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FA1 Immunology > Lecture 4 9/5/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 9/5/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mechanisms of immune cell communication?

A

-complement
-pattern-recognition receptors
-cytokines
-chemokines
-major histocompatibility complex

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2
Q

What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

A

molecules that can be recognized by the body as being foreign

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3
Q

What are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)?

A

molecules released by damaged/dead cells

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4
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

A

proteins capable of recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs

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5
Q

Which cells primarily express PRRs?

A

antigen-presenting cells

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6
Q

What is required to trigger inflammation?

A

the binding of either PAMPs or DAMPs to PRRs

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7
Q

What are the steps that occur once a PRR binds to a PAMP or DAMP?

A

-inflammation
-interferon production
-sickness behavior
-start of adaptive immune process

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8
Q

What are the four major sub-families of PRRs?

A

-toll-like receptors (TLRs)
-C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
-NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
-RIG-1-like receptors (RLRs)

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9
Q

Which PRR sub-family is most important?

A

TLRs

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10
Q

Why are some PRRs located on the surface of cells?

A

to recognize extracellular pathogens

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11
Q

Why are some PRRs located within the cytoplasm of cells?

A

to recognize intracellular bacteria and nucleic acids from microbes/microbe fragments

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12
Q

What bacterial component is recognized by TLR4?

A

bacterial cell wall lipid/lipopolysaccharide (gram-neg)

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13
Q

What is the location of TLR4?

A

extracellular

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14
Q

What is recognized by Lectin?

A

fungal polysaccharide

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15
Q

What is the location of Lectin?

A

extracellular

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16
Q

What bacterial component does TLR5 recognize?

A

flagella

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17
Q

What is the location of TLR5?

A

extracellular

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18
Q

What is recognized by RLRs?

A

viral RNA

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19
Q

What is the location of RLRs?

A

intracellular

20
Q

What is recognized by NLRs?

A

bacterial peptidoglycan (gram-pos)

21
Q

What is the location of NLRs?

A

intracellular

22
Q

What is recognized by TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9?

A

microbial nucleic acids

23
Q

What is the location of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9?

A

endosomal

24
Q

What are cytokines?

A

proteins that control the immune responses

25
Q

What are some of the ways that cytokines can impact cell behavior?

A

signal for cells to:
-divide
-stop dividing
-produce other signaling molecules
-express new receptors
-die

26
Q

What is an autocrine effect?

A

when cytokines act on the same cell that produced them

27
Q

What is a paracrine effect?

A

when cytokines act on nearby cells

28
Q

What is an endocrine effect?

A

when cytokines spread throughout the body and can act on target cells in distant locations

29
Q

What is pleiotropic?

A

when one cytokine stimulates multiple types of cells

30
Q

What is redundant?

A

when multiple cytokines have the same function

31
Q

What is synergistic?

A

when two cytokines work together to carry out a function

32
Q

What is antagonistic?

A

when one cytokine inhibits the action of another cytokine

33
Q

What are the types of cytokines?

A

-interferons (IFN)
-interleukins (IL)
-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
-chemokines

34
Q

Which type of cytokine is the most important?

A

interferons

35
Q

When are interferons produced?

A

in response to viral infecton

36
Q

How do interferons function?

A

by interfering with viral RNA and protein synthesis (antiviral)

37
Q

What are the type 1 interferons?

A

-IFN-alpha
-IFN-beta
-IFN-omega

38
Q

What is the type 2 interferon?

A

IFN-gamma

39
Q

What is the type 3 interferon?

A

IFN-lambda

40
Q

What is a pro-inflammatory cytokine?

A

a type of signaling molecule that promotes inflammation

41
Q

Which cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

-macrophages
-mast cells
-dendritic cells

42
Q

Which cytokines fall into the pro-inflammatory cytokine category?

A

-IL-1
-IL-6
-TNF-alpha
-IFN-gamma

43
Q

What is the main role of chemokines?

A

to attract other immune cells

44
Q

How does the CXCL-8 chemokine impact neutrophil emigration?

A

-CXCL-8 induces expression of selectins and integrins on endothelial cells
-expression of these molecules promotes adhesion and migration of neutrophils

45
Q

What is the downfall of chemokines?

A

they are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and/or autoimmune diseases

46
Q

What is Humira?

A

a drug that targets and inhibits TNF in order to suppress inflammatory reactions in rheumatoid arthritis

47
Q

How can FIP potentially be treated?

A

injection treatments of interferons to destroy the virus causing the infection

FA1 Immunology (24 decks)

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