Lecture 4 9/5/23

Question 1

What are the mechanisms of immune cell communication?

Answer 1

-complement
-pattern-recognition receptors
-cytokines
-chemokines
-major histocompatibility complex

Question 2

What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

Answer 2

molecules that can be recognized by the body as being foreign

Question 3

What are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)?

Answer 3

molecules released by damaged/dead cells

Question 4

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

Answer 4

proteins capable of recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 5

Which cells primarily express PRRs?

Answer 5

antigen-presenting cells

Question 6

What is required to trigger inflammation?

Answer 6

the binding of either PAMPs or DAMPs to PRRs

Question 7

What are the steps that occur once a PRR binds to a PAMP or DAMP?

Answer 7

-inflammation
-interferon production
-sickness behavior
-start of adaptive immune process

Question 8

What are the four major sub-families of PRRs?

Answer 8

-toll-like receptors (TLRs)
-C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
-NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
-RIG-1-like receptors (RLRs)

Question 9

Which PRR sub-family is most important?

Answer 9

TLRs

Question 10

Why are some PRRs located on the surface of cells?

Answer 10

to recognize extracellular pathogens

Question 11

Why are some PRRs located within the cytoplasm of cells?

Answer 11

to recognize intracellular bacteria and nucleic acids from microbes/microbe fragments

Question 12

What bacterial component is recognized by TLR4?

Answer 12

bacterial cell wall lipid/lipopolysaccharide (gram-neg)

Question 13

What is the location of TLR4?

Answer 13

extracellular

Question 14

What is recognized by Lectin?

Answer 14

fungal polysaccharide

Question 15

What is the location of Lectin?

Answer 15

extracellular

Question 16

What bacterial component does TLR5 recognize?

Answer 16

flagella

Question 17

What is the location of TLR5?

Answer 17

extracellular

Question 18

What is recognized by RLRs?

Answer 18

viral RNA

Question 19

What is the location of RLRs?

Answer 19

intracellular

Question 20

What is recognized by NLRs?

Answer 20

bacterial peptidoglycan (gram-pos)

Question 21

What is the location of NLRs?

Answer 21

intracellular

Question 22

What is recognized by TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9?

Answer 22

microbial nucleic acids

Question 23

What is the location of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9?

Answer 23

endosomal

Question 24

What are cytokines?

Answer 24

proteins that control the immune responses

Question 25

What are some of the ways that cytokines can impact cell behavior?

Answer 25

signal for cells to: -divide -stop dividing -produce other signaling molecules -express new receptors -die

Question 26

What is an autocrine effect?

Answer 26

when cytokines act on the same cell that produced them

Question 27

What is a paracrine effect?

Answer 27

when cytokines act on nearby cells

Question 28

What is an endocrine effect?

Answer 28

when cytokines spread throughout the body and can act on target cells in distant locations

Question 29

What is pleiotropic?

Answer 29

when one cytokine stimulates multiple types of cells

Question 30

What is redundant?

Answer 30

when multiple cytokines have the same function

Question 31

What is synergistic?

Answer 31

when two cytokines work together to carry out a function

Question 32

What is antagonistic?

Answer 32

when one cytokine inhibits the action of another cytokine

Question 33

What are the types of cytokines?

Answer 33

-interferons (IFN) -interleukins (IL) -tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -chemokines

Question 34

Which type of cytokine is the most important?

Answer 34

interferons

Question 35

When are interferons produced?

Answer 35

in response to viral infecton

Question 36

How do interferons function?

Answer 36

by interfering with viral RNA and protein synthesis (antiviral)

Question 37

What are the type 1 interferons?

Answer 37

-IFN-alpha -IFN-beta -IFN-omega

Question 38

What is the type 2 interferon?

Answer 38

IFN-gamma

Question 39

What is the type 3 interferon?

Answer 39

IFN-lambda

Question 40

What is a pro-inflammatory cytokine?

Answer 40

a type of signaling molecule that promotes inflammation

Question 41

Which cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 41

-macrophages -mast cells -dendritic cells

Question 42

Which cytokines fall into the pro-inflammatory cytokine category?

Answer 42

-IL-1 -IL-6 -TNF-alpha -IFN-gamma

Question 43

What is the main role of chemokines?

Answer 43

to attract other immune cells

Question 44

How does the CXCL-8 chemokine impact neutrophil emigration?

Answer 44

-CXCL-8 induces expression of selectins and integrins on endothelial cells -expression of these molecules promotes adhesion and migration of neutrophils

Question 45

What is the downfall of chemokines?

Answer 45

they are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and/or autoimmune diseases

Question 46

What is Humira?

Answer 46

a drug that targets and inhibits TNF in order to suppress inflammatory reactions in rheumatoid arthritis

Question 47

How can FIP potentially be treated?

Answer 47

injection treatments of interferons to destroy the virus causing the infection