

-IL-17A
-IL-22

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6
Q

Which molecule mediates humoral immunity?

A

antibodies

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7
Q

Which markers are present on the surface of B bells?

A

-CD21
-CD19
-CD40
-MHC-II

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8
Q

What are BCRs?

A

-immunoglobulins/”antibodies” on the surface of B cells

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9
Q

What type of immunity can be transferred via bodily fluids?

A

antibody-mediated

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10
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

immunity acquired by receiving pre-formed antibodies from an external source

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11
Q

What type of immunity is offered by passive immunity?

A

temporary, immediate immunity

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12
Q

What are maternal antibodies?

A

antibodies passed from the mother to the newborn through the placenta or through breast milk

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13
Q

What is antibody therapy?

A

pre-formed antibodies administered to patients

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14
Q

How can active immunity be developed?

A

-recovery from a microbial infection
-vaccination

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15
Q

What are the initial steps in B-cell differentiation?

A

-bacteria infect and replicate
-dendritic cells are activated
-T and B cells primed in lymph node
-adaptive immunity activated; B cells differentiate

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of plasma cells?

A

-differentiated B cells
-generate thousands of immunoglobulins each second
-short-lived

17
Q

What are the characteristics of memory B cell responses?

A

-few cells respond initially
-memory B cells accumulate with each exposure, leading to greater responses

18
Q

What signals are needed for complete activation of B cells?

A

-helper T cell TCR/MHC-II
-CD4
-CD40/CD40L

19
Q

What is somatic hypermutation?

A

process that introduces random genetic mutations into the B cell’s antibody genes to improve specificity

20
Q

How does affinity factor into B cell survivability?

A

-if mutation increases binding affinity, B cell will survive and keep proliferating
-if mutation reduces binding affinity, B cell will undergo apoptosis

21
Q

Why do B cells with non-specific immunoglobulins undergo apoptosis?

A

to prevent antibodies/immunoglobulins that bind to host molecules

22
Q

What is affinity maturation?

A

process of increasing antibody activity through multiple rounds of somatic hypermutation

23
Q

Where does affinity maturation occur?

A

germinal centers

FA1 Immunology (24 decks)

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