Lecture 24 11/14/23

Question 1

What is vaccination?

Answer 1

the administration of harmless amounts of disease-causing microbes into animals to prevent diseases

Question 2

What are some of the values of vaccines?

Answer 2

-disease eradication
-avoiding costly treatments
-preventing zoonotic/reverse zoonotic disease transmission
-improving animal welfare
-increased food production
-enhanced public health

Question 3

What are the key points of vaccination?

Answer 3

-stimulating host with all or part of an organism
-produces active immune response

Question 4

What are the components of vaccines?

Answer 4

-active ingredients
-adjuvants
-antibiotics
-stabilizers
-preservatives
-trace components

Question 5

What are the two key features when producing a vaccine?

Answer 5

-safety
-efficacy

Question 6

What are the vaccine types?

Answer 6

-toxoid
-inactivated
-live-attenuated
-viral vector
-mRNA
-subunit/conjugate

Question 7

What is attenuation?

Answer 7

reduction of virulence to a point where organism is still living but cannot produce disease

Question 8

What happens when a vaccine is under attenuated?

Answer 8

residual virulence and disease

Question 9

What happens when a vaccine is over attenuated?

Answer 9

ineffective vaccine

Question 10

What are the two methods of attenuation?

Answer 10

-adapting organisms to unusual growth conditions
-genetic manipulation

Question 11

Why does adapting organisms to unusual growth conditions attenuate them?

Answer 11

the changes made for the organism to adapt to the unusual environment lessens the adaptations they initially had for the host species

Question 12

What is the disadvantage of adapting organisms to unusual growth conditions?

Answer 12

back-mutation or genome reassortment can allow attenuated organisms to redevelop resistance

Question 13

What are the characteristics of genetic manipulation for attenuation?

Answer 13

-more reliable
-removal of gene(s) required for virulence
-may allow for differentiation between vaccinated and naturally infected animals

Question 14

What are the characteristics of attenuated vaccines?

Answer 14

-immunogenic with long duration of immunity
-induces both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
-may have a transient period of viral shedding of attenuated virus
-reversion to virulence possible
-requires careful storage/handling

Question 15

What are some veterinary vaccine examples of attenuated vaccines?

Answer 15

-canine distemper vx
-parainfluenza vx
-canine parvovirus vx
-adenovirus-2 vx

Question 16

What are the characteristics of mRNA vaccines?

Answer 16

-contain mRNA instead of entire virus
-provides cells with instructions to create harmless microbial proteins
-immune system mounts robust response against created protein
-cell-mediated and humoral immunity

Question 17

What are the mRNA vaccine advantages?

Answer 17

-absence of live pathogens
-rapid development
-flexible platform
-ease of modification
-stimulation of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity

Question 18

What are the disadvantages of mRNA vaccines?

Answer 18

-cold chain requirements
-stability challenges

Question 19

What is the main example of mRNA vaccines?

Answer 19

COVID vx